real-time monitoring of energy metabolism in human nk cells using an extracellular flux analyzer

Real-Time Monitoring of Energy Metabolism in Human NK Cells Using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer

The day before the experiment, turn on the analyzer, and let it warm up to 37 degrees Celsius. Open the sensor cartridge package, and separate the cartridge from the utility plate. Then, add 200 microliters of the calibrant solution to each well of the utility plate, and put the sensor cartridge back in, making sure that the sensors are completely submerged.
For optimum results, incubate the cartridge overnight at 37 degrees Celsius in a carbon dioxide-free incubator that is properly humidified. To prepare an adhesive-coated plate, pipette 25 microliters of the cell adhesive solution to each well of the plate, and incubate it at room temperature for 20 minutes. Then, remove the solution, and wash the plate twice with 200 microliters of sterile water per well.
Keep the plate open for 15 minutes inside a cell culture hood to allow the wells to dry. Centrifuge the previously isolated NK cells at 200 times g for five minutes. Then, remove supernatants and wash the cells in warmed mitochondrial stress test medium, or glycolysis stress test medium. Pellet the cells again, and resuspend them to the preferred cell concentration in the same medium. Plate 180 microliters of cell suspension per well into the assay plate.
Use wells A1, A12, H1, and H12 as control wells for background correction, adding 180 microliters of the assay medium to these wells. Incubate the plate for 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius in a carbon dioxide-free incubator. Centrifuge the plate at 200 times g for five minutes. Then, observe the cells under the microscope to check that they form a monolayer at the bottom of the well.
Incubate the cells for another 25 minutes. Warm working solutions to 37 degrees Celsius and readjust their pH to 7.4, if needed. Load the previously-prepared compounds for a mitochondrial stress test, or for a glycolysis stress test, into ports A, B, and C of the hydrated sensor cartridge. Put the loaded sensor cartridge back in the incubator while setting up the program. To set up the extracellular flux assay protocol, open the software, and use group definitions to define the pre-treatment conditions.
Use the Plate Map tab to indicate the groups of wells that have similar conditions. Also, indicate the background correction and empty wells. Then, set the program in the Protocols tab. Start the program and place the sensor cartridge and utility plate onto the tray. After the calibration step, replace the calibrant plate for the assay plate with the attached cells. Once the run is completed, retrieve the data and analyze it.

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JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Immunodiagnostics

Cellular Immunodiagnostics

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<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG)</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>D8375-5G</td>
			<td>Glycolyisis stress test injector compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,4-Dinotrophenol (2,4-DNP)</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>D198501</td>
			<td>ETC uncoupler / mitochondrial stress test injector compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 Well Cell Culture Plate/ Round bottom with Lid</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3799</td>
			<td>NK cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antimycin A</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>A8674</td>
			<td>Complex III inhibitor / glycolysis and mitochondrial stress test injector compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACSDIVA Software</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flow data acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD LSR Fortessa</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flow data acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell-Tak</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354240</td>
			<td>Cell adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Human CD3 Positive Selection Kit II</td>
			<td>Stemcell technologies</td>
			<td>17851</td>
			<td>NK cell isolation from PBMCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Human NK cell Enrichment Kit</td>
			<td>Stemcell technologies</td>
			<td>19055</td>
			<td>NK cell isolation from PBMCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Magnet</td>
			<td>Stemcell technologies</td>
			<td>18001</td>
			<td>NK cell isolation from PBMCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA 0.5 M, pH 8</td>
			<td>Quality Biological</td>
			<td>10128-446</td>
			<td>NK sell separation buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon-Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 50 ml Conical tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon-Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-432-22</td>
			<td>NK cell separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Calf Serum (FCS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td>NK cell separation buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo Software</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flow data analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td>Component of mitochondrial stress test medium. Glycolysis stress test injector compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human IL-15</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>200-15-50ug</td>
			<td>NK cell stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human serum (HS)</td>
			<td>Valley Biomedical</td>
			<td>9C0539</td>
			<td>NK cell culture medium supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440053</td>
			<td>NK cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine (200 mM)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td>Component of stress test media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIVE/DEAD Fixable Aqua Dead Cell Stain Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>L34965</td>
			<td>Viability dye for flow cytometry staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSM</td>
			<td>mpbio</td>
			<td>50494X</td>
			<td>PBMCs separation from human blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-human CD3 BV711</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>563725</td>
			<td>T cell flow cytometry staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-human CD56 PE</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555516</td>
			<td>NK flow cytometry staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-human NKp46 PE</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>557991</td>
			<td>NK flow cytometry staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligomycin</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>75351</td>
			<td>Complex V inhibitor / mitochondrial stress test injector compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-023</td>
			<td>NK cell separation buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>For determination of protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotenone</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>R8875</td>
			<td>Complex II inhibitor / glycolysis and mitochondrial stress test injector compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse Wave Controller Software</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Controller for the Seahorse XFe96 Analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse Wave Desktop Software</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For data analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XF Base Medium</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>102353-100</td>
			<td>Extracellular Flux assay base medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XFe96 Analyzer</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Extracellular Flux Analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XFe96 FluxPak</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>102416-100</td>
			<td>Includes 20 XF96 cell culture plates, 18 XFe96 sensor cartridges, loading guides for transferring compounds to the assay cartridge, and 1 bottle of calibrant solution (500 ml).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td>To prepare the Cell-Tak solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate (100 mM)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11360-070</td>
			<td>Component of mitochondrial stress test medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Source: Traba, J. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61466">Analysis of Human Natural Killer Cell Metabolism.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the method to analyze energy metabolism in activated human NK cells using an extracellular flux analyzer. Different inhibitors of the electron transport chain complexes impact ATP synthesis, which is measured through the oxygen consumption rate or OCR, providing insights into cellular metabolism and bioenergetics.

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Reagent preparation

	Reagents ...

Begin with an adhesive-coated assay plate containing a monolayer of activated natural killer cells.
Position a pre-calibrated sensor cartridge containing fluorophore-embedded sensor probes, surrounded by multiple injection ports.
Load various mitochondrial respiration inhibitory compounds into distinct ports of the cartridge.
In an extracellular flux analyzer, sensors measure the cells&#39; oxygen consumption rate, or OCR, with automatic compound injection.
In the first injection, oligomycin enters the cells&#39; mitochondria and interacts with complex V&#160; of the electron transport chain, or ETC, blocking ATP&#160; synthesis and decreasing OCR.
The second injection introduces 2,4-dinitrophenol &#8212; a protonophore that shuttles protons across the mitochondrial membranes, causing proton leakage. To restore the membrane potential, oxygen consumption increases, maximizing the OCR.
Finally, with the third injection, rotenone and antimycin A&#160; bind to ETC&#39;s Complex I and III, respectively, stopping ETC and decreasing OCR to its lowest level.
The real-time OCR profile with inhibitors reveals the energy metabolism of natural killer cells.

37 ビュー. 細胞外フラックスアナライザーを用いたヒトNK細胞のエネルギー代謝のリアルタイムモニタリング

ビデオ: 細胞外フラックスアナライザーを用いたヒトNK細胞のエネルギー代謝のリアルタイムモニタリング - 実験

Bio-energetics Investigation of Candida albicans Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis

Mitochondria are essential organelles for the cellular metabolism and survival. A variety of key events take place in mitochondria, such as cellular respiration, oxidative metabolism, signal transduction, and apoptosis. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction is reported to play an important role in the antifungal drug tolerance and virulence of pathogenic fungi. Recent data have also led to the recognition of the importance of the mitochondria as an important contributor to fungal pathogenesis. Despite the importance of the mitochondria in fungal biology, standardized methods to understand its function are poorly developed. Here, we present a procedure to study the basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), a measure of mitochondrial respiration, and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR), a measure of glycolytic function in C. albicans strains. The method described herein can be applied to any Candidaspp. strains without the need to purify mitochondria from the intact fungal cells. Furthermore, this protocol can also be customized to screen for inhibitors of mitochondrial function in C. albicans strains.

Bio-energetics Investigation of Candida albicans Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis

Here, we present a stepwise protocol to investigate the mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic function in Candida Albicans using an extra flux analyzer.

カンジダを使用してリアルタイム細胞フラックス解析のバイオ エネルギー調査

Mitochondria are essential organelles for the cellular metabolism and survival. A variety of key events take place in mitochondria, such as cellular ...

JoVE Journal

医学

Analyzing Oxygen Consumption Rate in Primary Cultured Mouse Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer

Mitochondria and oxidative metabolism are critical for maintaining cardiac muscle function. Research has shown that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important contributing factor to impaired cardiac function found in heart failure. By contrast, restoring defective mitochondrial function may have beneficial effects to improve cardiac function in the failing heart. Therefore, studying the regulatory mechanisms and identifying novel regulators for mitochondrial function could provide insight which could be used to develop new therapeutic targets for treating heart disease. Here, cardiac myocyte mitochondrial respiration is analyzed using a unique cell culture system. First, a protocol has been optimized to rapidly isolate and culture high viability neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. Then, a 96-well format extracellular flux analyzer is used to assess the oxygen consumption rate of these cardiomyocytes. For this protocol, we optimized seeding conditions and demonstrated that neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes oxygen consumption rate can be easily assessed in an extracellular flux analyzer. Finally, we note that our protocol can be applied to a larger culture size and other studies, such as intracellular signaling and contractile function analysis.

The goal of this protocol is to illustrate how to use mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes as a model system to examine how various factors can alter oxygen consumption in the heart.

細胞外フラックス アナライザーを使用してプライマリの培養マウス新生児心筋酸素消費量の分析

Mitochondria and oxidative metabolism are critical for maintaining cardiac muscle function. Research has shown that mitochondrial dysfunction is an ...

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while maintaining transparency of the visual axis. Perturbations to this delicate balance cause blinding illnesses, such as diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the understanding of energy metabolism changes in the retina during disease is imperative to the development of rational therapies for various causes of vison loss. The recent advent of commercially-available extracellular flux analyzers has made the study of retinal energy metabolism more accessible. This protocol describes the use of such an analyzer to measure contributions to retinal energy supply through its two principle arms - oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis - by quantifying changes in oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) as proxies for these pathways. This technique is readily performed in explanted retinal tissue, facilitating assessment of responses to multiple pharmacologic agents in a single experiment. Metabolic signatures in retinas from animals lacking rod photoreceptor signaling are compared to wild-type controls using this method. A major limitation in this technique is the lack of ability to discriminate between light-adapted and dark-adapted energy utilization, an important physiologic consideration in retinal tissue.

This technique describes real time recording of oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates in explanted mouse retinal tissues using an extracellular flux analyzer.

細胞外のフラックスを用いた Explanted 網膜組織のエネルギー代謝の測定

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while ...

Real-Time Monitoring of Energy Metabolism in Human NK Cells Using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer

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Real-Time Monitoring of Energy Metabolism in Human NK Cells Using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer