eoe sub articles

EoE Sub Articles

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. External and Internal Solutions
<ol>
	<li>Use mammalian Ringer&#39;s solution during retina dissection and as the external solution in subsequent electrophysiological recording. Prepare the mammalian Ringer&#39;s solution from 10x stock solution (without calcium) on the day of recording, and add CaCl2 drop-wise after 15 min of carbogenation (95% O2 and 5% CO2). The final 1x solution contains (in mM): 120 NaCl, 5 KCl, 25 NaHCO3, 0.8 Na2HPO4, 0.1 NaH2PO4, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgSO4 and 10 D-glucose.</li>
	<li>Use two internal solutions to characterize SAC oscillations. Test the usefulness of prepared solutions in prolonged whole-cell patch clamp recordings on adult mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and store the verified batches in 500 &#181;l aliquots at -20 &#176;C until use.
	<ol>
		<li>For recording membrane potential oscillation, use a potassium-based internal solution that contains (in mM): 125 K-gluconate, 8 NaCl, 4 adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-Mg, 0.5 Li-guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 5 ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 10 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and 0.2% biocytin (w/v). Adjust pH to 7.3 with KOH.</li>
		<li>For recording excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents, use a cesium-based internal solution that contains (in mM): 100 Cs-methanesulfonate, 8 NaCl, 4 ATP-Mg, 0.5 Li-GTP, 5 EGTA, 10 HEPES and 0.2% biocytin (w/v). Adjust pH to 7.3 with CsOH.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation for the Day of Recording
<ol>
	<li>To prepare a nitrocellulose membrane with open holes, manually punch the membrane with a customized puncher made from a blunted 16 G syringe needle and flatten the membrane between two clean glass plates. For a whole-mount retina, make a central hole 0.2 mm in diameter and surround it by 4 larger holes that are 1-1.2 mm in diameter.</li>
	<li>To make a customized backfill filament for loading internal solution into electrodes, melt a 10 &#181;l pipette tip in the middle and gently lengthen the melted portion until it cools and hardens. Just prior to use, use a clean razor blade to trim the filament until it is slightly longer than the patch pipettes.</li>
	<li>Pull patch pipettes in a programmable puller from borosilicate glass tube with an internal filament. Manufacture the micropipettes on the day of experiment and use them immediately. 
	NOTE: For recording SACs, we use the following puller setting: heat: 484; pull: 0; velocity: 25; delay time: 1; pressure: 400 and a ramp value of 462. The outside diameter (O.D.) and inside diameter (I.D.) of the borosilicate tubes are 1.65 mm and 1.0 mm, respectively. Resistance of the pipettes is 10-14 M&#937;.</li>
	<li>One hr before tissue harvest, thaw a tube of internal solution by shaking it on a vortex for &#62;30 min.</li>
</ol>
3. Retina Dissection
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize the animal by 4% isoflurane in oxygen until the animal loses responsiveness to a toe pinch. Sacrifice the animal by cervical dislocation.</li>
	<li>Cut both eyeballs off the optic nerves at 1-2 mm away from the optic nerve heads with straight-pointed iris scissors.</li>
	<li>Roll the eyeballs on a clean paper towel to remove blood and then immerse them in carbogenated mammalian Ringer&#39;s solution. Punch a hole in the limbus with a 23 G needle and bisect the eyeballs by cutting along the limbus with micro-scissors. Remove the cornea and lens using fine forceps.
	<ol>
		<li>For retinal whole-mount, gently peel the entire retina off the pigmented epithelium with fine forceps and make four 1.5-2 mm orthogonal cuts from the edge toward the optic nerve head.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Immerse a punched nitrocellulose membrane into the dish and gently drag the retina over it with the ganglion cell layer (GCL) side up. Place the optic nerve head into the center hole when preparing a whole-mount retina. Transfer the membrane with the retina into another clean dish. Gently flatten the retina with a fine paint brush to look like a Maltese cross and lay all four edges over the holes.
	<ol>
		<li>If a fraction of the retina is to be examined at a time, cut each eyecup prepared from Step 3.3 into 3-4 pieces with a razor blade with the pigmented epithelium remains attached. Protect the unused pieces from light in carbogenated external solution and use them within 12 hr.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Blot the nitrocellulose membrane with a piece of dry filter paper and remove the vitreous and inner limiting membrane with forceps and a paint brush.</li>
	<li>Make sure that all retinal edges are fully attached to the membrane before transferring the assembly into the recording chamber with a sealed glass cover slip at the bottom. Secure the membrane with vacuum grease to the cover slip and rehydrate the retina with the external solution. Be careful not to trap any air bubbles underneath the assembly.</li>
	<li>Set the chamber onto the stage of an upright microscope. Perfuse the chamber with warm (34-35 &#176;C) carbogenated external solution at a rate of ~3 ml per min.</li>
	<li>Examine the retina under a 10x objective lens first, and then use a 60x water-immersion lens to see GCL and inner nuclear layer (INL) neurons under differential interference contrast (DIC) and/or epifluorescence. To visualize tdTomato-expressing SACs, use a white light-emitting diode (LED) light source in combination with an excitation filter of 554 nm and an emission filter of 581 nm.</li>
</ol>
4. Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording from Flat-mount Retina
<ol>
	<li>Filter the internal solution through a syringe filter into the custom backfill filament.</li>
	<li>Insert the filament into a freshly pulled micropipette and dispense the internal solution near the tip until the solution covers the silver electrode wire for &#62;5 mm. Fasten the micropipette onto an electrode holder with a suction pole, through which pressure inside the electrode can be adjusted by pushing or pulling the plunger of a tube-connected 10 ml plastic syringe.</li>
	<li>Find the pipette under the objective and bring it down to ~100 &#181;m above the retina. Under the current-follower mode (I = 0), use DC offset to zero the standing DC voltage signal. Measure the pipette resistance under the current clamp (IClamp) mode by injecting fixed amplitude square wave currents through the pipette while it is in the bath and neutralize the difference by turning the Raccess knob. Use the reading on the Raccess knob to calculate pipette resistance by the Ohm&#39;s law.</li>
	<li>Slowly bring the electrode to ~10 &#181;m above the retina. Apply positive pressure to the electrode. Watch the reflection change near the pipette tip as it approaches the retina. Quickly but gently force the pipette into the GCL and reduce the positive pressure immediately.</li>
	<li>Move the pipette toward a labeled neuron. Avoid contacting other neurons, blood vessels and endfeet of Muller cells. Apply more positive pressure if needed to prevent electrode clogging.</li>
	<li>Position the pipette tip near the midline of a labeled neuron until a dimple is visible. Release the positive pressure and allow the plasma membrane to bounce back onto the pipette tip.</li>
	<li>Apply 20 to 120 pA negative currents to the pipette to help the formation of a giga-ohm seal. Apply a gentle suction if necessary to pull the plasma membrane into the pipette. Wait 5 min after seal formation to rupture the cell membrane. This allows the spilled internal solution to be cleared by superfusion. Rupture the membrane by a gentle suction.</li>
	<li>After the membrane rupture and while in the current clamp mode, switch on bridge balance and adjust it using the Raccess knob. 
	NOTE: For a small cell like the SAC, only slight adjustment is needed, if any. Alternatively, record excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the voltage clamp mode (VClamp) by holding the cell at reversal potentials of chloride (around -75 mV) and glutamate (around 0 mV), respectively. Check and adjust pipette position if needed to accommodate occasional retina and/or micromanipulator drift.</li>
	<li>To record membrane potential or current change before, during and after pharmacological treatment, prepare synaptic blockers (e.g., cyanquixaline [CNQX], (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate [AP5], picrotoxin, tubocurarine, etc.) and channel modulators (e.g., flupirtine, dopamine, meclofenamic acid, etc.) fresh on the day of experiment from frozen stocks. Dilute the drugs with carbogenated Ringer&#39;s solution. Apply them in a batch manner through perfusion.</li>
	<li>After recording, gently remove the pipette from the soma. Transfer the assembly from the chamber to a clean dish. Detach and re-attach the retina onto another flattened nitrocellulose membrane without punched holes to ensure retina flatness during fixation.</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixed-stage fluorescent microscope with DIC</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX51-WI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulators</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td>MP-225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patch clamp amplifier</td>
			<td>A-M System</td>
			<td>AM2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AD converter</td>
			<td>National Instrument</td>
			<td>NI-USB-6221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heater controller</td>
			<td>Warner Instrument</td>
			<td>TC-324B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inline heater</td>
			<td>Warner Instrument</td>
			<td>SC-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>Dynamax</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>P-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass tube with filament</td>
			<td>King Precision Glass</td>
			<td>Customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulator</td>
			<td>A.M.P.I.</td>
			<td>Master-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biocytin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B4261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S6191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP328-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S0876</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M1880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G6152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K-gluconate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP-Mg</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Li-GTP</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G5884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E0396</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5958</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cs-methanesulfonate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1426</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CsOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>232041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filter</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17013002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ul pipette tip</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>24-130RL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X PBS</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-517Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishing a whole-cell patch clamp for electrophysiological recording from a flat-mount mouse retina

Source: Tu, H., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/54608">Patch Clamp Recording of Starburst Amacrine Cells in a Flat-mount Preparation of Deafferentated Mouse Retina.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video demonstrates a whole-cell patch-clamp technique for electrophysiological recording from a flat-mount mouse retina. A thin glass pipette with an electrode is used to approach starburst amacrine cells (SACs) within the retina. After forming a seal, suction is applied to rupture the membrane and form the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. Finally, the flow of ions through the SAC synaptic receptors is measured using the configuration.

Establishing a Whole-Cell Patch Clamp for Electrophysiological Recording from a Flat-Mount Mouse Retina

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. External and Internal Solutions

	...

Place a flat-mount mouse retina in a physiological solution within a recording chamber.
Using a microscope, position a recording pipette above the retina. The pipette contains an electrode and is filled with an internal solution.
Apply positive pressure to prevent pipette clogging, insert it into the retina, and then reduce the pressure to avoid tissue damage.
Advance the pipette toward the starburst amacrine cells, or SACs, which are synaptically linked to other neurons.
Approach a cell until a dimple forms on its membrane. Release the pressure, allowing the membrane to adhere to the tip.
Use a negative current to draw a membrane patch into the pipette.
Apply suction to rupture the membrane, establishing continuity between the electrode and the cell cytoplasm, a technique called whole-cell patch-clamp.
To record synaptic currents, apply a voltage to keep the membrane potential of the SAC constant.
The neurotransmitters released by synaptically linked neurons trigger ion flow through SAC synaptic receptors, measured by the electrode.

establishing-whole-cell-patch-clamp-for-electrophysiological

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuroscience

Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology Techniques

788 ビュー. 出典:Tu, H., et al. Patch Clamp Recording of Starburst Amacrine cells in a flat-mount preparation of deferentated mouse retina.J. Vis. Exp.(2016年)。 このビデオは、フラットマウントマウス網膜からの電気生理学的記録のための全細胞パッチクランプ技術を示しています。電極付きの薄いガラスピペットを使用して、網膜内のスターバーストアマクリン細胞(SAC)にアプローチします。シールを形成した後、...

ビデオ: フラットマウントマウス網膜からの電気生理学的記録のための全細胞パッチクランプの確立 - 概念

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

準備やアフリカツメガエルの視蓋ニューロンの全体セル パッチ ・ クランプ記録のためのプロトコル

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

JoVE Journal

神経科学

Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Neurons as a Target for Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recordings

Kisspeptins are essential for the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and fertility. Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons located in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus and rostral periventricular nucleus, as well as the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, project to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, among other cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that kisspeptin signaling occurs through the Kiss1 receptor (Kiss1r), ultimately exciting GnRH neuron activity. In humans and experimental animal models, kisspeptins are sufficient for inducing GnRH secretion and, consequently, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulant hormone (FSH) release. Since kisspeptins play an essential role in reproductive functions, researchers are working to assess how the intrinsic activity of hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons contributes to reproduction-related actions and identify the primary neurotransmitters/neuromodulators capable of changing these properties. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique has become a valuable tool for investigating kisspeptin neuron activity in rodent cells. This experimental technique allows researchers to record and measure spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory ionic currents, resting membrane potential, action potential firing, and other electrophysiological properties of cell membranes. In the present study, crucial aspects of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, known as electrophysiological measurements that define hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons, and a discussion of relevant issues about the technique, are reviewed.

Here, we present a protocol to perform a whole-cell patch-clamp on brain slices containing kisspeptin neurons, the primary modulator of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells. By adding knowledge about kisspeptin neuron activity, this electrophysiological tool has served as the basis for significant advancements in the neuroendocrinology field over the last 20 years.

全細胞パッチクランプ記録の標的としての視床下部キスペプチンニューロン

Kisspeptins are essential for the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and fertility. Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons located in ...

Isolating and Culturing Vestibular and Spiral Ganglion Somata from Neonatal Rodents for Patch-Clamp Recordings

The compact morphology of isolated and cultured inner ear ganglion neurons allows for detailed characterizations of the ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors that contribute to cell diversity across this population. This protocol outlines the steps necessary for successful dissecting, dissociating, and short-term culturing of the somata of inner ear bipolar neurons for the purpose of patch-clamp recordings. Detailed instructions for preparing vestibular ganglion neurons are provided with the necessary modifications needed for plating spiral ganglion neurons. The protocol includes instructions for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the perforated-patch configuration. Example results characterizing the voltage-clamp recordings of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN)-mediated currents highlight the stability of perforated-patch recording configuration in comparison to the more standard ruptured-patch configuration. The combination of these methods, isolated somata plus perforated-patch-clamp recordings, can be used to study cellular processes that require long, stable recordings and the preservation of intracellular milieu, such as signaling through G-protein coupled receptors.

Presented here are methods providing detailed instructions for dissecting, dissociating, culturing, and patch-clamp recording from vestibular ganglion and spiral ganglion neurons of the inner ear.

パッチクランプ記録のための新生児げっ歯類からの前庭およびらせん状神経節体細胞の分離と培養

The compact morphology of isolated and cultured inner ear ganglion neurons allows for detailed characterizations of the ion channels and neurotransmitter ...