この研究は、統合失調症、うつ病に関する研究とカナダの精神医学研究財団（FDへ）からCPRF賞のための国民連合からの若手研究者賞によってサポートされていました。著者はデータ分析の支援のためにfMRIのデータ収集とクリスティーナ孫の支援についてはトリシャChakrabartyとピーターのセレスに感謝します。

1。タスクの設計、刺激、および実験プロトコール包括的なプロトコルは、映像の感情的な定格（ 直接の影響）の評価を含む、およびメモリのための 感情的な反応を調節するために目標を誘導した結果、これらの写真（ 長期的な影響）、。規制する目標は、 明示的または暗黙的に誘導され、即時および長期的な影響はの格付けとベースラインのブロック/ ER操作（プレER誘導のベースラインを）前に実行中に表示される画像用のメモリへの相対評価されている、図1を参照してください。全体的な実験デザインの図について。以下では、これらすべての側面に関する詳細を提供します。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2430/2430fig1.jpg" /> 図1。プロトコルのダイアグラム ER目標は両方を意識的/明示的およびnon-consciously/implicitly各参加者に誘導されるが、誘導の順序は、参加者間で異なると相殺されている- 。すなわち、暗黙を完了する最初の部分で明示的にERに割り当てられている第二部、およびその逆の操作、各操作は独自のベースラインの実行が付いている。評価とメモリーのタスクの詳細な説明は下記を参照してください。 感情制御の操作<ol><li> 明示的なER操作 。明示的なERの状態では、感情の評価タスクは、感情的な反応の感情的な経験と発現を抑制するための命令が付加されます。前の証拠は、その明示的なERの戦略を示唆して確実に2を応答感情的な影響を与えることができます。 </li><li> 暗黙のER操作 。このため、スクランブル文のタスクの適応（SST）3は 、非意識的に感情を調節するために目標を誘導するために使用されます。このタスクでは、参加者は（例えば、&quot;カバー&quot;、&quot;安定&quot;、&quot;抑制&quot;）感情制御の考え方を伝える言葉が埋め込まれている五ワードジャンブルズから20 4ワード文法的に正しい文章を構築しなければならないため、素数参加者は彼らの感情的な反応4を抑制する。感情の制御ワードは、以前の研究4から取得し、に学部学生を尋ねることによって選ば ​​れた&quot;あなたがコンセプト&quot;感情のコントロール&quot;を考えるとき、あなたの心に来て20語のリストを表示。&quot; </li><li>注目すべきは、両方のER条件でタスクの同じ構造を維持するために、SSTは、明示的なERの状態で実行されますが、この場合、参加者は感情を制御するための目標についてのみ中立用語を含む20の文章が表示されます。 </li></ol> ER操作の直接的な影響の評価：感情評価タスク<ol start="4"><li> 刺激の選択 。刺激は感情価と覚醒のための彼らの規範のスコアに基づいて国際情動写真システム（IAPを）5、から選択された感情とニュートラルの写真で構成されています。細心の注意がすべての調査の実行の結果の画像の感情的な内容のバランスをとるために支払われ、それ故にこれらの基本的性質が異なる場合があるため、交絡効果を回避する必要があります。 </li><li> タスクのタイミング 。各画像は、4秒間画面に表示され、その後の画像6の長時間のスキャンに関連付けられている眼球運動の交絡の影響を最小限に抑えるために除去され、固定のクロスは、12秒ごとに画像に従います。参加者のタスクは、8ポイントのスケールで映像によって引き起こされるそれらの主観的な感情的経験絵と速度を監視することになります（1 =ニュートラル、8 =非常に否定的）。気分誘導を避けるために、画像は同じ価数の3つ以内の画像が連続して提示されるように擬似ランダム化される。 </li></ol> ER操作の長期的影響の評価：メモリの検索タスク<ol start="6"><li>一週間後、参加者は、天井の性能を防ぐために黒と白で示されている旧等しい数（スキャナで見られる）と新しい写真を（前に見たことがない）、表示します。 （2 =中程度、3 =高信頼性1 =ロー）は、スキャナのかではないが、参加者はまた、速度の3点尺度で選択した回答の自信を、写真を見覚えているかどうかに基づいて新/旧決定に続く。 </li></ol> 2。スキャンのために件名の準備すべての参加者は倫理委員会によって承認された実験的なプロトコルを、実行する前にインフォームドコンセントを書かれています。彼らはまた、写真の多くはそのような暴力や外傷の行為として悲惨なイベントを、描写していると警告されます、そして代表的な写真の印刷された例が提供されます。 スキャンの前に<ol><li>スキャンの日に、心の参加者の現在の状態がtに対して制御するため、7を評価される彼は感情的な経験や感情をコントロールする能力に気分の影響。ポストスキ​​ャンの評価と併せて、これらの初期の評価も調査への参加の結果として、気分の変化をスクリーニングするために使用することができます。性格特性の評価は、感情制御戦略8のようなものインデクシング習慣的な関与もERの操作と関連する神経相関の成功にその可能性の影響を調査するために行うことができます。 </li><li>スキャンに先立ち、参加者は、スキャンの手順の詳細に通知され、行動課題のための具体的な指示を与えられている。不快感を避けるためにして、タスクで増加親しみを作成するには、参加者も省略された練習を与えているのは感情の評価タスクとSSTの両方で動作します。 </li></ol>スキャンルームで<ol start="3"><li>参加者は、ヘッドスキャン中に快適性を確保し、動きを最小限に抑えるための追加のクッションと、スキャニングベッドに仰臥位になるように指示されます。テープの長さの非粘着面は、さらにヘッドの移動を最小限に抑えるために、参加者の額の周りに軽くラップされることがあります。参加者は、MRIスキャン中に実験者と通信するために耳の保護だけでなく、分離のヘッドフォンを与えられている。 </li><li>被験者の右手は、このように左手をサポートするためにまたは他の測定（例えば、皮膚コンダクタンス反応）が可能なため、レスポンスボックスに快適に配置されている。被験者はスキャナを停止するあらゆる緊急の必要性を示すことができるように緊急停止ボタンが近くに配置されます。データの収集を開始する前に、それは被験者が刺激提示のために明らかに画面の投影を見ることができると応答ボタンが正しく動作することを確認することが重要です。 </li><li>研究は、参加者の時間は休ませる、と機器の故障の場合には大量のデータ損失を回避できるように、試験の実行/ブロックに分割されています。実行順序は、参加者間で相殺され、それぞれの実行は、MR信号の安定化を可能にするために、固定の6秒で開始されます。 </li></ol> 3。データの記録と処理スキャンパラメータ我々は、MRIの録音のために1.5テスラシーメンスソナタスキャナーを使用して、24の若い健康な参加者からのMRIデータを収集した。私たちの解剖学的画像は、3D MPRAGEの解剖シリーズ（;スライスの数= 112、ボクセルのサイズ= 1x1x1mm繰り返し時間（TR）= 1600ミリ秒、エコー時間（TE）= 3.82ミリ秒）です。機能画像は、28機能的なスライス（ボクセルサイズ= 4x4x4 mm）の連続で構成されて軸方向にechoplanarシーケンス（TR = 2000 msのビューFOV = 256x256mmのフィールド; TE = 40 ms）を使用して取得したので、フル脳のカバレッジを可能にする、 。 データ解析 ：我々は、統計的パラメトリックマッピング（SPM使用<a href="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/">http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/</a>社内MATLABベースのツールと組み合わせて）。品質保証、TRのアライメント、動きの補正、共同登録、正規化、および平滑化（8 mm 3のカーネル）9：前処理は、典型的な手順が含まれます。個人およびグループレベルの統計分析は、ER操作（ER対ベースラインが実行される、図2を参照）によると脳活動の比較を伴うことが、感情価（負の対中立）、覚醒（低対高）、およびメモリの性能（ ）思い出した対忘れ。行動データと脳画像データの相関関係（例えば、画像の評価）及び/またはスコアインデックス作成の人格の措置（例えば、ER戦略の習慣的な関与を索引付けする性格特性）にも脳活動の個人差と共同でどのように変化するかを調べるために、行うことができます。行動と性格。 4。代表的な結果： <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2430/2430fig2.jpg" /> 図2。扁桃体の活性が低下し、ERの操作は、次の前頭前野の活性が増加した。ERの目標の誘致は、扁桃体（）を含む感情の処理に関連する脳領域における活性低下に関連付けられている、と認知制御と情動表出の制御に関連する脳領域の活性が増加した腹前頭前野（PFC）（B）、背外側PFC（D）、および内側PFC（C）11,12など、10、。 vlPFC活動を示す棒グラフに示すように、明示的および暗黙的なERは、これらの変更は、明示的および暗黙的なERの共同出資を反映することを示唆し、応答の類似したパターンと関連していた。 &quot;活性化マップは、&quot;コロナのビューで表示される高解像度の脳の画像に重畳され、色のバーは減少を示すボクセルで脳活動を反映しては、グループ統計（N = 24）に基づいて、活性化マップのt値を勾配示しています（左パネル）またはERの操作の結果として増加した（右パネル）活動。これは次のように、PFCの活性化の塊が複数の領域をカバーするかもしれないことに注意する必要があります。vlPFC /島（B）と背側前帯状皮質/運動前野（C）。棒グラフは、前に感情的に反応％の信号変化（エモ）とニュートラル（ノイ）の画像を示しています（すなわち、BaseRuns）とERの目標（すなわち、誘導後、組み合わせることでER =明示的および暗黙的なERは、、一緒に明示的なERの平均と）ER暗黙的、等の前にポストERの違いを示すボクセルから抽出。 L =左、R =右。 <img alt="表1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2430/2430table1.jpg" /> 表1。 ERの操作は、次の感情的な格付けを低下させる。fMRIの結果と同様に、そこにER誘導後の感情的評価の低下であり、この効果は、明示的および暗黙的なER以下の減少に起因する。重要なのは、感情的な格付けは、同じような遅延は、次の同じタスクを実行した対照群ではなく、ERゴールの誘導がない場合に有意な変化は認められなかった。これらのアイデアをサポートする、2（マニピュレーション：ベースライン対ER誘導）× 2（価数：感情対ニュートラル）実験群の*からのデータの反復測定分散分析操作の有意な主効果（F [1、19]もたらした= 11.21、P &lt;0.002）と有意な操作Xバレンスの相互作用（F [1、19] = 3.02、P &lt;0.05）、および対照群からのデータ（N = 9）で同様の2ウェイANOVAは得られなかった遅延の主効果（ベースライン対遅延実行）または著しい遅延X原子価相互作用。これらの知見は、実験群における格付けの低下は感情的な刺激への反復暴露によって習慣性に起因する感情ではなく、を制御するための目標の誘導によるものであったことを示唆している。 *一般的な原因（例えば、技術的障害）に起因するデータの消耗のため、実験群における行動の分析は、20人の参加者からのデータに基づいていた。 一緒に、これらの行動と脳画像所見では、感情を調節することが目標の明示的および暗黙的帰納法を比較するために使用することができる本実験計画を、検証する。なお、本報告書は、明示的および暗黙的なERの操作の共同の貢献からその結果の側面を強調することに注意する必要がありますが、これはそれらの効果は、行動および/または脳レベルでの解離である可能性を除外するものではない。

<ol>
	<li>Bargh, J. A., Williams, L. E., Gross, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of emotion regulation. , 429-445 (2007).</li><li>McRae, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+bases+of+distraction+and+reappraisal.">The neural bases of distraction and reappraisal.</a> J Cogn Neurosci. 22, 248-262 (2010).</li><li>Srull, T. K., Wyer, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+category+accessibility+in+the+interpretation+of+information+about+persons:+Some+determinants+and+implications.">The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: Some determinants and implications.</a> Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 37, 1660-1672 (1979).</li><li>Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., Gross, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+emotion+regulation+during+anger+provocation.">Automatic emotion regulation during anger provocation.</a> Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 43, (2007).</li><li>Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Technical Report A-8. , (2008).</li><li>van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Urry, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gaze+fixations+predict+brain+activation+during+the+voluntary+regulation+of+picture+induced+negative+affect.">Gaze fixations predict brain activation during the voluntary regulation of picture induced negative affect.</a> NeuroImage. 36, 1041-1055 (2007).</li><li>Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Tellegen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+brief+measures+of+positive+and+negative+affect:+the+PANAS+Scales.">Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS Scales.</a> J Pers Soc Psychol. 54, 1063-1070 (1988).</li><li>Gross, J. J., John, O. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+differences+in+two+emotion+regulation+processes:+implications+for+affect,+relationships,+and+well-being.">Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being.</a> Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 85, 348-362 (2003).</li><li>Friston, K. J., Ashburner, J. T., Kiebel, S. J., Nichols, T. E., Penny, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Statistical Parametric Mapping: The Analysis of Functional Brain Images. , (2006).</li><li>Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., Gross, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+bases+of+emotion+regulation:+reappraisal+and+suppression+of+negative+emotion.">The neural bases of emotion regulation: reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 63, 577-586 (2008).</li><li>Berkman, E. T., Lieberman, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+neuroscience+to+broaden+emotion+regulation:+Theoretical+and+methodological+considerations.">Using neuroscience to broaden emotion regulation: Theoretical and methodological considerations.</a> Social and Personality Compass. 3, 475-493 (2009).</li><li>Ochsner, K. N., Gross, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+emotion+regulation:+Insights+from+social+cognitive+and+affective+neuroscience.">Cognitive emotion regulation: Insights from social cognitive and affective neuroscience.</a> Currents Directions in Psychological Science. 17, 153-158 (2008).</li><li>Koole, S. L., Rothermund, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=I+Feel+Better+but+I+Don't+Know+Why":+The+Psychology+of+Implicit+Emotion+Regulation.">I Feel Better but I Don't Know Why": The Psychology of Implicit Emotion Regulation.</a> Cognition and Emotion. 25, 389-399 (2011).</li><li>Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., Etkin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Explicit+and+implicit+emotion+regulation:+A+dual-process+framework.">Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: A dual-process framework.</a> Cognition and Emotion. 25, 400-412 (2011).</li><li>Mather, M., Carstensen, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+and+motivated+cognition:+the+positivity+effect+in+attention+and+memory.">Aging and motivated cognition: the positivity effect in attention and memory.</a> Trends Cogn Sci. 9, 496-502 (2005).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV. , (1994).</li><li>Jacques, P., Dolcos, F., Cabeza, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+aging+on+functional+connectivity+of+the+amygdala+during+negative+evaluation:+a+network+analysis+of+fMRI+data.">Effects of aging on functional connectivity of the amygdala during negative evaluation: a network analysis of fMRI data.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 31, 315-327 (2010).</li><li>Jacques, P. L., Dolcos, F., Cabeza, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+aging+on+functional+connectivity+of+the+amygdala+for+subsequent+memory+of+negative+pictures:+a+network+analysis+of+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+data.">Effects of aging on functional connectivity of the amygdala for subsequent memory of negative pictures: a network analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data.</a> Psychol Sci. 20, 74-84 (2009).</li><li>Ritchey, M., Dolcos, F., Eddington, K. M., Strauman, T. J., Cabeza, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+emotional+processing+in+depression:+Changes+with+behavioral+cognitive+therapy+and+predictors+of+treatment+response.">Neural correlates of emotional processing in depression: Changes with behavioral cognitive therapy and predictors of treatment response.</a> Journal of Psychiatric Research. 45, 577-587 (2011).</li><li>Eddington, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+idiographic+goal+priming+in+depression:+goal-specific+dysfunctions+in+the+orbitofrontal+cortex.">Neural correlates of idiographic goal priming in depression: goal-specific dysfunctions in the orbitofrontal cortex.</a> Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 4, 238-246 (2009).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

私たちは、感情を調節する目標の明示的および暗黙的な操作を含むプロトコールを説明し、関連する神経相関の調査が可能になります。この設計では、脳がうまく意図的なものではなく、参加者の洞察力と意識13,14なく発生する可能性が暗黙のERへの明示的なERの比較に適している、感情を制御する方法の我々の知識を前進させる可能性を秘めています。したがって、プロトコルには?...

brain imaging investigation of the neural correlates of emotion regulation

感情を制御/レギュレートする能力は、感情的にストレスの多い状況に直面して重要な対処メカニズムである。ものの大きな進展は、意識的/意図的な感情制御（ER）を理解してなされたもので、、以下non-conscious/automatic ERと関連する神経相関についてはほとんど知られていない。これは部分的に自動および意識処理1のユニタリ概念に内在する問題が原因です。ここで、我々は、機能的磁気共鳴画像（fMRI）を用いて意図的な及び自動ER両方の神経相関の調査を可能にするプロトコルを示す。このプロトコルは、ERのさまざまな側面にお問い合わせの新たな道を可能にします。例えば、実験的なデザインは、目標の操作が感情（意識と非意識的な）だけでなく、感情的な挑戦（高対低）の強度を調節することができます。また、それは感情処理でER戦略の即時（感情の認識）と長期の両方の効果（感情的なメモリ）の調査を可能にします。したがって、このプロトコルは、健全な行動の感情制御の神経メカニズムの理解に貢献するかもしれない、と感情dysの規制がコア衰弱の機能の中で頻繁になっているうつ病や不安障害の赤字の可能性のある原因への洞察を得るまで。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation at JoVE.com

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

我々は、機能的磁気共鳴画像法を用いて、意図的と自動感情制御の神経相関の調査を可能にするプロトコルを示す。このプロトコルは、若いと古いだけでなく、臨床患者の両方の健康な参加者は、で使用することができます。

情動表出の制御の神経相関の脳イメージング研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

brain-imaging-investigation-neural-correlates-emotion

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.3K ビュー.  University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. 我々は、機能的磁気共鳴画像法を用いて、意図的と自動感情制御の神経相関の調査を可能にするプロトコルを示す。このプロトコルは、若いと古いだけでなく、臨床患者の両方の健康な参加者は、で使用することができます。

ビデオ: Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

仮想社会的相互作用を観察するの神経相関の脳イメージング研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

神経科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is associated with increased personal well-being and self-esteem 2, whereas remembering and ruminating on negative AMs may lead to affective disorders 3. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the brain mechanisms underlying AM retrieval in general (reviewed in 4, 5), less is known about the effect of emotion on the subjective re-experience of AMs and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the fact that, unlike the investigations of the emotion effect on memory for laboratory-based microevents (reviewed in 6, 7-9), often times AM studies do not have a clear focus on the emotional aspects of remembering personal events (but see 10). Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional AMs using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cues for these memories are collected prior to scanning by means of an autobiographical memory questionnaire (AMQ), therefore allowing for proper selection of emotional AMs based on their phenomenological properties (i.e., intensity, vividness, personal significance). This protocol can be used in healthy and clinical populations alike.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional autobiographical memories, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

感情的な自伝追憶の神経相関の脳イメージング研究

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

感情の記憶増強効果の脳イメージング研究

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

認知に関する情動の損なう効果の脳イメージング研究

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents the return of fear. Pavlovian fear-conditioning paradigms are commonly employed to create a controlled, novel fear association in the laboratory. After pairing an innocuous stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) with an aversive outcome (unconditioned stimulus, US) we can elicit a fear response (conditioned response, or CR) by presenting just the stimulus alone1,2 . Once fear is acquired, it can be diminished using extinction training, whereby the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the aversive outcome until fear is no longer expressed3. This inhibitory learning creates a new, safe representation for the CS, which competes for expression with the original fear memory4. Although extinction is effective at inhibiting fear, it is not permanent. Fear can spontaneously recover with the passage of time. Exposure to stress or returning to the context of initial learning can also cause fear to resurface3,4.
Our protocol addresses the transient nature of extinction by targeting the reconsolidation window to modify emotional memory in a more permanent manner. Ample evidence suggests that reactivating a consolidated memory returns it to a labile state, during which the memory is again susceptible to interference5-9. This window of opportunity appears to open shortly after reactivation and close approximately 6hrs later5,11,16, although this may vary depending on the strength and age of the memory15. By allowing new information to incorporate into the original memory trace, this memory may be updated as it reconsolidates10,11. Studies involving non-human animals have successfully blocked the expression of fear memory by introducing pharmacological manipulations within the reconsolidation window, however, most agents used are either toxic to humans or show equivocal effects when used in human studies12-14. Our protocol addresses these challenges by offering an effective, yet non-invasive, behavioral manipulation that is safe for humans.
By prompting fear memory retrieval prior to extinction, we essentially trigger the reconsolidation process, allowing new safety information (i.e., extinction) to be incorporated while the fear memory is still susceptible to interference. A recent study employing this behavioral manipulation in rats has successfully blocked fear memory using these temporal parameters11. Additional studies in humans have demonstrated that introducing new information after the retrieval of previously consolidated motor16, episodic17, or declarative18 memories leads to interference with the original memory trace14. We outline below a novel protocol used to block fear recovery in humans.

Conditioned fear can be diminished through an inhibitory process called extinction, but can resurface under conditions such as the passage of time or exposure to stress. Our protocol presents a novel way of preventing fear recovery by introducing extinction during the reconsolidation window (the re-storage phase of a reactivated memory).

再固定ウィンドウの間に絶滅の訓練は恐怖の回復を防ぎ

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents ...

High-resolution Live Imaging of Cell Behavior in the Developing Neuroepithelium

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Although much is known about the molecular mechanisms that pattern the spinal cord and elicit neuronal differentiation1, 2, we lack a deep understanding of these early events at the level of cell behavior. It is thus critical to study the behavior of neural progenitors in real time as they undergo neurogenesis.
In the past, real-time imaging of early embryonic tissue has been limited by cell/tissue viability in culture as well as the phototoxic effects of fluorescent imaging. Here we present a novel assay for imaging such tissue for long periods of time, utilizing a novel ex vivo slice culture protocol and wide-field fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 1). This approach achieves long-term time-lapse monitoring of chick embryonic spinal cord progenitor cells with high spatial and temporal resolution.
This assay may be modified to image a range of embryonic tissues3, 4 In addition to the observation of cellular and sub-cellular behaviors, the development of novel and highly sensitive reporters for gene activity (for example, Notch signaling5) makes this assay a powerful tool with which to understand how signaling regulates cell behavior during embryonic development.

Imaging embryonic tissue in real-time is challenging over long periods of time. Here we present an assay for monitoring cellular and sub-cellular changes in chick spinal cord for long periods with high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique can be adapted for other regions of the nervous system and developing embryo.

開発神​​経上皮における細胞挙動の高解像度のライブイメージング

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

fMRIと拡散強調画像を用いた脳の構造と機能の同時分析

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

The patch-clamp technique is today the most well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual neurons or their subcellular compartments. Nevertheless, achieving stable recordings, even from individual cells, remains a time-consuming procedure of considerable complexity. Automation of many steps in conjunction with efficient information display can greatly assist experimentalists in performing a larger number of recordings with greater reliability and in less time. In order to achieve large-scale recordings we concluded the most efficient approach is not to fully automatize the process but to simplify the experimental steps and reduce the chances of human error while efficiently incorporating the experimenter's experience and visual feedback. With these goals in mind we developed a computer-assisted system which centralizes all the controls necessary for a multi-electrode patch-clamp experiment in a single interface, a commercially available wireless gamepad, while displaying experiment related information and guidance cues on the computer screen. Here we describe the different components of the system which allowed us to reduce the time required for achieving the recording configuration and substantially increase the chances of successfully recording large numbers of neurons simultaneously.

Multi-electrode patch-clamp recordings constitute a complex task. Here we show how, by automating of many of the experimental steps, it is possible to accelerate the process leading to qualitative improvement in performance and number of recordings.

コンピュータ支援多電極パッチクランプシステム

The patch-clamp technique is today the most  well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual  neurons or their subcellular ...

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathways to produce cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Impairment of mitochondrial ATP production causes mitochondrial disorders, which present clinically with prominent neurological and myopathic symptoms. Mitochondrial defects are also present in neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism spectrum disorder) and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s diseases). Thus, there is an increased interest in the field for performing 3D analysis of mitochondrial morphology, structure and distribution under both healthy and disease states. The brain mitochondrial morphology is extremely diverse, with some mitochondria especially those in the synaptic region being in the range of &#60;200 nm diameter, which is below the resolution limit of traditional light microscopy. Expressing a mitochondrially-targeted green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the brain significantly enhances the organellar detection by confocal microscopy. However, it does not overcome the constraints on the sensitivity of detection of relatively small sized mitochondria without oversaturating the images of large sized mitochondria. While serial transmission electron microscopy has been successfully used to characterize mitochondria at the neuronal synapse, this technique is extremely time-consuming especially when comparing multiple samples. The serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) technique involves an automated process of sectioning, imaging blocks of tissue and data acquisition. Here, we provide a protocol to perform SBFSEM of a defined region from rodent brain to rapidly reconstruct and visualize mitochondrial morphology. This technique could also be used to provide accurate information on mitochondrial number, volume, size and distribution in a defined brain region. Since the obtained image resolution is high (typically under 10 nm) any gross mitochondrial morphological defects may also be detected.

Mitochondrial visualization and analysis from mammalian brain tissue is a challenging task. Here, we describe how three dimensional (3D) reconstruction analysis from the serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) can be used to gain insights on the morphological and volumetric analysis of this critical energy generating organelle.

シリアルブロック・フェイス走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて脳ミトコンドリアの解析

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Thy1を用いた一次体性感覚野における神経活動のイメージング-GCaMP6s トランスジェニック マウス

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...