慢性再発性EAEの誘導とモニタリングエマルジョンは、補足完全フロイントアジュバントに添加水溶液中の抗原の1:1混合物である。それは、アジュバントとしない他の方法でラウンドして抗原を追加することが非常に重要です！ 作り、エマルジョンを注入する際に廃棄物がたくさんある。常に必要なものよりも1.5〜2倍以上を準備。 オートクレーブ乳鉢、乳棒、ガラスの注射器、およびブリッジを使用してください。すべてのプラスチックは無菌でなければなりません。準備は、通常の実験台で行うことができます 。 1。補足アジュバントの調製乳鉢に結核菌 （Difco社のカタログ＃231141）と場所の30 mgを秤量する。細菌を破ることを避けるためあまりにもハードキーを押すことなく、薄い粉末にしてください。完全フロイントアジュバントH37Ra（Difco社製カタログ＃231131）とミックスの10 mlを追加します。この補足アジュバントは現在、4 mg / mlの結核菌が含まれています。チューブに移す。 2。脊髄ホモジネートの調製 DAラット（年齢/性別無関心）から脊髄を収集し、-80凍結℃で保存補足アジュバントを1:1（容積重量）を混在させるのに十分持っている冷凍脊髄を量る。カミソリの刃を持つできるだけ細かいとして脊髄をミンチ、セクション1で使用したモルタルに転送、および乳棒を用いてペーストを作る。 3。エマルションの調製<ol><li>場所は、チューブのフロイントアジュバントを完了補った。ハイスピー​​ドでボルテックス。ボルテックスしながらドロップで脊髄ホモジネートドロップを追加。さらに5分間脊髄ホモジネートのすべてが追加され、渦。混合物は薄いピンクを有効にしてください。 </li><li> 5 mlのガラス製の注射器でエマルジョンを入れ、（フィッシャーのカタログ＃14から825 - 17L）18Gのブリッジを使用して別の5mlのガラス製注射器にリンクします。それがハードになる（5〜10分）まで、シリンジから他にエマルジョンを送る。エマルジョンのより5mlを準備している場合、いくつかの5mlの注射器が大きい注射器は使用しないでください使用。 </li><li>エマルジョンは3週間は4℃で注射器に格納することができます。私はそれが崩壊しないことをチェックするため、事前にそれを少なくとも12時間の準備をお勧めします。それは厚さ2段階に分離されていないままにしてください。色は黄色またはベージュの光に一晩変更されます。 </li></ol> 4。ラットの予防接種<ol><li>数分間シリンジでエマルジョンを混合し、注射用注射器に移す。短期的な麻酔の下に23G注射針および3mLルアーロックシリンジを用いて尾の非常ベースで皮下に200μlを注入する。 </li><li>受信者は、7〜9週齢の雌性DAラットです。我々は、ハーラン - スプラーグドーリーから我々のラットを得る。 </li><li>ラットを毎日二度見して毎日検討する必要があります。臨床徴候は7-15日エマルジョンの注入後に期待されています。 </li></ol>臨床スコア： 0：無症 0.5：遠位足を引きずる尾 1：足を引きずる尾 2：軽度の不全対麻痺、運動失調 3：中等度の対麻痺、時々ラット旅行 3.5：ある後肢が麻痺され、その他の動き 4：完全な後肢の麻痺 5：完全な後肢の麻痺や失禁 6：瀕死状態、呼吸困難、飲食していません。すぐに安楽死させる。

CBとKGCはAirmid社の共同創設者およびコンサルタントです。

このプロトコルにはいくつかの重要な考慮事項があります。 DAラットの遺伝学は、それらがから購入されているブリーダーによって多少異なります。これらの違いは、誘導をEAEラットの感受性を増減する場合があります。あなたのラットはEAEに影響を受けやすい場合には、非添加の完全フロイントアジュバント、あるいは不完全フロイントアジュバントを使用することによって予防接種の強さを減ら?...

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		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>Complete Freund's Adjuvant</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>DF 311-360-5</td>
<td>Manufactured by Difco</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>DF3114-33-8</td>
<td>Manufactured by Difco</td>
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<td>DA rat</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>Harlan Sprague Dawley</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Females, 7-9 weeks old.</td>
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<td>Glass syringes - 5 ml</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>14-823-10 B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Metal bridge - 18G</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>14-825-17L</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Luer Lok plastic syringes - 3 ml</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
<td>309585</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Needles - 20G 1 1/2</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>14-826-5C</td>
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induction and clinical scoring of chronic-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

多発性硬化症（MS）は、一般的に若い成人に影響を与える中枢神経系（CNS）の慢性炎症性疾患である。それは脳と脊髄に散在地域における脱髄とグリア瘢痕によって特徴づけられる。これらの病変は、神経の伝導を変更し、中枢神経系の脱髄斑（例：対麻痺、麻痺、失明、失禁）の位置によって変化無効に神経学的欠損を引き起こす。 実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎（EAE）はMSのためのモデルです。 EAEは、最初のウサギの脊髄上に成長させたウイルスを使用して、狂犬病予防接種の間に人間に誤って誘導した。不活化ウイルスによる脊髄注入の残基は、中枢神経系疾患を誘発した。これらの観​​察に続いて、EAEの最初のモデルは1935年に河川によってホモジネートCNSとSchwentherで免疫した非ヒト霊長類に記載されていた。 EAEはそれ以来、様々な種で生成されており、種/系統と使用される免疫抗原に応じてさまざまなコースをたどることができます。同じ抗原がモルモットにおける慢性疾患を誘導しながら例えば、アジュバントとエマルジョンのミエリン塩基性蛋白質とのLewisラットを免疫すると、EAEの急性モデルを誘導する。 EAEモデルここで説明するが、完全フロイントアジュバントでエマルジョン中のDAラット脊髄に対してDAラットを免疫することによって誘導される。ラットは7〜14日後の予防接種の中で昇順弛緩性麻痺を開発する。臨床症状は数週間にわたって再発寛解型経過をたどる。病理学は、中枢神経系脱髄斑の大きい免疫浸潤を示しています。 EAEと動物のために世話をするための特別な考慮事項は、ビデオの最後で説明されています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis at JoVE.com

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

DAラットの慢性再発性実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎：このビデオでは、多発性硬化症の動物モデルの誘導と臨床スコアを示しています。全体ラット脊髄と完全フロイントアジュバントを含むエマルジョンをラットを免疫することにより誘導される疾患は、、人間の病気に似た臨床症状を示しています。

誘導および慢性-再発実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎の臨床スコアリング

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that commonly affects young adults. It is characterized by ...

induction-clinical-scoring-chronic-relapsing-experimental-autoimmune

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

17.9K ビュー.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). DAラットの慢性再発性実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎：このビデオでは、多発性硬化症の動物モデルの誘導と臨床スコアを示しています。全体ラット脊髄と完全フロイントアジュバントを含むエマルジョンをラットを免疫することにより誘導される疾患は、、人間の病気に似た臨床症状を示しています。

ビデオ: Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Experimental Approaches to Tissue Engineering

組織工学への実験的アプローチ

生物学

Induction and Monitoring of Adoptive Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in Rats

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T lymphocytes that infiltrate the site of injection of an antigen against which the immune system has been primed. The inflammatory reaction is characterized by redness and swelling of the site of antigenic challenge. It is a convenient model to determine the in vivo efficacy of immunosuppressants. Cutaneous DTH can be induced either by adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T lymphocytes or by active immunization with an antigen, and subsequent intradermal challenge with the antigen to induce the inflammatory reaction in a given skin area. DTH responses can be induced to various antigens, for example ovalbumin, tuberculin, tetanus toxoid, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Such reactions can also be induced against autoantigen, for example to myelin basic protein (MBP) in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced with MBP, an animal model for multiple sclerosis (1).
Here we demonstrate how to induce an adoptive DTH reaction in Lewis rats. We will first stimulate ovalbumin-specific T cells in vitro and inject these activated cells intraperitoneally to naive rats. After allowing the cells to equilibrate in vivo for 2 days, we will challenge the rats with ovalbumin in the pinna of one ear, while the other ear wil receive saline. The inflammatory reaction will be visible 3-72 hours later and ear thickness will be measured as an indication of DTH severity.

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T (TEM) lymphocytes. Here we demonstrate how to activate antigen-specific TEM cells, induce adoptive DTH in Lewis rats and monitor the inflammatory response.

ラットにおける養子遅延型過敏症の誘導とモニタリング

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T lymphocytes that infiltrate the site of injection of ...

The Ladder Rung Walking Task: A Scoring System and its Practical Application.

Progress in the development of animal models for/stroke, spinal cord injury, and other neurodegenerative disease requires tests of high sensitivity to elaborate distinct aspects of motor function and to determine even subtle loss of movement capacity. To enhance efficacy and resolution of testing, tests should permit qualitative and quantitative measures of motor function and be sensitive to changes in performance during recovery periods. The present study describes a new task to assess skilled walking in the rat to measure both forelimb and hindlimb function at the same time. Animals are required to walk along a horizontal ladder on which the spacing of the rungs is variable and is periodically changed. Changes in rung spacing prevent animals from learning the absolute and relative location of the rungs and so minimize the ability of the animals to compensate for impairments through learning. In addition, changing the spacing between the rungs allows the test to be used repeatedly in long-term studies. Methods are described for both quantitative and qualitative description of both fore- and hindlimb performance, including limb placing, stepping, co-ordination. Furthermore, use of compensatory strategies is indicated by missteps or compensatory steps in response to another limb&#x2019;s misplacement. 

The ladder rung walking task is a new test to assess skilled walking and measure both forelimb and hindlimb placing, stepping, and inter-limb co-ordination.

タスクを歩くラダーラング：スコアリングシステムとその実用化。

Progress in the development of animal models for/stroke, spinal cord injury, and other neurodegenerative disease requires tests of high sensitivity to ...

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex in the ER membrane provides an aqueous path for newly-synthesized polypeptides into the lumen of the ER. Recent work from various laboratories suggested that this heterotrimeric complex may also form transient Ca2+ leak channels2-8. The key observation for this notion was that release of nascent polypeptides from the ribosome and Sec61 complex by puromycin leads to transient release of Ca2+ from the ER. Furthermore, it had been observed in vitro that the ER luminal protein BiP is involved in preventing ion permeability at the level of the Sec61 complex9,10. We have established an experimental system that allows us to directly address the role of the Sec61 complex as potential Ca2+ leak channel and to characterize its putative regulatory mechanisms11-13. This system combines siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging13. Cells are treated with siRNAs that are directed against the coding and untranslated region (UTR), respectively, of the SEC61A1 gene or a negative control siRNA. In complementation analysis, the cells are co-transfected with an IRES-GFP vector that allows the siRNA-resistant expression of the wildtype SEC61A1 gene. Then the cells are loaded with the ratiometric Ca2+-indicator FURA-2 to monitor simultaneously changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in a number of cells via a fluorescence microscope. The continuous measurement of cytosolic Ca2+ also allows the evaluation of the impact of various agents, such as puromycin, small molecule inhibitors, and thapsigargin on Ca2+ leakage. This experimental system gives us the unique opportunities to i) evaluate the contribution of different ER membrane proteins to passive Ca2+ efflux from the ER in various cell types, ii) characterize the proteins and mechanisms that limit this passive Ca2+ efflux, and iii) study the effects of disease linked mutations in the relevant components.

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

The endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in protein biogenesis and in calcium homeostasis. We have established an experimental system that allows us to address the role of Ca2+ leak channels and to characterize their putative regulatory mechanisms. This system involves siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging.

siRNAを介した遺伝子サイレンシングと組み合わせることで生細胞のカルシウムイメージングでは、CAを識別 2 + ER膜のリークチャネルとその調節機序

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 ...

Induction and Testing of Hypoxia in Cell Culture

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells. This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in oxygen (causes include insufficient blood vessel network, defective blood vessel, and anemia) or to an increased consumption of oxygen relative to the supply (caused by a sudden higher cell proliferation rate). Hypoxia can be physiologic or pathologic such as in solid cancers 1-3, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis etc&#x2026; Each tissues and cells have a different ability to adapt to this new condition. During hypoxia, hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF) is stabilized and regulates various genes such as those involved in angiogenesis or transport of oxygen 4. The stabilization of this protein is a hallmark of hypoxia, therefore detecting HIF is routinely used to screen for hypoxia 5-7. 
In this article, we propose two simple methods to induce hypoxia in mammalian cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of these cells.

Here we propose simple methods to induce hypoxia in cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of the cultures.

細胞培養で誘導し、低酸素のテスト

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells.  This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in ...

Ovariectomy and 17&beta;-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Estrogens are a family of female sexual hormones with an exceptionally wide spectrum of effects. When rats and mice are used in estrogen research they are commonly ovariectomized in order to ablate the rapidly cycling hormone production, replacing the 17&beta;-estradiol exogenously. There is, however, lack of consensus regarding how the hormone should be administered to obtain physiological serum concentrations. This is crucial since the 17&beta;-estradiol level/administration method profoundly influences the experimental results1-3. We have in a series of studies characterized the different modes of 17&beta;-estradiol administration, finding that subcutaneous silastic capsules and per-oral nut-cream Nutella are superior to commercially available slow-release pellets (produced by the company Innovative Research of America) and daily injections in terms of producing physiological serum concentrations of 17&beta;-estradiol4-6. Amongst the advantages of the nut-cream method, that previously has been used for buprenorphine administration7, is that when used for estrogen administration it resembles peroral hormone replacement therapy and is non-invasive. The subcutaneous silastic capsules are convenient and produce the most stable serum concentrations. This video article contains step-by-step demonstrations of ovariectomy and 17&beta;-estradiol hormone replacement by silastic capsules and peroral Nutella in rats and mice, followed by a discussion of important aspects of the administration procedures.

Ovariectomy and 17&amp;#946;-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Ovariectomy and subsequent replacement of 17&beta;-estradiol by means of silastic capsules and peroral Nutella are demonstrated in rats and mice.

ラットとマウスにおける卵巣摘出および17β-エストラジオールの交換：ビジュアルデモ

Estrogens are a family of female sexual hormones with an exceptionally wide spectrum of effects. When rats and mice are used in estrogen research they are ...

An Analytical Tool that Quantifies Cellular Morphology Changes from Three-dimensional Fluorescence Images

The most common software analysis tools available for measuring fluorescence images are for two-dimensional (2D) data that rely on manual settings for inclusion and exclusion of data points, and computer-aided pattern recognition to support the interpretation and findings of the analysis. It has become increasingly important to be able to measure fluorescence images constructed from three-dimensional (3D) datasets in order to be able to capture the complexity of cellular dynamics and understand the basis of cellular plasticity within biological systems. Sophisticated microscopy instruments have permitted the visualization of 3D fluorescence images through the acquisition of multispectral fluorescence images and powerful analytical software that reconstructs the images from confocal stacks that then provide a 3D representation of the collected 2D images. Advanced design-based stereology methods have progressed from the approximation and assumptions of the original model-based stereology1 even in complex tissue sections2. Despite these scientific advances in microscopy, a need remains for an automated analytic method that fully exploits the intrinsic 3D data to allow for the analysis and quantification of the complex changes in cell morphology, protein localization and receptor trafficking. 
Current techniques available to quantify fluorescence images include Meta-Morph (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) and Image J (NIH) which provide manual analysis. Imaris (Andor Technology, Belfast, Northern Ireland) software provides the feature MeasurementPro, which allows the manual creation of measurement points that can be placed in a volume image or drawn on a series of 2D slices to create a 3D object. This method is useful for single-click point measurements to measure a line distance between two objects or to create a polygon that encloses a region of interest, but it is difficult to apply to complex cellular network structures. Filament Tracer (Andor) allows automatic detection of the 3D neuronal filament-like however, this module has been developed to measure defined structures such as neurons, which are comprised of dendrites, axons and spines (tree-like structure). This module has been ingeniously utilized to make morphological measurements to non-neuronal cells3, however, the output data provide information of an extended cellular network by using a software that depends on a defined cell shape rather than being an amorphous-shaped cellular model. To overcome the issue of analyzing amorphous-shaped cells and making the software more suitable to a biological application, Imaris developed Imaris Cell. This was a scientific project with the Eidgen&ouml;ssische Technische Hochschule, which has been developed to calculate the relationship between cells and organelles. While the software enables the detection of biological constraints, by forcing one nucleus per cell and using cell membranes to segment cells, it cannot be utilized to analyze fluorescence data that are not continuous because ideally it builds cell surface without void spaces. To our knowledge, at present no user-modifiable automated approach that provides morphometric information from 3D fluorescence images has been developed that achieves cellular spatial information of an undefined shape (Figure 1). 
We have developed an analytical platform using the Imaris core software module and Imaris XT interfaced to MATLAB (Mat Works, Inc.). These tools allow the 3D measurement of cells without a pre-defined shape and with inconsistent fluorescence network components. Furthermore, this method will allow researchers who have extended expertise in biological systems, but not familiarity to computer applications, to perform quantification of morphological changes in cell dynamics.

We developed a software platform that utilizes Imaris Neuroscience, ImarisXT and MATLAB to measure the changes in morphology of an undefined shape taken from three-dimensional confocal fluorescence of single cells. This novel approach can be used to quantify changes in cell shape following receptor activation and therefore represents a possible additional tool for drug discovery.

三次元蛍光画像から細胞形態の変化を定量分析ツール

The most common software analysis tools available for measuring fluorescence images are for two-dimensional (2D) data that rely on manual settings for ...

Isolation and Kv Channel Recordings in Murine Atrial and Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

KCNE genes encode for a small family of Kv channel ancillary subunits that form heteromeric complexes with Kv channel alpha subunits to modify their functional properties. Mutations in KCNE genes have been found in patients with cardiac arrhythmias such as the long QT syndrome and/or atrial fibrillation. However, the precise molecular pathophysiology that leads to these diseases remains elusive. In previous studies the electrophysiological properties of the disease causing mutations in these genes have mostly been studied in heterologous expression systems and we cannot be sure if the reported effects can directly be translated into native cardiomyocytes. In our laboratory we therefore use a different approach. We directly study the effects of KCNE gene deletion in isolated cardiomyocytes from knockout mice by cellular electrophysiology - a unique technique that we describe in this issue of the Journal of Visualized Experiments. The hearts from genetically engineered KCNE mice are rapidly excised and mounted onto a Langendorff apparatus by aortic cannulation. Free Ca2+ in the myocardium is bound by EGTA, and dissociation of cardiac myocytes is then achieved by retrograde perfusion of the coronary arteries with a specialized low Ca2+ buffer containing collagenase. Atria, free right ventricular wall and the left ventricle can then be separated by microsurgical techniques. Calcium is then slowly added back to isolated cardiomyocytes in a multiple step comprising washing procedure. Atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes of healthy appearance with no spontaneous contractions are then immediately subjected to electrophysiological analyses by patch clamp technique or other biochemical analyses within the first 6 hours following isolation.

Kv channel dysfunction is associated with cardiac arrhythmias. In order to study the molecular mechanisms that lead to such arrhythmias we utilize a systematic protocol for isolation of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes from Kv channel ancillary subunit knockout mice. Isolated cardiomyocytes can then immediately be used for cellular electrophysiological studies, biochemical or immunofluorescence (IF) assays.

マウス心房と心室の心筋細胞における分離とKvチャンネル録音

KCNE genes encode for a small family of Kv channel ancillary subunits that form heteromeric complexes with Kv channel alpha subunits to modify their ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

間葉転換を誘導し、上皮の分析

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay (DAPA)

Population and family-based genetic studies typically result in the identification of genetic variants that are statistically associated with a clinical disease or phenotype. For many diseases and traits, most variants are non-coding, and are thus likely to act by impacting subtle, comparatively hard to predict mechanisms controlling gene expression. Here, we describe a general strategic approach to prioritize non-coding variants, and screen them for their function. This approach involves computational prioritization using functional genomic databases followed by experimental analysis of differential binding of transcription factors (TFs) to risk and non-risk alleles. For both electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) analysis of genetic variants, a synthetic DNA oligonucleotide (oligo) is used to identify factors in the nuclear lysate of disease or phenotype-relevant cells. For EMSA, the oligonucleotides with or without bound nuclear factors (often TFs) are analyzed by non-denaturing electrophoresis on a tris-borate-EDTA (TBE) polyacrylamide gel. For DAPA, the oligonucleotides are bound to a magnetic column and the nuclear factors that specifically bind the DNA sequence are eluted and analyzed through mass spectrometry or with a reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Western blot analysis. This general approach can be widely used to study the function of non-coding genetic variants associated with any disease, trait, or phenotype.

Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay EMSA and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay DAPA

We present a strategic plan and protocol for identifying non-coding genetic variants affecting transcription factor (TF) DNA binding. A detailed experimental protocol is provided for electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) analysis of genotype-dependent TF DNA binding.

機能電気泳動移動度シフトアッセイ（EMSA）を用いた非コーディング遺伝的変異体およびDNA親和性沈殿アッセイ（DAPA）のスクリーニング

Population and family-based genetic studies typically result in the identification of genetic variants that are statistically associated with a clinical ...