NIHグラントNS038079（MSB＆JCB）、NIHグラントAG032518（MSB＆JCB）、ニューヨーク州CORE 19772（MSB＆JCB）、NIH NS069537（ARF）とNIH NS053059（ARF）。

<ol>
	<li>Anderson, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+recovery:+priorities+of+the+spinal+cord-injured+population.">Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population.</a> J Neurotrauma. 21 (10), 1371-1383 (2004).</li><li>Anderson, K. D., Sharp, K. G., Steward, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bilateral+cervical+contusion+spinal+cord+injury+in+rats.">Bilateral cervical contusion spinal cord injury in rats.</a> Exp. Neurol. 220 (1), 9-22 (2009).</li><li>Ballermann, M., Metz, G. A., McKenna, J. E., Klassen, F., Whishaw, Q. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pasta+matrix+reaching+task:+a+simple+test+for+measuring+skilled+reaching+distance,+direction,+and+dexterity+in+rats.">The pasta matrix reaching task: a simple test for measuring skilled reaching distance, direction, and dexterity in rats.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 106, 39-45 (2001).</li><li>Bertelli, J. A., Mira, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+evaluating+methods+in+the+objective+clinical+assessment+of+motor+function+after+experimental+brachial+plexus+reconstruction+in+the+rat.">Behavioral evaluating methods in the objective clinical assessment of motor function after experimental brachial plexus reconstruction in the rat.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 46, (1993).</li><li>Gensel, J. C., Tovar, C. A., Hamers, F. P., Deibert, R. J., Beattie, M. S., Bresnahan, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+histological+characterization+of+unilateral+cervical+spinal+cord+contusion+injury+in+rats.">Behavioral and histological characterization of unilateral cervical spinal cord contusion injury in rats.</a> J Neurotrauma. 23, 36-54 (2006).</li><li>Girgis, J., Merrett, D., Kirkland, S., Metz, G. A., Verge, V., Fouad, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reaching+training+in+rats+with+spinal+cord+injury+promotes+plasticity+and+task+specific+recovery.">Reaching training in rats with spinal cord injury promotes plasticity and task specific recovery.</a> Brain. 130 (PT 11), 2993-3003 (2007).</li><li>Metz, G. A., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skilled+reaching+an+action+pattern:+stability+in+rat+(Rattus+norvegicus)+grasping+movements+as+a+function+of+changing+food+pellet+size.">Skilled reaching an action pattern: stability in rat (Rattus norvegicus) grasping movements as a function of changing food pellet size.</a> Behav Brain Res. 116 (2), 111-122 (2000).</li><li>Montoya, C. P., Campbell-Hope, L. J., Pemberton, K. D., Dunnett, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+"staircase+test":+a+measure+of+independent+forelimb+reaching+and+grasping+abilities+in+rats.">The "staircase test": a measure of independent forelimb reaching and grasping abilities in rats.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 36 (2-3), 219-228 (1991).</li><li>Pearse, D. D., Lo, T. P. J. r., Cho, K. S., Lynch, M. P., Garg, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histopathological+and+behavioral+characterization+of+a+novel+cervical+spinal+cord+displacement+contusion+injury+in+the+rat.">Histopathological and behavioral characterization of a novel cervical spinal cord displacement contusion injury in the rat.</a> J Neurotrauma. 22 (6), 680-702 (2005).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Pellis, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+of+skilled+forelimb+reaching+in+the+rat:+a+proximally+driven+movement+with+a+single+distal+rotatory+component.">The structure of skilled forelimb reaching in the rat: a proximally driven movement with a single distal rotatory component.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 41 (1), 49-59 (1990).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

アーバイン、ビーティーズやブレスナハン前肢の規模は（IBB）前肢のリカバリ進行の10ポイントの順序尺度です。ホテルIBB近位および遠位前肢のタスクに設定が2つの整数のシリアル片の消費中に使用する、球状とドーナツ型のシリアルの両方の多くの機能を分析。穀物を食べる動物のビデオは、最も一般的な前肢の両方の形状で使用される動作（関節の位置、オブジェクトのサポート、数字の動きと把握手法を含む）し、IBB得点を表すために選択されたこれらの動作の組み合わせに基づいて割り当てられているために評価される前肢回復の最大量。評価は、一貫性のある大きさや形状のものである穀物で行う必要があります。穀物の破片を食べるときにこのように、動物は得点されるべきではない。動物は、それぞれのポイントを説明したり、動物が近い赤字のポイントを獲得された行動のすべてを満たす必要があります。 ホテルIBB実験的に誘発された子宮頸部SCI以下の前肢の回復の評価のために作成されました。私たちの研究室における初期の研究は、他の行動アッセイと同様に、回復が得点ホテルIBB用いて評価することを見出した傷害の重症度に敏感です。 IBBの使用は、子宮頸部SCIに限定されていない可能性がありますでなく、適切な前肢の機能に影響を与える中枢および末梢神経損傷の他の形態に適している。

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<td>Froot Loops</td>
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<td>Kellogg&#x2019;s</td>
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<td>Doughnut-shaped cereal Available in: India, Australia, Canada, USA, Germany, Middle east and South America. 
Diameter: ~ 81 mm</td>
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<td>Reese's Pieces</td>
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<td>Herseys Co.</td>
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<td>Spherical-shaped cereal Available in: USA 
Diameter: ~ 63 mm</td>
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a novel method for assessing proximal and distal forelimb function in the rat: the irvine, beatties and bresnahan (ibb) forelimb scale

子宮頸部脊髄損傷（SCI）のいくつかの実験モデルは、脊髄のこのレベルにダメージの影響を評価するために最近開発されている（ピアースら 、2005、Gensel ら 、2006、アンダーソンら 、2009） 、人間のSCIの大半は（; www.sci - INFO - pages.comヤング、2010）ここで起こる。行動赤字は降順モーターと昇順感覚システムの両方に影響を与える白質への損傷によって前肢機能の喪失、および前肢のために感覚入力とモータ出力を処理するためのセグメント回路を含む灰白質に含まれています。また、子宮頸部SCIと人間の患者のための主要な優先順位は、手/腕の機​​能の回復（アンダーソン、2004）である。したがって、近位および遠位の両方前肢の機能を評価するアウトカム指標が必要である。子宮頸部SCIの実験モデル（Girgis ら 、2007、Gensel ら 、2006、Ballerman ら 、2001、メッツとWhishaw、2000年、好奇の前肢回復のさまざまな側面に敏感ないくつかの行動アッセイがありますがとミラ、1993、モントーヤら 、1991、WhishawとPellis、1990）、いくつかのテクニックは、微細運動の制御と数字の動きの回復に関する詳細な情報を提供しています。 現在の測定技術、アーバイン、ビーティーズやブレスナハン前肢の規模は（IBB）、モチベーションを高めるために広範囲の訓練または剥奪を必要としない、天然に存在する動作時の桁移動を含む近位および遠位の両方前肢の機能の回復を検出することができます。 IBB片側C6 SCI後の回復を観察することによって生成され、一貫性のある大きさの異なる2つの形の穀物を（球状とドーナツ）食べる動物のビデオ録画が含まれた。これらのビデオは、その後、関節の位置、オブジェクトのサポート、桁の移動と把持手法として前肢の使用の特徴を、評価するために使用されていました。 ホテルIBBは、他の前肢の行動のタスクと同様に、傷害の重症度に敏感な回復の一貫したパ​​ターンを示しています。さらに、IBB規模は傷害の他のタイプに影響を与える通常の前肢の機能は、次の回復を評価するために使用することができる。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan IBB Forelimb Scale at JoVE.com

A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan IBB Forelimb Scale

ここでは、モチベーションを高めるために広範囲の訓練または剥奪を必要としない、天然に存在する動作時の桁移動を含む近位および遠位の両方前肢の機能の回復を検出することができる齧歯類の行動アッセイを説明します。

ラットの近位および遠位前肢の機能を評価するための新手法：アーバイン、ビーティーズやブレスナハン（IBB）前肢のスケール

Several experimental models of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the ...

a-novel-method-for-assessing-proximal-distal-forelimb-function-rat

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan (IBB) Forelimb Scale

19.7K ビュー.  University of California, San Francisco. ここでは、モチベーションを高めるために広範囲の訓練または剥奪を必要としない、天然に存在する動作時の桁移動を含む近位および遠位の両方前肢の機能の回復を検出することができる齧歯類の行動アッセイを説明します。

ビデオ: A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan IBB Forelimb Scale

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority of the spinal cord injuries in humans occur at the cervical levels. Therefore, developing cervical injury models and developing relevant and sensitive behavioral tests is of great importance. Here we describe the use of a newly developed forelimb step-alternation test after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. In addition, we describe two behavioral tests that have not been used after spinal cord injury: a postural instability test (PIT), and a pasta-handling test. All three behavioral tests are highly sensitive to injury and are easy to use. Therefore, we feel that these behavioral tests can be instrumental in investigating therapeutic strategies after cSCI.

Three new behavioral tests (forelimb step-alternation, postural instability test, pasta handling test) for evaluating forelimb function after cervical spinal cord injury in rodents are described.

新規タスクを使用した片側子宮頸SCI後前肢の機能を評価する：四肢ステップ交替、姿勢の不安定やパスタの取り扱い

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority ...

行動学

The Vermicelli and Capellini Handling Tests: Simple quantitative measures of dexterous forepaw function in rats and mice

Previous characterizations of rodent eating behavior have revealed that they use coordinated forepaw movements to manipulate food pieces. We have extended upon this work to develop a simple quantitative measure of forepaw dexterity that is sensitive to lateralized impairments and age-dependent changes. Rodents learn skillful forepaw and digit movements to manage thin pasta pieces, which they eagerly consume. We have previously described methods for quantifying vermicelli handling in rats and showed that the measures are very sensitive to forelimb impairments resulting from unilateral ischemic lesions, middle cerebral artery occlusions and unilateral striatal dopamine depletion [Allred, R.P., Adkins, D.L., Woodlee, M.T., Husbands, L.C., Maldonado M.A., Kane, J.R., Schallert, T. &amp; Jones, T.A. The Vermicelli Handling Test: a simple quantitative measure of dexterous forepaw function in rats. J. Neurosci. Methods 170, 229-244 (2008)]. Here we present a more detailed protocol for this test in rats and compare it with a newly developed version for mice, the Capellini Handling Test. Rats and mice are videotaped while handling short lengths of uncooked vermicelli or capellini pasta, respectively, with a camera positioned to optimize the view of paw movements. Slow motion video playback allows for the identification of forepaw adjustments, defined as any distinct removal and replacement of the paw, or of any number of digits, on the pasta piece after eating commences. Forepaw adjustments per piece are averaged over trials per each testing session. Repeated testing permits sensitive quantitative analysis of changes in forepaw dexterity over time. Protocols for pre-testing habituation and handling practice, as well as procedures for characterizing atypical handling patterns, are described. Because rats and mice perform the pasta handling tests slightly differently, species-specific differences in administration and scoring of these tests are highlighted. All animal use was in accordance with protocols approved by the University of Texas at Austin Animal Care and Use Committee.

The Vermicelli and Capellini Handling Tests of forepaw dexterity take advantage of the natural inclination of rodents to manipulate food items using skillful forepaw and digit movements. Animals are videotaped while handling short strands of uncooked dry pasta. Slow motion video playback allows for the quantification of forepaw adjustments.

春雨とカッペリーニの処理試験：ラットとマウスの器用な前足の機能の簡単な定量的指標

Previous characterizations of rodent eating behavior have revealed that they use coordinated forepaw movements to manipulate food pieces. We have extended ...

神経科学

Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore by rearing and touching the walls of the cylinder with their forelimb paws for postural support. Following ischemic injury to the forelimb sensorimotor cortex, rats rely more heavily on their unaffected forelimb paw for postural support resulting in fewer touches with their affected paw which is termed forelimb asymmetry. In contrast, focal ischemic damage in the mouse brain fails to result in comparable consistent deficits in forelimb asymmetry. While forelimb asymmetry deficits are infrequently observed, mice do demonstrate a novel behaviour post stroke termed &#8220;paw-dragging&#8221;. Paw-dragging is the tendency for a mouse to drag its affected paw along the cylinder wall rather than directly push off from the wall when dismounting from a rear to a four-legged stance. We have previously demonstrated that paw-dragging behaviour is highly sensitive to small cortical ischemic injuries to the forelimb motor cortex. Here we provide a detailed protocol for paw-dragging analysis. We define what a paw-drag is and demonstrate how to quantify paw-dragging behaviour. The cylinder test is a simple and inexpensive test to administer and does not require pre-training or food deprivation strategies. In using paw-dragging analysis with the cylinder test, it fills a niche for predicting cortical ischemic injuries such as photothrombosis and Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ischemia &#8211; two models that are ever-increasing in popularity and produce smaller focal injuries than middle cerebral artery occlusion. Finally, measuring paw-dragging behaviour in the cylinder test will allow studies of functional recovery after cortical injury using a wide cohort of transgenic mouse strains where previous forelimb asymmetry analysis has failed to detect consistent deficits.

Classical forelimb asymmetry analysis of the cylinder test is routinely used to assess behavioural deficits in rats following brain injury or stroke; however, it fails to detect consistent deficits in mice. This study demonstrates that quantifying paw-dragging behaviour is a more sensitive analysis of brain injury in mice.

ポウ·ドラッグ：小説、マウスシリンダー試験の感度分析

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

ロボットマニピュランダムに運動スキルの学習過程を調査

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

The Structure of Skilled Forelimb Reaching in the Rat: A Movement Rating Scale

Skilled reaching for food is an evolutionary ancient act and is displayed by many animal species, including those in the sister clades of rodents and primates. The video describes a test situation that allows filming of repeated acts of reaching for food by the rat that has been mildly food deprived. A rat is trained to reach through a slot in a holding box for food pellet that it grasps and then places in its mouth for eating. Reaching is accomplished in the main by proximally driven movements of the limb but distal limb movements are used for pronating the paw, grasping the food, and releasing the food into the mouth. Each reach is divided into at least 10 movements of the forelimb and the reaching act is facilitated by postural adjustments. Each of the movements is described and examples of the movements are given from a number of viewing perspectives. By rating each movement element on a 3-point scale, the reach can be quantified. A number of studies have demonstrated that the movement elements are altered by motor system damage, including damage to the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. The movements are also altered in neurological conditions that can be modeled in the rat, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Thus, the rating scale is useful for quantifying motor impairments and the effectiveness of neural restoration and rehabilitation. Because the reaching act for the rat is very similar to that displayed by humans and nonhuman primates, the scale can be used for comparative purposes. from a number of viewing perspectives. By rating each movement element on a 3-point scale, the reach can be quantified. A number of studies have demonstrated that the movement elements are altered by motor system damage, including damage to the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. The movements are also altered in neurological conditions that can be modeled in the rat, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Thus, the rating scale is useful for quantifying motor impairments and the effectiveness of neural restoration and rehabilitation.

Experiments on animals were performed in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set forth by the University of Lethbridge Animal Care Committee in accordance with the regulations of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.

The skilled reaching scale divides the movement by a forelimb in a reach for food act into composite elements each of which are evaluated with a three-point scale. The rating scale is described for a normal rat and can be applied toward evaluating neurological motor disorders.

ラットに到達熟練前肢の構造：運動評価尺度

Skilled reaching for food is an evolutionary ancient act and is displayed by many animal species, including those in the sister clades of rodents and ...

生物学

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of injury in rodent models of TBI. Shown here are behavioral measures that are well-established in TBI research for times early after injury, such as two weeks, until two months. Some of these methods have previously been used at later times after injury, up to one year, but by very few laboratories. The methods demonstrated here are a short neurological assessment to test reflexes, a Beam-Balance to test balance, a Beam-Walk to test balance and motor coordination, and a working memory version of the Morris water maze that can be sensitive to deficits in reference memory. Male rats were handled and pre-trained to neurological, balance, and motor coordination tests prior to receiving parasagittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham injury. Rats can be tested on the short neurological assessment (neuroscore), the beam-balance, and the Beam-Walk multiple times, while testing on the water maze can only be done once. This difference is because rats can remember the task, thus confounding the results if repeated testing is attempted in the same animal. When testing from one to three days after injury, significant differences are detected in all three non-cognitive tasks. However, differences in the Beam-Walk task were not detectable at later time points (after 3 months). Deficits were detected at 3 months in the Beam-Balance and at 6 months in the neuroscore. Deficits in working memory were detected out to 12 months after injury, and a deficit in a reference memory first appeared at 12 months. Thus, standard behavioral tests can be useful measures of persistent behavioral deficits after FPI.

The goal of the behavioral tests presented here is to detect functional deficits in rats after traumatic brain injury. Four specific tests are presented that detect deficits in behaviors to reflect the damage to specific brain areas at times extending to one year after injury.

外傷性脳損傷後のラットの行動の赤字を検出

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

ノブ外タスク: ラットの前肢関数を評価するための半自動メソッド

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided here is a protocol for successfully establishing a rat model of acute pontine infarction. Rats weighing about 250 g are used, and a probe with an insulated sheath is injected into the pons using a stereotaxic apparatus. A lesion is produced by the electrical stimulation with a single pulse. The Longa score, Berderson score, and beam balance test are used to assess neurological deficits. Additionally, the adhesive-removal somatosensory test is used to determine sensorimotor function, and the limb placement test is used to evaluate proprioception. MRI scans are then used to assess the infarction in vivo, and TTC staining is used to confirm the infarction in vitro. Here, a successful infarction is identified that is located in the anterolateral basis of the rostral pons. In conclusion, a new method is described to establish an acute pontine infarction rat model.

Presented here is a protocol for establishing acute pontine infarction in a rat model via electrical stimulation with a single pulse.

電気刺激によるラットにおける急性ポンチン梗塞の確立

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...

Functional and Physiological Methods of Evaluating Median Nerve Regeneration in the Rat

The main goal of this investigation is to show how to create and repair different types of median nerve (MN) lesions in the rat. Moreover, different methods of simulating postoperative physiotherapy are presented. Multiple standardized strategies are used to assess motor and sensory recovery using an MN model of peripheral nerve lesion and repair, thus permitting easy comparison of the results. Several options are included for providing a postoperative physiotherapy-like environment to rats that have undergone MN injuries. Finally, the paper provides a method to evaluate the recovery of the MN using several noninvasive tests (i.e., grasping test, pin prick test, ladder rung walking test, rope climbing test, and walking track analysis), and physiological measurements (infrared thermography, electroneuromyography, flexion strength evaluation, and flexor carpi radialis muscle weight determination). Hence, this model seems particularly appropriate to replicate a clinical scenario, facilitating extrapolation of results to the human species.
Although the sciatic nerve is the most studied nerve in peripheral nerve research, analysis of the rat MN presents various advantages. For example, there is a reduced incidence of joint contractures and automutilation of the affected limb in MN lesion studies. Furthermore, the MN is not covered by muscle masses, making its dissection easier than that of the sciatic nerve. In addition, MN recovery is observed sooner, because the MN is shorter than the sciatic nerve. Also, the MN has a parallel path to the ulnar nerve in the arm. Hence, the ulnar nerve can be easily used as the nerve graft for repairing MN injuries. Finally, the MN in rats is located in the forelimb, akin to the human upper limb; in humans, the upper limb is the site of most peripheral nerve lesions.

Presented is a protocol to produce different types of median nerve (MN) lesions and repair in the rat. Additionally, the protocol shows how to evaluate the functional recovery of the nerve using several noninvasive behavioral tests and physiological measurements.

ラットの神経再生の中央値を評価する機能と生理学的方法

The main goal of this investigation is to show how to create and repair different types of median nerve (MN) lesions in the rat. Moreover, different ...

医学

Massive Pontine Hemorrhage by Dual Injection of Autologous Blood

We provide a protocol to establish a massive pontine hemorrhage model in a rat. Rats weighing about 250 grams were used in this study. One hundred microliters of autologous blood was taken from the tail vein and stereotaxically injected into the pons. The injection process was divided into 2 steps: First, 10 &#181;L of blood was injected into a specific location, anteroposterior position (AP) -9.0 mm; lateral (Lat) 0 mm; vertical (Vert) -9.2 mm, followed by a second injection of the residual blood located at AP -9.0 mm; Lat 0 mm; Vert -9.0 mm with a 20-minute interval. The balance beam test, limb placement test, and the modified Voestch neuroscore were used to evaluate neurological function. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to assess the volume of hemorrhage in vivo. The symptoms of this model were in line with patients with massive pontine hemorrhage.

We present a protocol to establish a massive pontine hemorrhage model in a rat via dual injection of autologous blood.