generating and maintaining slice cultures from human glioblastoma tissue

Generating and Maintaining Slice Cultures from Human Glioblastoma Tissue

Begin by using sterile forceps to place empty PTFE culture inserts into each well of a six-well plate containing 1 milliliter of slice culture maintenance medium per well. When all of the inserts have been added, place the plate in a humidified water-jacketed tissue culture incubator at 37 degrees Celsius and 5% CO2.
Next, place the tumor tissue pieces in a Petri dish containing ice-cold processing medium, and use a pipette to gently wash the tissue three times with fresh medium to remove any adherent red blood cells. After the third wash, use a scalpel to cut the tumor pieces into approximately 3-by-3-by-10 millimeter strips, carefully removing any attached vessels and avoiding necrotic or cauterized tissue.
When all of the tissue has been trimmed, add 5 to 7 milliliters of 37 degrees Celsius liquid agarose into a 2-cubed centimeter plastic embedding mold, and chill the agarose on a bed of ice for one minute. Place 2 to 4 strips of tissue into the agarose, with the long axis oriented vertically, leaving the tissues on ice for another 2 to 5 minutes after their placement.
When the agarose has solidified, cut the sides of the form with a scalpel to gently remove the agarose from the mold, and use a generous drop of cyanoacrylate glue to fix the agarose block to a vibratome specimen plate.
When the glue has set, submerge the agarose block in ice-cold processing medium and use a trimmed, sterile plastic pipette to bubble a 5% CO2 95% O2 mixture into the medium within the vibratome reservoir. Set the vibratome slice thickness to 300 to 350 microns, and adjust the blade advanced speed and blade amplitude according to the tissue consistency and vibratome specifications.
Obtain the appropriate number of slices according to the planned experimental analysis. Using a stainless steel micro-spatula to transfer the slices into a Petri dish containing ice-cold processing medium as they are acquired. When all of the slices have been acquired, use the micro-spatula to transfer each slice onto a single PTFE insert.
After a 12 to 24-hour incubation, equilibrate a new six-well plate containing fresh slice culture maintenance medium in the cell culture incubator for 15 minutes. Then use sterile forceps to grasp each insert by the rim, and transfer the inserts into individual wells of the new six-well plate.

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All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Pre-slicing Preparation 
<ol>
	<li>Prepare &#34;tissue processing&#34; media and &#34;slice culture maintenance&#34; media the day before planned tumor resection and tissue collection (or utilize previously generated media within 2 weeks). Add 5 mL of Penicillin-Streptomycin solution (10,000 U/mL) and 5 mL of 1 M 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) to 500 mL of a High-Glucose Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) to generate the tissue processing medium.</li>
	<li>Prepare 250 mL of slice culture maintenance media using a base of neuronal medium (e.g., Neurobasal) without phenol red. Supplement this medium with 10 mM HEPES, 1x B-27 supplement, 400 &#181;M L-glutamine, 600 &#181;M L-alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide, 60 U/mL penicillin, 60 &#181;g/mL streptomycin, and 6 U/mL nystatin.</li>
	<li>Store all media at 4 &#176;C for no longer than 2 weeks.</li>
</ol>
2. Day of Surgery: Tissue Acquisition
<ol>
	<li>On the day of tissue acquisition, prepare 50 - 100 mL of 1% and 2% (wt/vol %) solutions of low melting temperature agarose in tissue processing media using autoclaved glassware and sterile technique in a laminar flow hood. Both concentrations of agarose are needed to accommodate unpredictable variation in tumor tissue consistency.</li>
	<li>Heat the agarose suspension, using a microwave, until gentle boiling is observed. Place the agarose solution in a 37 &#176;C water bath to maintain in a liquid state until use.</li>
	<li>Place 1 mL of slice culture maintenance media in each well of a 6-well plate.</li>
	<li>Use a sterile forceps to place empty polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) culture inserts in each well. Place the plate in a humidified, water-jacketed, tissue culture incubator with a 5% CO2 atmosphere maintained at 37 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Using a sterile Pasteur pipette in a laminar flow hood, bubble a mixture of 95% O2/5% CO2 gas into a flask containing ice cold tissue processing media for approximately 15 to 30 min, prior to tumor tissue acquisition. The use of supra-oxygenated media minimizes hypoxia in the bulk tissue during processing.</li>
	<li>Prepare labeled 50 mL conical tubes (enough for desired number of individual tumor regions to be isolated) containing 20 mL aliquots of supra-oxygenated ice-cold processing media to transport tissue between the operating room and slicing facility.</li>
	<li>In conjunction with a neurosurgeon, pre-operatively plan the tumor region for sample acquisition. Select a tumor region with contrast enhancement as demonstrated on the patient&#39;s clinical imaging (T1 post-gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences). Previous experience suggests this area yields viable tumor tissue as opposed to necrotic tissue. 
	NOTE: Generation of slices from the surrounding (peritumoral) white matter was attempted; however, background autofluorescence and decreased tumor cell density limited the experimental utility of these slices.</li>
	<li>Obtain tumor tissue towards the beginning of tumor resection. Avoid collection of tumor tissue exposed to extensive bipolar cautery, which may compromise tissue viability secondary to thermal injury. Tissue samples acquired during piecemeal tumor resection demonstrate enhanced viability when compared to tissue acquired from lengthy en bloc resections. This observation may relate to differential tumor tissue deprivation of blood flow as a result of surgical resection and extended time to acquisition.</li>
	<li>If desired, label and store tumor tissue in separate conical tubes to isolate samples from distinct tumor regions. (i.e. superficial vs. deep tumor tissue). Precise tissue locations can be recorded if/when intraoperative surgical navigation is available.</li>
</ol>
3. Slice Culture Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Place tumor tissue pieces in a Petri dish with ice-cold processing media. To wash the tumor tissue and minimize adherent red blood cells, use a pipette to gently exchange and discard the media in the Petri dish three times.</li>
	<li>Using a scalpel, cut tumor pieces into rectangular box shapes. Trim tissue pieces to approximate 3 mm x 3 mm x 10 mm. Carefully remove any attached vessels through excision or gentle traction with fine forceps.</li>
	<li>Pipette 5 - 7 mL of 37 &#176;C agarose into a small cube-shaped (~ 2 cm3) plastic embedding mold. Confirm temperature of agarose solution is no greater than 37 &#176;C with a sterile thermometer before use.</li>
	<li>Allow agarose to sit for approximately 1 min on a bed of ice.</li>
	<li>Place 2 - 4 tumor tissue &#34;strips&#34; into agarose with long axis oriented vertically. NOTE: Tissue strips will tend to &#34;sink&#34; in the agarose before solidification. To avoid this complication, temporarily hold the tissue strip in vertical orientation until agarose is further solidified.</li>
	<li>Keep the tissue containing agarose mold on a bed of ice for 2 - 5 min to facilitate solidification.</li>
	<li>Remove mold from ice and gently remove the agarose block by cutting the sides of the form with a scalpel. Avoid placing excessive force on the block, which may fracture the agarose.</li>
	<li>Use a generous drop of cyanoacrylate glue to affix the agarose block to the vibratome specimen plate. Let glue set for approximately 1 - 2 min.</li>
	<li>Fill the vibratome reservoir with ice-cold processing media to submerge the agarose block affixed to the specimen plate.</li>
	<li>During slicing, bubble 95% O2 / 5% CO2 gas mixture into the vibratome reservoir through a trimmed sterile plastic pipette.</li>
	<li>Set the vibratome slice thickness to 300 - 350 &#181;m.</li>
	<li>Adjust blade advance speed and blade amplitude according to tissue consistency. &#34;Stiffer&#34; glioblastoma tissue requires slower blade advance speeds and higher amplitude. Exact blade speed and amplitude settings will vary according to vibratome specifications. 
	NOTE: Several issues commonly arise during slicing. If the tissue strip dislodges from the agarose block, attempt embedding the tissue in a higher concentration agarose. If tumor slices are thicker than desired (machine set), or are asymmetric, increase the amplitude and decrease&#160; speed of vibratome blade. To ensure tumor tissue is not stuck to or &#34;dragged&#34; by the blade holder, as slicing occurs, carefully position the microspatula between the blade holder and slice, as the blade moves.</li>
	<li>Transfer tissue slices to Petri dish with ice-cold processing media using a stainless steel microspatula.</li>
	<li>Obtain 6-well plates containing PTFE inserts and equilibrated slice culture media from incubator (as prepared in section 2, step 4).</li>
	<li>Plate tissue slices using a stainless steel microspatula. Minimize direct contact and manipulation of tissue by using a small fine bristle paintbrush to generate a &#34;fluid wave&#34; to gently push the slice off the spatula and onto the culture insert. 
	NOTE: Minimize the amount of processing media introduced on top of the tissue culture insert. If excessive amounts of media are transferred causing the slices to float, use a sterile Pasteur pipette to remove media.</li>
	<li>Return the 6-well plates containing tumor slices to an incubator maintained at 37 &#176;C with a 5% CO2 atmosphere. 
	NOTE: The entire embedding and slicing protocol should be completed within 90 min of tumor tissue acquisition from the operating room.</li>
</ol>
4. Slice Culture Maintenance 
<ol>
	<li>After 12 - 24 h, transfer the slice cultures by grasping each insert rim with a sterile forceps, and transfer to plates containing fresh slice culture maintenance media. Ensure the slice culture maintenance media aliquoted into each well equilibrates in the incubator for at least 15 min before transferring inserts.</li>
	<li>Move inserts to new 6-well plates with fresh equilibrated slice culture media every 48 h.</li>
	<li>If desired, aliquot old slice culture media with a pipette for immediate use in biochemical assays or freeze at -80 &#176;C for future use.</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM High Glucose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>11960-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal-A Medium, minus phenol red</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>12349-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement (50x), serum free</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/ mL)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine (200 mM)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES (1 M)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nystatin Suspension</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N1638-20ML</td>
			<td>10,000 unit/mL in DPBS, aseptically processed, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure Low Melting Point Agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Gibco)</td>
			<td>16520-050</td>
			<td>Melts at 65.5 &#176;C, Remains fluid at 37 &#176;C, and sets rapidly below 25 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peel-A-Way Embedding Mold (Square - S22)</td>
			<td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>18646A-1</td>
			<td>Molds for tumor sample embedding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Micro Spatulas</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S50823</td>
			<td>Bend instrument 45 degrees at the neck of the spoon blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Fisherbrand Dissecting Fine-Pointed Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single Edge Razor Blade (American Safety Razors)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17-989-001</td>
			<td>Blade edge is 0.009&#34; thick. Crimped blunt-edge cover is removed before loading onto vibratome.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica VT1000 S Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>VT1000 S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrophilic PTFE cell culture insert</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PICM0RG50</td>
			<td>30 mm, hydrophilic PTFE, 0.4 &#181;m pore size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm Glass Bottom Dishes</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-1.5-20-C Sleeve</td>
			<td>20 mm glass diameter. Coverslip glass thickness 1.5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PECON Stagetop Incubator</td>
			<td>PeCON German</td>
			<td>(Discontinued)</td>
			<td>Incubator PM 2000 RBT is a comprable product designed for use with Zeiss Microscopes.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Source: Parker, J. J., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/53557">A Human Glioblastoma Organotypic Slice Culture Model for Study of Tumor Cell Migration and Patient-specific Effects of Anti-Invasive Drugs.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
The video demonstrates the generation and maintenance of organotypic slice cultures from glioblastoma tissue. The isolated tissue is embedded in an agarose matrix, and thin sections are obtained using a vibratome. These sections are then placed on permeable membrane inserts within a microplate and cultured in a slice culture maintenance media for long-term maintenance.

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Pre-slicing Preparation 

	...

Take human glioblastoma tissue, a primary brain tumor originating from glial cells.
Wash the tissue using an ice-cold processing medium to remove residual blood.
Cut the tissue into pieces and insert it into an embedding mold containing molten agarose.
Chill the mold, allowing the agarose to polymerize and form a stable gel matrix.
Remove the tissue block from the mold and fix it on the specimen plate of a vibratome.
Add the ice-cold processing medium to submerge the block. Pass an oxygenated gas mixture to aerate the medium, maintaining tissue viability.
Section the embedded tumor tissue into thin slices.
Transfer a slice into a petri dish containing the ice-cold processing medium to preserve the tissue architecture.
Then, plate the tissue slice on a permeable membrane insert in a well containing a slice culture maintenance medium.
Maintain the slice in physiological conditions. The slice culture is ready for downstream assays.

28 ビュー. ヒト膠芽腫組織からのスライス培養物の生成と維持

ビデオ: ヒト膠芽腫組織からのスライス培養物の生成と維持 - 実験

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Translational Orthotopic Models of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models for human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are critical to understanding the development and progression of brain tumors. Unlike xenograft tumors, in GEMs, tumors arise in the native microenvironment in an immunocompetent mouse. However, the use of GBM GEMs in preclinical treatment studies is challenging due to long tumor latencies, heterogeneity in neoplasm frequency, and the timing of advanced grade tumor development. Mice induced via intracranial orthotopic injection are more tractable for preclinical studies, and retain features of the GEM tumors. We generated an orthotopic brain tumor model derived from a GEM model with Rb, Kras, and p53 aberrations (TRP), which develops GBM tumors&#160;displaying linear foci of necrosis by neoplastic cells, and dense vascularization analogous to human GBM. Cells derived from GEM GBM tumors are injected intracranially into wild-type, strain-matched recipient mice and reproduce grade IV tumors, therefore bypassing the long tumor latency period in GEM mice and allowing for the creation of large and reproducible cohorts for preclinical studies. The highly proliferative, invasive, and vascular features of the TRP GEM model for GBM are recapitulated in the orthotopic tumors, and histopathology markers reflect human GBM subgroups. Tumor growth is monitored by serial MRI scans. Due to the invasive nature of the intracranial tumors in immunocompetent models, carefully following the injection procedure outlined here is essential to prevent extracranial tumor growth.

Here, we describe a preclinical orthotopic mouse model for GBM, established by intracranial injection of cells derived from genetically engineered mouse model tumors. This model displays the disease hallmarks of human GBM. For translational studies, the mouse brain tumor is tracked by in vivo MRI and histopathology.

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Understanding blood-brain barrier function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is critical for the development of new therapeutic strategies that hold the promise to enhance brain drug delivery, improve brain protection, and treat brain disorders. However, studying the human blood-brain barrier function is challenging. Thus, there is a critical need for appropriate models. In this regard, brain capillaries isolated from human brain tissue represent a unique tool to study barrier function as close to the human in vivo situation as possible. Here, we describe an optimized protocol to isolate capillaries from human brain tissue at a high yield and with consistent quality and purity. Capillaries are isolated from fresh human brain tissue using mechanical homogenization, density-gradient centrifugation, and filtration. After the isolation, the human brain capillaries can be used for various applications including leakage assays, live cell imaging, and immune-based assays to study protein expression and function, enzyme activity, or intracellular signaling. Isolated human brain capillaries are a unique model to elucidate the regulation of the human blood-brain barrier function. This model can provide insights into central nervous system (CNS) pathogenesis, which will help the development of therapeutic strategies for treating CNS disorders.

Isolated brain capillaries from human brain tissue can be used as a preclinical model to study barrier function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we present an optimized protocol to isolate brain capillaries from fresh human brain tissue.

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Generating and Maintaining Slice Cultures from Human Glioblastoma Tissue

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Generating and Maintaining Slice Cultures from Human Glioblastoma Tissue