This work was funded in part by a grant from the Osteopathic Heritage Foundations to BC Clark. We would like to state a special thank you to Marissa McGinley for her assistance in creating many of the figure graphics.

1. Single and Paired-Pulse TMS of the FCR and ES Muscles
<ol>
	<li>Basic Safety Precautions: Prior to performing TMS on a human subject it is necessary to first screen them for basic safety precautions as it pertains to exposure to a magnetic field. In our laboratory we follow the screening guidelines set forth by the Institute for Magnetic Resonance Safety, Education and Research 10. In our laboratory we also routinely exclude individuals with a family history of epilepsy seizures. We also ...

No conflicts of interest declared.

The overall goal of this article is to provide scientists and clinicians a visual account of our laboratories use of transcranial magnetic stimulation. However, in addition to providing a visualization of these experiments, below we discuss basic issues to consider when performing TMS in this manner, provide a brief overview of the physiology of TMS responses, and also discuss our use of TMS with regards to the usage of others.
General Issues To Be Aware of When Performing TMS As Described in th...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name of the Equipment</th>
<th>Company</th>
<th>Catalogue number</th>
<th>Comments (optional)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulator 2002 
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulator Bi-Stim2 
Figure-Eight 70-mm coil 
Double Cone Coil</td>
<td>The Magstim Company</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>TMS equipment (including coils)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Biodex System 4 </td>
<td>Biodex</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>Dynamometer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Biopac MP150 Data Acquisition System</td>
<td>Biopac</td>
<td>MP150WSW</td>
<td>A-D converter for EMG and force</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AcqKnowledge 4.0 Data acquisition software</td>
<td>Biopac</td>
<td>ACK100W</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nikomed Trace 1 ECG electrodes</td>
<td>Nikomed</td>
<td>2015</td>
<td>EMG electrodes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Constant Current Stimulator</td>
<td>Digitimer</td>
<td>DS7A</td>
<td>Peripheral nerve stimulator</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

utilizing transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the human neuromuscular system

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade. While the use of TMS has expanded to the study of many systems and processes during this time, the original application and perhaps one of the most common uses of TMS involves studying the physiology, plasticity and function of the human neuromuscular system. Single pulse TMS applied to the motor cortex excites pyramidal neurons transsynaptically 2 (Figure 1) and results in a measurable electromyographic response that can be used to study and evaluate the integrity and excitability of the corticospinal tract in humans 3. Additionally, recent advances in magnetic stimulation now allows for partitioning of cortical versus spinal excitability 4,5. For example, paired-pulse TMS can be used to assess intracortical facilitatory and inhibitory properties by combining a conditioning stimulus and a test stimulus at different interstimulus intervals 3,4,6-8. In this video article we will demonstrate the methodological and technical aspects of these techniques. Specifically, we will demonstrate single-pulse and paired-pulse TMS techniques as applied to the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle as well as the erector spinae (ES) musculature. Our laboratory studies the FCR muscle as it is of interest to our research on the effects of wrist-hand cast immobilization on reduced muscle performance6,9, and we study the ES muscles due to these muscles clinical relevance as it relates to low back pain8. With this stated, we should note that TMS has been used to study many muscles of the hand, arm and legs, and should iterate that our demonstrations in the FCR and ES muscle groups are only selected examples of TMS being used to study the human neuromuscular system.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System at JoVE.com

Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool to gain insight on the physiology and function of the human nervous system. Here, we present our TMS techniques to study cortical excitability of the upper limb and lumbar musculature.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade.  While ...

utilizing-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-to-study-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

26.4K ビュー.  Ohio University. 経頭蓋磁気刺激（TMS）は、ヒトの神経系の生理学と機能に洞察力を得るために非侵襲的なツールです。ここでは、上肢と腰部の筋肉組織の皮質興奮性を研究するために私たちのTMSのテクニックを紹介。