この研究は、FDへのスタートアップ資金によってサポートされていました。 KSは、医学研究のためのアルバータヘリテージ財団から夏の学生の身分によってサポートされていました。 FDは、統合失調症とうつ病に関する研究のための国民連合からの若手研究者賞、およびカナダの精神疾患研究財団からCPRF賞によってサポートされていました。著者はデータ分析の支援のためのデータ収集とクリスティーナ孫の支援のためにピーターのセレスに感謝します。

1。刺激、タスク設計、および実験プロトコール私達の刺激は、Poserの7.0を（使用して作成されます<a href="http://poser.smithmicro.com/poser.html">http://poser.smithmicro.com/poser.html</a> ）、およびそれらがCIGAL（使用して表示されます<a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/を</a> ）。 <ol><li>タスクは、ビジネスシーンにおける非言語的なゲスト - ホスト相互作用の10秒のアニメビデオのシリーズで構成されています。被験者は、ホスト（社会的相互作用の条件）またはホスト（ない社会的相互作用/制御状態）のカットアウト段ボールに迎えているゲストを見ている。 </li><li>ホストは、さらに社会的相互作用（ アプローチの状態）、または（状態を避けるため ）、さらに相互作用への関心の欠如を示している可能性のある行動に招待されている動作が表示される場合があります。 </li><li>ホストで表示される行動のタイプのこの基本的な操作に加えて、他の操作も含まれる場合があります。他の人に彼らが何もしないのに対し、例えば、試験の一部（通常は半分）内の文字は、挨拶プロトコルの一部として、手を振ることができる。この操作により、また（例えば、西洋対東アジア）ビューアの文化的背景によって異なる意味を持っていると予想される動作は4日に正式な物理的なタッチの効果、の調査。 </li><li>他の操作は、（ その他 ）人間味に（Me）のパソコンから視聴者の視点の変化を伴うことがあります。この操作は、自己参照の処理5に関連ニューラルネットワークを活用することを目指す、と個人的な婚約6,7（例えば、個人的に撮影する場合、動作を防ぐの影響の悪化）によって変調さ応答の同定を可能にします。これらの二つの視点間での交替は、各試験の開始時に頭出しすることができます。 </li><li>動画は、速度能力上のホストを、信頼性、および5点リッカート尺度（0 =すべてではない/ 4で=非常に）上のビジネスに興味の対象を求めている評価の画面が続きます。これらの評価は、相殺されるべきである試験全体で、順序効果を避けるために。 </li><li>ビデオ中の文字が表示される行動（アプローチ対は避ける）、民族的背景（白人と非白人）、シャツの色、そしてヘアスタイルのために相殺されています。 （例えば、魅力）社会的相互作用に影響を与える可能性のある基本的な側面（例えば、また、トライアルのカテゴリ間の体系的な違いがないことを保証するために、（例えば、ホストのオフラインの評価による）のために制御され、したがって、可能な困惑を避ける必要がありますホストが回避行動を表示する場合にも全体的に低い魅力のスコアを持っている）。例えば50％ -最後に、証拠メス-ホストとの相互作用が決定（例えば、金融）4に影響を及ぼすのより効果的であることが、私たちの現在の研究では、すべてのホストが女性だったが、ホストの性別も試験全体で相殺することができますを与え50％の男性対女性。 </li><li>実験は、参加者の時間を休まし、機器の故障の場合には大量のデータ損失を回避できるように、試験の実行/ブロックに分割されます。また、各操作（例えば、社会的相互作用、性別、ブレ/ノーブレ）によると、理想的にバイアスされたデータの損失、条件/試験も同様に各ブロックで表現されるべきを避けるために。実行順序は、参加者の間で相殺される。各実行では、MR信号の安定化を可能にするために、固定の6秒から始まります。 8秒の間トライアル間隔は、各ムービートライアルをたどり、各実行/ブロックを終了します。 </li><li>なお、本設計は、社会的認知の神経相関を識別するには生態学的妥当性を増加している静的な刺激が関与する実験的なデザインと比較しながら、このアプローチにも限界と課題を提起することに留意すべきである。そのような挑戦は、関心の行動変数（たとえば、操作のコンテキスト内で、可能な限り一定に&quot;背景&quot;の側面（例えば、社会的相互作用が発生する環境や行動の非関連の側面を）維持する必要性が提起され、動的な刺激が使用されている条件で達成することは困難かもしれないターゲットを絞った社会的相互作用を区別する身振り）、。それにもかかわらず、我々は、現在のアプローチが有効な可能にするために社会的な神経科学の研究で​​使用される刺激の生態学的妥当性を高めることを目標と実験操作の合理的な制御を必要とする脳イメージングツールの関与に関連した制約との間のトレードオフ合理的に到達すると信じている標的行動の神経相関に関する推論。 </li></ol> 2。スキャンのために件名の準備被験者は、通常、金属製の関節置換などのMRIスキャン、ために自分の年齢、健康状態、第一言語、および個々の危険因子に基づいて募集しています。ホーweverは、研究の目的の応じて、他の要因も人種/民族的背景、社会経済的地位​​、および薬物使用の歴史を含め、考えることができる。すべての被験者は、事前の倫理委員会によって承認された実験的なプロトコルを、実行するためにインフォームドコンセントを書かれています。 前のスキャンの部屋を入力する<ol><li>スキャンの日に、参加者は、実験8,9の前に過度に不安や抑うつではないことを保証するために、心の彼らの現在の状態を評価するアンケートを完了するように求められます。これらの評価は、スキャン時の感情状態は参加者の反応に影響を及ぼすかもしれない方法を調査するために、fMRIのデータと組み合わせて使用​​することもできます。また、ポストスキ​​ャンの評価と併せて、これらの初期評価は、参加者の全体的な感情の状態は、実験への参加の結果として劇的に変化しないことを確認するために使用することができます。最後に、他の行動/人格評価は、さらに社会的文脈における影響力の応答（例えば、社会不安、信頼性）試験10,11の間に参加者の反応に影響を与える可能性があるという性格の特定の側面でどのように個々の変動を調査するために、行うことができます。 </li><li>スキャンに先立ち、参加者は、スキャン手順の詳細に通知され、行動課題（後述）のための具体的な指示を与えられます。タスクと不快感と増加親しみを避けるために、参加者はまた、タスクのために実行する省略形の練習を与えられます。 </li></ol>スキャン部屋に入る<ol start="3"><li>被験者は、スキャン中に快適性を確保し、動きを最小限に抑えるため、ヘッドのための追加のクッションと、スキャニングベッドに仰向けに横たわるように指示されます。さらにヘッドの動きを最小限に抑えるために、テープの長さの非粘着面は、被験者の前頭部の周りに軽くラップされることがあります。優先の場合、クッション性も腰痛筋肉の緊張を減らすために、主題の提起膝の下に配置されることがあります。 </li><li>被験者は、MRIスキャン中に実験者と通信するために耳の保護（耳栓）だけでなく、分離のヘッドフォンを与えられている。 </li><li>被験者の右手は、このように左手がサポートまたはその他の測定値（例えば、皮膚コンダクタンス反応）のために使用できるように、応答ボックスに快適に配置されている。被験者はスキャナを停止するあらゆる緊急の必要性を示すことができるように非常停止ボタンはまた、近くに配置する必要があります。 </li><li>データの収集を開始する前に、それは被験者が刺激のプレゼンテーションのために、明らかに画面の投影を見ることができること、および応答ボタンが正しく動作することを確認することが重要です。 </li></ol> 3。データの記録と処理スキャンパラメータ我々は、MRIの録音のために1.5テスラシーメンスソナタスキャナーを使用してMRIデータを収集した。私たちの解剖学的画像は、（繰り返し時間、TR = 1600ミリ秒、エコー時間TE = 3.82ミリ秒、スライス= 112の数、ボクセルの大きさ= 1 × 1 × 1mm）の3D MPRAGEの解剖学的なシリーズであり、機能的な画像は28の機能のスライスのシリーズで構成され（ボクセルサイズ= 4x4x4 mm）を、軸方向にechoplanarシーケンス（TR = 2000 msの視野FOVのフィールド= 256 × 256ミリメートル; TE = 40 ms）を使用して取得したので、フル脳のカバレッジを可能にする、。 データ解析我々は、社内のMatlabベースのツールと​​組み合わせて統計的パラメトリックマッピング（SPM2/SPM5）を使用します。品質保証、TRのアライメント、動きの補正、共同登録、正規化、および平滑化（8 mmの³のカーネル）12：前処理は、典型的な手順が含まれます。 <ol><li>分析は、ボクセル単位と関心領域（ROI）を組み合わせたデータには、興味のある条件（例えば、社会的相互作用と非社会的相互作用）に関連する脳活動を比較するために近づく。 </li><li>全脳ボクセル単位の解析では、根底に社会的相互作用のアセスメント、およびROI分析は、先験的には、として識別される特定の脳領域に、の応答の対象となる調査を許可されている処理に関連する脳領域の大規模なネットワークを識別する統計的マップを生成する社会的認知のネットワーク （図1A）の一部。 ROI分析は、説明のために（図1B）のためのfMRI信号を抽出するために使用されます。我々は、p = 0.001の強度のしきい値と10の隣接するボクセルの大きさのしきい値を使用。データ解析に関わるこれらの典型的な方法に加えて、データを分析する他の方法も、社会的認知13、14の神経相関を調査する研究において補完的なアプローチとして使用することができる。 </li><li>最後に、行動データ（例えば、信頼性の評価）及び/または得点のインデックス作成パーソナリティの措置（例えば、特性不安）による脳画像データの相関は、どのように脳の活動の共同VAを調査するために、行うことができます。行動と性格には個体差とリース。 </li></ol> 4。代表的な結果<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2379/2379fig1.jpg" alt="図1"/> 図1。社会的相互作用を観察することに応答して、 社会的認知のネットワークの活動の増加は、社会的相互作用対no-interaction/control試験の比較では、上側頭溝（STS）、外側と内側を含め、代表的な社会的認知の脳領域の活動を明らかにした前頭前野（MPFC、B＆D、それぞれ）、および扁桃体（AMY、C）。 &quot;活性化マップは、&quot;横方向（左と右のサイドパネル）に表示されている高解像度の脳の画像に重畳し、冠状（中央のパネル）のビューされ、カラーバーは、データに基づいて活性化マップ（のt値の勾配を示す脳活動のアプローチ/回避行動のオンセットする時間がロックされて反映して15名）、。線グラフは、各試験の種類とTR（1 TR = 2秒）のために機能的なROIをから抽出されたfMRI信号の時間経過を示しています。 L =左、R =右。

<ol>
	<li>Adolphs, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+social+brain:+neural+basis+of+social+knowledge.">The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge.</a> Annu Rev Psychol. 60, 693-716 (2009).</li><li>Todorov, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+faces+on+trustworthiness:+an+extension+of+systems+for+recognition+of+emotions+signaling+approach/avoidance+behaviors.">Evaluating faces on trustworthiness: an extension of systems for recognition of emotions signaling approach/avoidance behaviors.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1124, 208-224 (2008).</li><li>Pelphrey, K. A., Morris, J. 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利害の衝突は宣言されません。

ここで紹介した実験的なデザインは、ボディランゲージを観察し、解釈の神経相関の調査が可能になります。この設計は、社会的な相互作用に関与する脳のメカニズムについて、我々の知識を進めるために、そして我々は対話型の社会環境3で決定を行うためにボディランゲージや信頼性などの社会的なコンセプトの異なる種類の感覚を組み合わせる方法の理論モデルを拡張する可能?...

brain imaging investigation of the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions

社会的相互作用を測定する能力は、他者の意図の評価において非常に重要です。そのような顔の表情やボディランゲージなどの要因は、同様に1の個人やプロの生活の中で私たちの決定に影響を与える。順番に&quot; 近づくか、または避ける &quot;ために私達の決定に影響を及ぼす可能性のある判断を下すことが多いの第一印象に基づいてこれらの&quot; 敵味方 &quot;、。社会的認知の神経相関を調査するこれまでの研究では、静的な顔刺激2を使用する傾向があった。ここで、我々は、全身のアニメーションキャラクターが機能的磁気共鳴画像（fMRI）の録音と組み合わせて使用​​された実験デザインを示しています。 fMRIのデータが記録されている間十五参加者は、ビジネス環境におけるゲスト - ホスト相互作用のショートムービー - クリップで発表された、各ムービーの最後に、参加者は、ホストの動作の評価を提供する。この設計は、より密接に現実の状況が模倣され、それ故に健康な行動の社会的相互作用の神経メカニズムの理解に貢献するかもしれない、と社会不安と自閉症3などの臨床条件での社会的行動の障害の可能性のある原因への洞察を得るまで。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions at JoVE.com

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

この記事では、全身のアニメーションキャラクターが仮想社会的相互作用を観察するの神経相関を調査する機能的磁気共鳴画像（fMRI）と組み合わせて使用​​される実験的な設計を示しています。

仮想社会的相互作用を観察するの神経相関の脳イメージング研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

brain-imaging-investigation-neural-correlates-observing-virtual

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11.5K ビュー.  University of Alberta. この記事では、全身のアニメーションキャラクターが仮想社会的相互作用を観察するの神経相関を調査する機能的磁気共鳴画像（fMRI）と組み合わせて使用​​される実験的な設計を示しています。

ビデオ: Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

行動内分泌学と実験経済学を組み合わせること：テストステロンと社会的意思決定

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

神経科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is associated with increased personal well-being and self-esteem 2, whereas remembering and ruminating on negative AMs may lead to affective disorders 3. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the brain mechanisms underlying AM retrieval in general (reviewed in 4, 5), less is known about the effect of emotion on the subjective re-experience of AMs and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the fact that, unlike the investigations of the emotion effect on memory for laboratory-based microevents (reviewed in 6, 7-9), often times AM studies do not have a clear focus on the emotional aspects of remembering personal events (but see 10). Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional AMs using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cues for these memories are collected prior to scanning by means of an autobiographical memory questionnaire (AMQ), therefore allowing for proper selection of emotional AMs based on their phenomenological properties (i.e., intensity, vividness, personal significance). This protocol can be used in healthy and clinical populations alike.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional autobiographical memories, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

感情的な自伝追憶の神経相関の脳イメージング研究

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

情動表出の制御の神経相関の脳イメージング研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

感情の記憶増強効果の脳イメージング研究

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

認知に関する情動の損なう効果の脳イメージング研究

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

fMRIと拡散強調画像を用いた脳の構造と機能の同時分析

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

Peering into the Dynamics of Social Interactions: Measuring Play Fighting in Rats

Play fighting in the rat involves attack and defense of the nape of the neck, which if contacted, is gently nuzzled with the snout. Because the movements of one animal are countered by the actions of its partner, play fighting is a complex, dynamic interaction. This dynamic complexity raises methodological problems about what to score for experimental studies. We present a scoring schema that is sensitive to the correlated nature of the actions performed. The frequency of play fighting can be measured by counting the number of playful nape attacks occurring per unit time. However, playful defense, as it can only occur in response to attack, is necessarily a contingent measure that is best measured as a percentage (#attacks defended/total # attacks X 100%). How a particular attack is defended against can involve one of several tactics, and these are contingent on defense having taken place; consequently, the type of defense is also best expressed contingently as a percentage. Two experiments illustrate how these measurements can be used to detect the effect of brain damage on play fighting even when there is no effect on overall playfulness. That is, the schema presented here is designed to detect and evaluate changes in the content of play following an experimental treatment.

Play fighting in the rat involves attack and defense of the nape of the neck, which if contacted, is gently nuzzled with the snout. Because the movements of one animal are countered by the actions of its partner, play fighting is a complex, dynamic interaction. This dynamic complexity raises methodological problems about what to score for experimental studies. We present a scoring schema that is sensitive to the correlated nature of the actions performed. Two experiments illustrate how these measurements can be used to detect the effect of brain damage on play fighting even when there is no effect on overall playfulness. That is, the schema presented here is designed to detect and evaluate changes in the content of play following an experimental treatment.

社会的相互作用のダイナミクスにピアリング：ラットでの戦闘を再生し測定

Play fighting in the rat involves attack and defense of the nape of the neck, which if contacted, is gently nuzzled with the snout. Because the movements ...

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

The patch-clamp technique is today the most well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual neurons or their subcellular compartments. Nevertheless, achieving stable recordings, even from individual cells, remains a time-consuming procedure of considerable complexity. Automation of many steps in conjunction with efficient information display can greatly assist experimentalists in performing a larger number of recordings with greater reliability and in less time. In order to achieve large-scale recordings we concluded the most efficient approach is not to fully automatize the process but to simplify the experimental steps and reduce the chances of human error while efficiently incorporating the experimenter's experience and visual feedback. With these goals in mind we developed a computer-assisted system which centralizes all the controls necessary for a multi-electrode patch-clamp experiment in a single interface, a commercially available wireless gamepad, while displaying experiment related information and guidance cues on the computer screen. Here we describe the different components of the system which allowed us to reduce the time required for achieving the recording configuration and substantially increase the chances of successfully recording large numbers of neurons simultaneously.

Multi-electrode patch-clamp recordings constitute a complex task. Here we show how, by automating of many of the experimental steps, it is possible to accelerate the process leading to qualitative improvement in performance and number of recordings.

コンピュータ支援多電極パッチクランプシステム

The patch-clamp technique is today the most  well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual  neurons or their subcellular ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Thy1を用いた一次体性感覚野における神経活動のイメージング-GCaMP6s トランスジェニック マウス

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain

Mirror therapy (MT) has been proposed as an effective rehabilitative strategy to alleviate pain symptoms in amputees with phantom limb pain (PLP). However, establishing the neural correlates associated with MT therapy have been challenging given that it is difficult to administer the therapy effectively within a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner environment. To characterize the functional organization of cortical regions associated with this rehabilitative strategy, we have developed a combined behavioral and functional neuroimaging protocol that can be applied in participants with a leg amputation. This novel approach allows participants to undergo MT within the MRI scanner environment by viewing real-time video images captured by a camera. The images are viewed by the participant through a system of mirrors and a monitor that the participant views while lying on the scanner bed. In this manner, functional changes in cortical areas of interest (e.g., sensorimotor cortex) can be characterized in response to the direct application of MT.

We present a novel combined behavioral and neuroimaging protocol employing real-time video projection for the purpose of characterizing the neural correlates associated with mirror therapy within the magnetic resonance imaging scanner environment in leg amputee subjects with phantom limb pain.