وقد تم تمويل هذا العمل جزئيا من خلال منحة مقدمة من مؤسسات التراث التقويمي لكلارك قبل الميلاد. نود أن دولة شكر خاص لMcGinley ماريسا لمساعدتها في إنشاء العديد من الرسومات الرقم.

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

الهدف العام من هذه المادة هو توفير العلماء والأطباء حساب البصرية مختبراتنا استخدام التحفيز المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة. ومع ذلك ، بالإضافة إلى تقديم تصور لهذه التجارب ، وأدناه نناقش القضايا الأساسية التي يجب مراعاتها عند تنفيذ TMS بهذه الطريقة ، وتقديم لمحة موجزة عن علم و...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><th> اسم المعدات </th><th> شركة </th><th> فهرس العدد </th><th> تعليق (اختياري) </th></tr><tr><td> المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة محفز 2002 المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة محفز ثنائي Stim2 الرقم ثمانية - 70 ملم لفائف لفائف مزدوجة المخروط </td><td> وMagstim الشركة </td><td> NA </td><td> TMS المعدات (بما في ذلك ملفات) </td></tr><tr><td> Biodex النظام 4 </td><td> Biodex </td><td> NA </td><td> المقوى أداة </td></tr><tr><td> Biopac نظام الحصول على البيانات MP150 </td><td> Biopac </td><td> MP150WSW </td><td> م لتحويل EMG والقوة </td></tr><tr><td> AcqKnowledge الحصول على البيانات 4،0 البرمجيات </td><td> Biopac </td><td> ACK100W </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1 Nikomed تتبع أقطاب ECG </td><td> Nikomed </td><td> 2015 </td><td> أقطاب EMG </td></tr><tr><td> محفز الحالية مستمرة </td><td> Digitimer </td><td> DS7A </td><td> الأعصاب الطرفية مشجعا </td></tr></tbody></table>

utilizing transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the human neuromuscular system

وقد تم التنبيه المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة (تي ام اس) في استخدامه لأكثر من 20 عاما 1 ، ونمت بشكل كبير في شعبية على مدى العقد الماضي. في حين أن استخدام TMS توسعت لدراسة العديد من النظم والعمليات خلال هذا الوقت ، وتطبيق الأصلي وربما يكون واحدا من الاستخدامات الاكثر شيوعا من TMS ينطوي على دراسة علم وظائف الأعضاء ، اللدونة وظيفة النظام العصبي العضلي الإنسان. TMS نبض واحد يطبق على القشرة الحركية يثير الخلايا العصبية الهرمية transsynaptically 2 (الشكل 1) ، والنتائج في استجابة electromyographic للقياس والتي يمكن استخدامها لدراسة وتقييم سلامة واستثارة الجهاز القشري في البشر 3. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، التطورات الحديثة في التحفيز المغناطيسي يسمح الآن لتقسيم استثارة القشرية مقابل 4،5 الشوكي. على سبيل المثال ، يمكن استخدام إقران TMS - النبض لتقييم intracortical خصائص مسهل والمثبطة عن طريق الجمع بين شرطجي تحفيز الاقتصاد وتحفيز الاختبار على فترات مختلفة interstimulus 3،4،6-8. في هذه المقالة سوف نقوم الفيديو لشرح الجوانب المنهجية والتقنية لهذه التقنيات. على وجه التحديد ، سوف نظهر واحد ونبض النبض تقرن التقنيات TMS على النحو المطبق على الكعبري الرسغي المثنية (FCR) في العضلات وكذلك العضلات الناصبة سناسن (ES). مختبرنا الدراسات FCR العضلات كما هو من مصلحة لبحثنا عن آثار الشلل يلقي معصم اليد على أداء العضلات خفض 6،9 ، ونحن دراسة العضلات وفاق بسبب أهمية هذه العضلات السريرية من حيث صلته من آلام أسفل الظهر 8. مع ذكر ذلك ، ينبغي أن نلاحظ أنه تم استخدام TMS لدراسة العديد من عضلات الذراع واليد والساقين ، وينبغي أن يتم تحديد تكرار المظاهرات فقط لدينا في FCR ومجموعات العضلات ES أمثلة TMS المستخدمة لدراسة الإنسان العصبي العضلي النظام.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System at JoVE.com

Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System

التحفيز المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة (تي ام اس) هي أداة غير الغازية لاكتساب المعرفة في علم وظائف الأعضاء وظيفة الجهاز العصبي البشري. هنا ، نحن نقدم تقنيات TMS لدراسة استثارة القشرية في الطرف العلوي وعضلات أسفل الظهر.

استخدام التنشيط المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة لدراسة النظام العصبي العضلي الإنسان

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade.  While ...

utilizing-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-to-study-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

26.4K Views.  Ohio University. التحفيز المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة (تي ام اس) هي أداة غير الغازية لاكتساب المعرفة في علم وظائف الأعضاء وظيفة الجهاز العصبي البشري. هنا ، نحن نقدم تقنيات TMS لدراسة استثارة القشرية في الطرف العلوي وعضلات أسفل الظهر.

Video: Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System

A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional capacity. Transcutaneous surface stimulation of skeletal muscle involves a current flow between a cathode and an anode, thereby inducing excitement of the motor unit and the surrounding muscle fibers. 
NMES is an attractive modality to evaluate skeletal muscle adaptive responses for several reasons. First, it provides a reproducible experimental model in which physiological adaptations, such as myofiber hypertophy and muscle strengthening6, angiogenesis7-9, growth factor secretion9-11, and muscle precursor cell activation12 are well documented. Such physiological responses may be carefully titrated using different parameters of stimulation (for Cochrane review, see 13). In addition, NMES recruits motor units non-selectively, and in a spatially fixed and temporally synchronous manner14, offering the advantage of exerting a treatment effect on all fibers, regardless of fiber type. Although there are specified contraindications to NMES in clinical populations, including peripheral venous disorders or malignancy, for example, NMES is safe and feasible, even for those who are ill and/or bedridden and for populations in which rigorous exercise may be challenging. 
Here, we demonstrate the protocol for adapting commercially available electrodes and performing a NMES protocol using a murine model. This animal model has the advantage of utilizing a clinically available device and providing instant feedback regarding positioning of the electrode to elicit the desired muscle contractile effect. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will describe the protocol for muscle stimulation of the anterior compartment muscles of a mouse hindlimb.

A murine model of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), a safe and inexpensive clinical modality, to the anterior compartment muscles is described. This model has the advantage of modifying a readily available clinical device for the purpose of eliciting targeted and specific muscle contractions in mice.

نموذج الفئران من تدريب عضلات بواسطة التنبيه الكهربائي العصبي العضلي

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional ...

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

الإنسان الخلية السرطانية الهرموني العصبي خطوط بمثابة نموذج ثلاثي الأبعاد لدراسة الإنسان علاج ورم الغدد الصم العصبية

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been shown to significantly improve language function in patients with non-fluent aphasia1. In this experiment, we demonstrate the administration of low-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) to an optimal stimulation site in the right hemisphere in patients with chronic non-fluent aphasia. A battery of standardized language measures is administered in order to assess baseline performance. Patients are subsequently randomized to either receive real rTMS or initial sham stimulation. Patients in the real stimulation undergo a site-finding phase, comprised of a series of six rTMS sessions administered over five days; stimulation is delivered to a different site in the right frontal lobe during each of these sessions. Each site-finding session consists of 600 pulses of 1 Hz rTMS, preceded and followed by a picture-naming task. By comparing the degree of transient change in naming ability elicited by stimulation of candidate sites, we are able to locate the area of optimal response for each individual patient. We then administer rTMS to this site during the treatment phase. During treatment, patients undergo a total of ten days of stimulation over the span of two weeks; each session is comprised of 20 min of 1 Hz rTMS delivered at 90% resting motor threshold. Stimulation is paired with an fMRI-naming task on the first and last days of treatment. After the treatment phase is complete, the language battery obtained at baseline is repeated two and six months following stimulation in order to identify rTMS-induced changes in performance. The fMRI-naming task is also repeated two and six months following treatment. Patients who are randomized to the sham arm of the study undergo sham site-finding, sham treatment, fMRI-naming studies, and repeat language testing two months after completing sham treatment. Sham patients then cross over into the real stimulation arm, completing real site-finding, real treatment, fMRI, and two- and six-month post-stimulation language testing.

We explore the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to improve language abilities in patients with chronic stroke and non-fluent aphasia. After identifying a site in the right frontal gyrus for each patient that responds optimally to stimulation, we target this site during ten days of rTMS treatment.

استخدام المتكرر تحفيز المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة لتحسين وظيفة اللغة في مرضى السكتة الدماغية المزمنة مع فقدان القدرة على الكلام غير بطلاقة

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been shown to significantly improve language function in patients with non-fluent aphasia1. In this ...

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Huntington's can disrupt it. People with Parkinson's disease, for example, tend to have increased saccadic latencies. Consequently, the quantitative measurement of saccadic eye movements has received considerable attention as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions. A lot more can be learned about the brain in both health and disease by observing what happens to eye movements when the function of specific brain areas is perturbed. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical intervention used for the management of a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, in which stimulating electrodes are placed in specific brain areas including several sites in the basal ganglia. Eye movement measurements can then be made with the stimulator systems both off and on and the results compared. With suitable experimental design, this approach can be used to study the pathophysiology of the disease being treated, the mechanism by which DBS exerts it beneficial effects, and even aspects of normal neurophysiology.

This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

باستخدام Saccadometry مع ديب تحفيز الدماغ لدراسة العادية والمرضية وظيفة الدماغ

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including ...

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) and shares prominent similarities with the brain in terms of embryological origin, anatomical features and physiological properties.&#160; The vascular and neuronal structure in the retina can now be visualized easily and non-invasively using retinal imaging techniques, including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and quantified semi-automatically using computer-assisted analysis programs. Studying the associations between vascular and neuronal changes in the retina and dementia could improve our understanding of dementia and, potentially, aid in diagnosis and risk assessment.&#160; This protocol aims to describe a method of quantifying and analyzing retinal vasculature and neuronal structure, which are potentially associated with dementia. This protocol also provides examples of retinal changes in subjects with dementia, and discusses technical issues and current limitations of retinal imaging.

The retina shares prominent similarities with the brain and thus represents a unique window to study vasculature and neuronal structure in the brain non-invasively. This protocol describes a method to study dementia using retinal imaging techniques. This method can potentially aid in diagnosis and risk assessment of dementia.

باستخدام تصوير الشبكية لدراسة الخرف

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central ...

Surgical Labyrinthectomy of the Rat to Study the Vestibular System

To study the vestibular system or the vestibular compensation process, a number of methods have been developed to cause vestibular damage, including surgical or chemical labyrinthectomy and vestibular neurectomy. Surgical labyrinthectomy is a relatively simple, reliable, and rapid method. Here, we describe the surgical technique for rat labyrinthectomy. A postauricular incision is made under general anesthesia to expose the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane, after which the tympanic membrane and the ossicles are removed without the stapes. The stapes artery, which is located between the stapes and the oval window, is a vulnerable structure and must be preserved to obtain a clear surgical field. A hole to fenestrate the vestibule is made with a 2.1-mm drill bur superior to the stapes. Then, 100% ethanol is injected through this hole and aspirated several times. Meticulous dissection under a microscope and careful bleeding control are essential to obtain reliable results. Symptoms of vestibular loss, such as nystagmus, head tilting, and a rolling motion, are seen immediately after surgery. The rotarod or rotation chair test can be used to objectively and quantitatively evaluate the vestibular function.

This protocol describes the surgical labyrinthectomy of a rat, which is a useful method for studying the vestibular system.

لابيرينثيكتومي الجراحية من الفئران لدراسة نظام الدهليزية

To study the vestibular system or the vestibular compensation process, a number of methods have been developed to cause vestibular damage, including ...

Updated Technique for Reliable, Easy, and Tolerated Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Including Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive method of neuromodulation using low-intensity direct electrical currents. This method of brain stimulation presents several potential advantages compared to other techniques, as it is noninvasive, cost-effective, broadly deployable, and well-tolerated provided proper equipment and protocols are administered. Even though tDCS is apparently simple to perform, correct administration of the tDCS session, especially the electrode positioning and preparation, is vital for ensuring reproducibility and tolerability. The electrode positioning and preparation steps are traditionally also the most time consuming and error-prone. To address these challenges, modern tDCS techniques, using fixed-position headgear and pre-assembled sponge electrodes, reduce complexity and setup time while also ensuring that the electrodes are consistently placed as intended. These modern tDCS methods present advantages for research, clinic, and remote-supervised (at home) settings. This article provides a comprehensive step-by-step guide for administering a tDCS session using fixed-position headgear and pre-assembled sponge electrodes. This guide demonstrates tDCS using commonly applied montages intended for motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) stimulation. As described, selection of the head size and montage-specific headgear automates electrode positioning. Fully assembled pre-saturated snap-electrodes are simply affixed to the set position snap-connectors on the headgear. The modern tDCS method is shown to reduce setup time and reduce errors for both novice and expert operators. The methods outlined in this article can be adapted to different applications of tDCS as well as other forms of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) such as transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). However, since tES is application specific, as appropriate, any methods recipe is customized to accommodate subject, indication, environment, and outcome specific features.

When administering transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), reproducible electrode preparation and placement are vital for a tolerated and effective session. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate updated modern setup procedures for the administration of tDCS and related transcranial electrical stimulation techniques, such as transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).

تحديث تقنيه لتحفيز الكهربائية موثوقه وسهله والتسامح جمجمة بما في ذلك جمجمة التحفيز الحالي المباشر

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive method of neuromodulation using low-intensity direct electrical currents. This method of ...

Visualization of Endogenous Mitophagy Complexes In Situ in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells Utilizing Proximity Ligation Assay

Mitophagy is an essential mitochondrial quality control pathway, which is crucial for pancreatic islet beta cell bioenergetics to fuel glucose-stimulated insulin release. Assessment of mitophagy is challenging and often requires genetic reporters or multiple complementary techniques not easily utilized in tissue samples, such as primary human pancreatic islets. Here we demonstrate a robust approach to visualize and quantify formation of key endogenous mitophagy complexes in primary human pancreatic islets. Utilizing the sensitive proximity ligation assay technique to detect interaction of the mitophagy regulators NRDP1 and USP8, we are able to specifically quantify formation of essential mitophagy complexes in situ. By coupling this approach to counterstaining for the transcription factor PDX1, we can quantify mitophagy complexes, and the factors that can impair mitophagy, specifically within beta cells. The methodology we describe overcomes the need for large quantities of cellular extracts required for other protein-protein interaction studies, such as immunoprecipitation (IP) or mass spectrometry, and is ideal for precious human islet&#160;samples generally not available in sufficient quantities for these approaches. Further, this methodology obviates the need for flow sorting techniques to purify beta cells from a heterogeneous islet population for downstream protein applications. Thus, we describe a valuable protocol for visualization of mitophagy highly compatible for use in heterogeneous and limited cell populations.

This protocol outlines a method for quantitative analysis of mitophagy protein complex formation specifically in beta cells from primary human islet samples. This technique thus allows analysis of mitophagy from limited biological material, which are crucial in precious human pancreatic beta cell samples.

التصور من المجمعات Mitophagy الذاتية في الموقع في خلايا بيتا البنكرياس البشرية باستخدام القرب الربط اختبار

Mitophagy is an essential mitochondrial quality control pathway, which is crucial for pancreatic islet beta cell bioenergetics to fuel glucose-stimulated ...

Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults

There is increasing interest in the use of the forced oscillation technique (FOT) or oscillometry to characterize respiratory mechanics in healthy and diseased individuals. FOT, a complementary method to traditional pulmonary function testing, utilizes a range of oscillatory frequencies superimposed on tidal breathing to measure the functional relationship between airway pressure and flow. This passive assessment provides an estimate of respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) that reflect airway caliber and energy storage and dissipation, respectively. Despite the recent increase in popularity and updated Technical Standards, clinical adoption has been slow which relates, in part, to the lack of standardization regarding the acquisition and reporting of FOT data. The goal of this article is to address the lack of standardization across laboratories by providing a comprehensive written protocol for FOT and an accompanying video. To illustrate that this protocol can be utilized irrespective of a particular device, three separate FOT devices have been employed in the case examples and video demonstration. This effort is intended to standardize the use and interpretation of FOT, provide practical suggestions, as well as highlight future questions that need to be addressed.

As the use of forced oscillation technique (FOT) is increasingly utilized to characterize respiratory mechanics, there is a need to standardize methods with respect to nascent technical guidelines and various manufacturer's recommendations. A detailed protocol is provided including FOT assessment and interpretation for two cases to facilitate the standardization of methods.

استخدام تقنية التذبذب القسري لتقييم ميكانيكا الجهاز التنفسي لدى البالغين

There is increasing interest in the use of the forced oscillation technique (FOT) or oscillometry to characterize respiratory mechanics in healthy and ...

Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping

The cortical areas involved in human speech should be characterized reliably prior to surgery for brain tumors or drug-resistant epilepsy. The functional mapping of language areas for surgical decision-making is usually done invasively by electrical direct cortical stimulation (DCS), which is used to identify the organization of the crucial cortical and subcortical structures within each patient. Accurate preoperative non-invasive mapping aids surgical planning, reduces time, costs, and risks in the operating room, and provides an alternative for patients not suitable for awake craniotomy. Non-invasive imaging methods like MRI, fMRI, MEG, and PET are currently applied in presurgical design and planning. Although anatomical and functional imaging can identify the brain regions involved in speech, they cannot determine whether these regions are critical for speech. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) non-invasively excites the cortical neuronal populations by means of electric field induction in the brain. When applied in its repetitive mode (rTMS) to stimulate a speech-related cortical site, it can produce speech-related errors analogous to those induced by intraoperative DCS. rTMS combined with neuronavigation (nrTMS) enables neurosurgeons to preoperatively assess where these errors occur and to plan the DCS and the operation to preserve the language function. A detailed protocol is provided here for non-invasive speech cortical mapping (SCM) using nrTMS. The proposed protocol can be modified to best fit the patient- and site-specific demands. It can also be applied to language cortical network studies in healthy subjects or in patients with diseases that are not amenable to surgery.

Navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a highly efficient non-invasive tool for mapping speech-related cortical areas. It helps in designing brain surgery and speeds up the direct cortical stimulation conducted during the surgery. This report describes how to perform speech cortical mapping reliably for preoperative evaluation and research.

تصميم الدراسة للتحفيز المغناطيسي المتكرر عبر الجمجمة للتخطيط القشري للكلام

The cortical areas involved in human speech should be characterized reliably prior to surgery for brain tumors or drug-resistant epilepsy. The functional ...