この作品は、関節リウマチの国立研究所からの筋骨格系疾患のためのペンセンター、賞の数P30AR050950さらに、NIHの助成金K08NS065157（TAFまで）によってサポートされていました、筋骨格系と皮膚疾患は、（TAFとSteven S.シェーラー）この作業をサポートしていました。最後に、シュライナーズ小児研究センターのシード資金（TAF）は、この作業をサポートしていました。私たちは、最初に図1のスケッチを製造する彼女の援助全体のマウント手順とエイミーA.キムを示すために博士·ヨンジンの息子に感謝します。

<ol>
	<li>Pan, Y. A., Misgeld, T., Lichtman, J. W., Sanes, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+neurotoxic+and+neuroprotective+agents+on+peripheral+nerve+regeneration+assayed+by+time-lapse+imaging+in+vivo.">Effects of neurotoxic and neuroprotective agents on peripheral nerve regeneration assayed by time-lapse imaging in vivo.</a> J. Neurosci. 23, 11479-11488 (2003).</li><li>Magill, C., Tong, A., Kawamura, D., Hayashi, A., Hunter, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reinnervation+of+the+tibialis+anterior+following+sciatic+nerve+crush+injury:+A+confocal+microscopic+study+in+transgenic+mice.">Reinnervation of the tibialis anterior following sciatic nerve crush injury: A confocal microscopic study in transgenic mice.</a> Exp. Neurol. 207, 64-74 (2007).</li><li>Amado, S., Sim&#241;es, M. J., Armada-da-Silva, P. A. S., Lu&#237;s, A. L., Shirosaki, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+hybrid+chitosan+membranes+and+N1E-115+cells+for+promoting+nerve+regeneration+in+an+axonotmesis+rat+model.">Use of hybrid chitosan membranes and N1E-115 cells for promoting nerve regeneration in an axonotmesis rat model.</a> Biomaterials. 29, 4409-4419 (2008).</li><li>Lu&#237;s, A. L., Rodrigues, J. M., Geuna, S., Amado, S., Sim&#240;es, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+cell+transplantation+effects+on+sciatic+nerve+regeneration+after+a+standardized+crush+injury+in+the+rat.">Neural cell transplantation effects on sciatic nerve regeneration after a standardized crush injury in the rat.</a> Microsurgery. 28, 458-470 (2008).</li><li>Lu&#237;s, A. L., Amado, S., Geuna, S., Rodrigues, J. M., Sim&#240;es, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+functional+and+morphological+assessment+of+a+standardized+rat+sciatic+nerve+crush+injury+with+a+non-serrated+clamp.">Long-term functional and morphological assessment of a standardized rat sciatic nerve crush injury with a non-serrated clamp.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 163, 92-104 (2007).</li><li>Baptista, A. F., de Souza Gomes, J. R., Oliveira, J. T., Santos, S. M. G., Vannier-Santos, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+approach+to+assess+function+after+sciatic+nerve+lesion+in+the+mouse+-+adaptation+of+the+sciatic+static+index.">A new approach to assess function after sciatic nerve lesion in the mouse - adaptation of the sciatic static index.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 161, 259-264 (2007).</li><li>Ronchi, G., Raimondo, S., Varej&#227;o, A. S. P., Tos, P., Perroteau, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+crush+injury+of+the+mouse+median+nerve.">Standardized crush injury of the mouse median nerve.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 188, 71-75 (2010).</li><li>Berg, A., Zelano, J., Cullheim, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Netrin+G-2+ligand+mRNA+is+downregulated+in+spinal+motoneurons+after+sciatic+nerve+lesion.">Netrin G-2 ligand mRNA is downregulated in spinal motoneurons after sciatic nerve lesion.</a> Neuroreport. 21, 782-785 (2010).</li><li>Girolami, E. I., Bouhy, D., Haber, M., Johnson, H., David, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+and+potential+role+of+SOCS1+and+SOCS3+in+Wallerian+degeneration+in+injured+peripheral+nerve.">Differential expression and potential role of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in Wallerian degeneration in injured peripheral nerve.</a> Exp. Neurol. 223, 173-182 (2010).</li><li>Hossain-Ibrahim, M. K., Rezajooi, K., Stallcup, W. B., Lieberman, A. R., Anderson, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+axonal+regeneration+in+the+central+and+peripheral+nervous+systems+of+the+NG2-deficient+mouse.">Analysis of axonal regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems of the NG2-deficient mouse.</a> BMC Neurosci. 8, 80-80 (2007).</li><li>Thornton, M. R., Mantovani, C., Birchall, M. A., Terenghi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+N-CAM+and+N-cadherin+expression+in+axotomized+and+crushed+rat+sciatic+nerve.">Quantification of N-CAM and N-cadherin expression in axotomized and crushed rat sciatic nerve.</a> J. Anat. 206, 69-78 (2005).</li><li>Beer, G. M., Steurer, J., Meyer, V. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardizing+nerve+crushes+with+a+non-serrated+clamp.">Standardizing nerve crushes with a non-serrated clamp.</a> J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 17, 531-534 (2001).</li></ol>

我々は、開示することは何もありません。

我々は、クラッシュサイトの正確なマーキングを確実に完全に坐骨神経のときめきを取得する方法を提案した。前述のように、坐骨神経のときめきは、マウスとラットの末梢神経損傷の一般的なモデルです。ときめきの各メソッドは、その長所と短所がありますが、我々は、このメソッドは、簡単に特殊な装置（例えば特殊なクランプ、等）の最小値でマークされた完全なクラッシュを作り?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名前（説明/数量） </td><td> サプライヤー </td><td> カタログ番号 </td></tr><tr><td>第0000ブレードミニクリッパー</td><td> Roboz </td><td> RC-5903 </td></tr><tr><td> Nairさんヘアリムーバー（9オンス） </td><td>教会とドワイト株式会社</td><td> N / A </td></tr><tr><td> Betadine外科スクラブ（1ガロン） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> 19066452 </td></tr><tr><td>眼軟膏（1オンス） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> 19082795 </td></tr></tbody></table> 手術のツール： <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名前（説明/数量） </td><td> サプライヤー </td><td> カタログ番号 </td></tr><tr><td> FST 250ホットビーズ滅菌器</td><td>ファイン科学ツール</td><td> 18000から45 </td> &lt;/ TR&gt; <tr><td>アイリスはさみ（11センチ） </td><td>世界の精密機器</td><td> 500216 </td></tr><tr><td>ポッツ·スミスピンセット（ストレート18センチメートル、1x2の歯） </td><td>ファイン科学ツール</td><td> 11024から18 </td></tr><tr><td>マクファーソン·Vannasはさみ（5 mmのブレード） </td><td>世界の精密機器</td><td> 14124-G </td></tr><tr><td>デュモン＃5鉗子 - Dumoxel標準的なチップ</td><td>ファイン科学ツール</td><td> 11252から30 </td></tr><tr><td>デュモン＃45分の5鉗子 - Dumoxel標準的なチップ</td><td>ファイン科学ツール</td><td> 11251から35 </td></tr><tr><td>ウルトラファインHemostats（ストレートスムーズ内側の表面） </td><td>ファイン科学ツール</td><td> 13020から12 </td></tr><tr><td>粉末活性炭（500グラム） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> C272-500 </td></tr><tr><td> C-1ニードル（滅菌、絹、黒、編んだ、とサイズ6から0縫合糸非吸収性、18 &quot;長さ、36のボックス） </td><td> Roboz </td><td> SUT-1073から1011 </td></tr><tr><td>反射クリッププライヤ（9ミリメートルクリップ用） </td><td>世界の精密機器</td><td> 500345 </td></tr><tr><td> 9ミリメートルステンレス鋼反射クリップ（100/box） </td><td>世界の精密機器</td><td> 500346 </td></tr></tbody></table> 動物のケア： <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名前（説明/数量） </td><td> サプライヤー </td><td> カタログ番号 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.9％塩化ナトリウム注射液（防腐剤フリー、20 mL）で</td><td>ホスピーラ</td><td> 0409-4888-20 </td></tr><tr><td>柔軟性の高いプローブを用いた完全な恒温動物ブランケットシステム（ミディアム、115 VAC、60 Hz）を</td><td>ハーバード装置</td><td> 507222F </td></tr></tbody></table> 外科Platformとトラクター。 （地元の金物店で購入） <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名前（説明/） </td><td> 量 </td></tr><tr><td>ステンレス鋼のプラットフォーム（ミルド。〜12 &quot;X12&quot; X1 / 8 &quot;） </td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td>ボタンマグネット（例：EclipseのE825） </td><td> 3 </td></tr><tr><td>ステンレスボルト（3 &quot;ロング、ボタンマグネットによって決定される直径） </td><td> 3 </td></tr><tr><td>ステンレスナット（ボルトに合わせてサイズ） </td><td> 9 </td></tr><tr><td>ゴムバンド（ライトテンション） </td><td> 3 </td></tr><tr><td>虫ピン（両端がフックをフォームにベント） </td><td> 3 </td></tr></tbody></table> セミ薄く： <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名前（説明/数量） </td><td> サプライヤー&lt;/強い&gt; </td><td> カタログ番号 </td></tr><tr><td>パラホルムアルデヒド（1キロ） </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich社</td><td> P6148-1KG </td></tr><tr><td>リン酸ナトリウム二塩基性無水（500グラム、リン酸緩衝液を調製するのに使用） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> S375-500 </td></tr><tr><td>ナトリウム一塩基性リン酸無水（1キロ、リン酸緩衝液を調製するのに使用） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> AC38987-0010 </td></tr><tr><td>グルタルアルデヒド（50％、10×10 mL）で</td><td>テッド·ペラ社</td><td> 18431 </td></tr><tr><td>四酸化オスミウム（4％水溶液、10×10 mL）で</td><td>テッド·ペラ社</td><td> 18465 </td></tr><tr><td>プロピレンオキサイド（450 mL）を</td><td>テッド·ペラ社</td><td> 18601 </td></tr><tr><td>埋め込み812（キット、ハードブロック/高画像コントラストのために） </td><td>電子顕微鏡学</td><td> 14120 </td></tr><tr><td> ToluidiNEブルー（25グラム） </td><td>テッド·ペラ社</td><td> 19451 </td></tr></tbody></table>全体のマウント筋の調製と免疫組織化学： <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名前（説明/数量） </td><td> サプライヤー </td><td> カタログ番号 </td></tr><tr><td>パラホルムアルデヒド（1キロ） </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich社</td><td> P6148-1KG </td></tr><tr><td>リン酸ナトリウム二塩基性無水（500グラム、リン酸緩衝液を調製するのに使用） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> S375-500 </td></tr><tr><td>ナトリウム一塩基性リン酸無水（1キロ、リン酸緩衝液を調製するのに使用） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> AC38987-0010 </td></tr><tr><td> 10％BSA希釈液/ブロッキング溶液（200 mL）で</td><td>キルケゴール＆ペリー·ラボラトリーズ社</td><td> 50-61-00 </td></tr><tr><td>トリトンX-100（100mL）中</td&gt; <td>ドットサイエンティフィック株式会社</td><td> 9002-93-1 </td></tr><tr><td>グリシン、98％（1キロ） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> AC12007-0010 </td></tr><tr><td>組織テッククライオ-OCT化合物（12の場合、4オンスボトル） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> 14-373-65 </td></tr><tr><td> Sylgardダウ170（2ポンドキット） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> NC9492579 </td></tr><tr><td>ステンレス鋼の昆虫ピン、サイズ1（100/pkg） </td><td>ファイン科学ツール</td><td> 26001から40 </td></tr><tr><td>テトラメチルローダミン-ブンガロトキシン（0.5 mg）を</td><td> Sigma-Aldrich社</td><td> T0195-.5MG </td></tr><tr><td> SMI-312（0.1 mL）をに対するマウスモノクローナル抗体</td><td> Covance </td><td> SMI-312R </td></tr><tr><td> SV2（0.1 mL）をに対するマウスモノクローナル抗体</td><td>発達研究ハイブリドーマバンク（DSHB） </td><td> SV2 </td></tr><tr><td>ウサギポリGAP-43に対するモノクローナル抗体</td><td>ノーバスバイオ</td><td> NB300-143 </td></tr><tr><td> Flourescein共役ヤギ抗マウスIgG、Fcγ受容サブクラス1特異的</td><td>ジャクソンイムノ</td><td> <a href="http://www.jacksonimmuno.com/MERCHANT2/merchant.mv?Screen=BASK&amp;Store_Code=JI&amp;Action=ADPR&amp;Product_Code=115-095-205&amp;Attributes=Yes&amp;Quantity=1">11 5-095-205</a> </td></tr><tr><td> DyLight 649共役ロバ抗ウサギIgG </td><td>ジャクソンイムノ</td><td> <a href="http://www.jacksonimmuno.com/MERCHANT2/merchant.mv?Screen=BASK&amp;Store_Code=JI&amp;Action=ADPR&amp;Product_Code=711-495-152&amp;Attributes=Yes&amp;Quantity=1">711-495-152</a> </td></tr><tr><td> 4 &#39;,6-ジアミジノ-2 - フェニルインドール（DAPI、dilactate、10 mg）を</td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> D3571 </TD&gt; </tr><tr><td> Vectashield封入剤（10mL）中</td><td>ベクターラボラトリーズ</td><td> H-1000 </td></tr><tr><td> Superfrostプラス顕微鏡スライド（ホワイト、サイズ：75×25ミリメートル、144のパック） </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> 12-550-15 </td></tr><tr><td> Fisherfinestプレミアムカバーガラス（サイズ：40×22ミリメートル、1オンスのパック）。 </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> 12から548-5C </td></tr></tbody></table>

reproducible mouse sciatic nerve crush and subsequent assessment of regeneration by whole mount muscle analysis

末梢神経系（PNS）の再生が広く、両方のヒトの疾患との関連性について検討されており、それによっておそらくCNS再生1の障害を照らすPNSニューロンによってマウントされた堅牢な回生応答を理解する。坐骨神経のときめき（軸索断裂）は、げっ歯類の2の末梢神経損傷の最も一般的なモデルの一つです。その再生が3,4に最適ですので、破砕の割り込みはすべての軸索がシュワン細胞基底層は保持されます。これは研究者が正確にシュワン細胞と基底層4の両方と相互作用する軸索成長の能力を研究することができます。ラットは、一般的に実験的な神経の粉砕のための好ましい動物モデルをされている。彼らは広く入手可能であり、その病変坐骨神経は、ヒトの神経病変5,4の合理的な近似値を提供しています。ラットの神経よりもサイズが小さくても、マウスの神経は、多くの類似した性質を持​​っています。最も重要なのはしかし、覚書Eモデルがあるためトランスジェニック系統の幅広い可用性、ますます貴重なものになりまし神経再生6、7の重要な個々の分子の詳細な解剖を可能にします。前の調査官は、単純な直角鉗子、チルド鉗子、止血鉗子、血管クランプ、および治験責任医師に設計されたクランプ8,9,10,11,12含む神経クラッシュやけがを生成するために複数のメソッドを使用しています。捜査官はまた、縫合糸、炭素粒子と蛍光ビーズ13,14,1含む損傷部位のマーキングの様々な方法を使用しています。我々は、クラッシュサイトのマーキングを正確かつ永続的な細かい止血鉗子とそれに続く炭素ときめきサイトマーキングを使用して再現性を完全に坐骨神経のときめきを得るための手法を説明します。坐骨神経挫滅手順の我々の記述の一部として、我々はまた我々はその後再生を定量化するために使用するマウント筋肉全体の比較的単純な方法が含まれている。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis at JoVE.com

Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

本報告では、マウス坐骨神経を粉砕する方法を説明します。このメソッドは、容易に利用可能な止血鉗子を使用して、簡単かつ再現性を完全に坐骨神経のときめきを生成します。さらに、坐骨神経挫滅後の神経再生の解析に適した筋肉全体のマウントを準備する方法について説明します。

ホールマウントマッスル分析による再現性のあるマウスの坐骨神経クラッシュと再生のその後の評価

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative ...

reproducible-mouse-sciatic-nerve-crush-subsequent-assessment

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

33.4K ビュー.  Temple University. 本報告では、マウス坐骨神経を粉砕する方法を説明します。このメソッドは、容易に利用可能な止血鉗子を使用して、簡単かつ再現性を完全に坐骨神経のときめきを生成します。さらに、坐骨神経挫滅後の神経再生の解析に適した筋肉全体のマウントを準備する方法について説明します。

ビデオ: Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

Axoplasm Isolation from Rat Sciatic Nerve

Isolation of pure axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm) from peripheral nerve is crucial for biochemical studies of many biological processes. In this article, we demonstrate and describe a protocol for axoplasm isolation from adult rat sciatic nerve based on the following steps: (1) dissection of nerve fascicles and separation of connective tissue; (2) incubation of short segments of nerve fascicles in hypotonic medium to release myelin and lyse non-axonal structures; and (3) extraction of the remaining axon-enriched material. Proteomic and biochemical characterization of this preparation has confirmed a high degree of enrichment for axonal components.

We demonstrate a protocol for axoplasm isolation from adult rat sciatic nerve based on dissection of nerve fascicles and incubation in hypotonic medium to release myelin and lyse non-axonal structures, followed by extraction of the remaining axon-enriched material.

ラット坐骨神経からの軸索原形質分離

Isolation of pure axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm) from peripheral nerve is crucial for biochemical studies of many biological processes. In this article, we ...

神経科学

Whole Mount Preparation of the Adult Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord for Giant Fiber Dye Injection

To analyze the axonal and dendritic morphology of neurons, it is essential to obtain accurate labeling of neuronal structures. Preparing well labeled samples with little to no tissue damage enables us to analyze cell morphology and to compare individual samples to each other, hence allowing the identification of mutant anomalies.
In the demonstrated dissection method the nervous system remains mostly inside the adult fly. Through a dorsal incision, the abdomen and thorax are opened and most of the internal organs are removed. Only the dorsal side of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) and the cervical connective 
(CvC) containing the big axons of the giant fibers (GFs)1 are exposed, while the brain containing the GF cell body and dendrites remains2 in the 
intact head. In this preparation most nerves of the VNC should remain attached to their muscles. 
Following the dissection, the intracellular filling of the giant fiber (GF) with a fluorescent dye is demonstrated. In the CvC the GF axons are located at the dorsal surface and thus can be easily visualized under a microscope with differential interference contrast (DIC) optics. This allows the injection of the GF axons with dye at this site to label the entire GF including the axons and their terminals in the VNC. This method results in reliable and strong staining of the GFs allowing the neurons to be imaged immediately after filling with an epifluorescent microscope. Alternatively, the fluorescent signal can be enhanced using standard immunohistochemistry procedures3 suitable for high resolution confocal microscopy.

Whole Mount Preparation of the Adult Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord for Giant Fiber Dye Injection

An in vivo dissection of the adult Drosophila ventral nerve cord (VNC) is demonstrated. This particular dissection method causes little damage to the VNC allowing the subsequent labeling of the giant fiber neurons with fluorescent dye for high resolution imaging.

成人の全体のマウントの準備ショウジョウバエ</emジャイアント繊維染料注入のための>腹神経索

To analyze the axonal and dendritic morphology of neurons, it is essential to obtain accurate labeling of neuronal structures. Preparing well labeled ...

Dissection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle for Whole-mount Neuromuscular Junction Analysis

Analysis of neuromuscular junction morphology can give important insight into the physiological status of a given motor neuron. Analysis of thin flat muscles can offer significant advantage over traditionally used thicker muscles, such as those from the hind limb (e.g. gastrocnemius). Thin muscles allow for comprehensive overview of the entire innervation pattern for a given muscle, which in turn permits identification of selectively vulnerable pools of motor neurons. These muscles also allow analysis of parameters such as motor unit size, axonal branching, and terminal/nodal sprouting. A common obstacle in using such muscles is gaining the technical expertise to dissect them. In this video, we detail the protocol for dissecting the transversus abdominis (TVA) muscle from young mice and performing immunofluorescence to visualize axons and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). We demonstrate that this technique gives a complete overview of the innervation pattern of the TVA muscle&#160;and can be used to investigate NMJ pathology in a mouse model of the childhood motor neuron disease, spinal muscular atrophy.

Dissection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle for Whole-mount Neuromuscular Junction Analysis

In this video we demonstrate a protocol for dissection of the transversus abdominis muscle of the mouse and use immunofluorescence and microscopy to visualize neuromuscular junctions.

全マウント神経筋接合解析のための トランス対アブドミン筋 の解剖

Analysis of neuromuscular junction morphology can give important insight into the physiological status of a given motor neuron. Analysis of thin flat ...

Whole-mount Imaging of Mouse Embryo Sensory Axon Projections

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we describe a method to label in situ a subset of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axon projections to assess their phenotypic characteristics using several genetically manipulated mouse lines. The TrkA-positive neurons are nociceptor neurons, dedicated to the transmission of pain signals. We utilize a TrkAtaulacZ mouse line to label the trajectories of all TrkA-positive peripheral axons in the intact mouse embryo. We further breed the TrkAtaulacZ line onto a Bax null background, which essentially abolishes neuronal apoptosis, in order to assess growth-related questions independently of possible effects of genetic manipulations on neuronal survival. Subsequently, genetically modified mice of interest are bred with the TrkAtaulacZ/Bax null line and are then ready for study using the techniques described herein. This presentation includes detailed information on mouse breeding plans, genotyping at the time of dissection, tissue preparation, staining and clearing to allow for visualization of full-length axonal trajectories in whole-mount preparation.

We present here an optimized protocol to genotype, stain and prepare fetal mice for the imaging of peripheral nociceptor axon projections in the whole animal, as an effective method to assess sensory axon growth phenotypes in developing genetically engineered mice.

マウスの胚感覚軸索投影のホールマウントイメージング

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we ...

Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a spiral shape and have a tonotopic gradient for sound detection. The mouse cochlea is approximately 6 mm long and often divided into three turns (apex, middle, and base) for analysis. To investigate cell loss, cell division, or mosaic gene expression, the whole mount or surface preparation of the cochlea is useful. This dissection method allows visualization of all cells within the organ of Corti when combined with immunostaining and confocal microscopy to image cells at different planes in the z-axis. Multiple optical cross-sections can also be obtained from these z-stack images. In addition, the whole mount dissection method can be used for scanning electron microscopy, although a different fixation method is needed. Here, we present a method to isolate the organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). This method can be used for mice ranging from one week of age through adulthood and differs from the technique used for neonatal samples where calcification of the cochlea is incomplete. A slightly modified version can be used for dissection of the rat cochlea. We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies.

We present a method to isolate the adult organ of Corti as three intact cochlear turns (apex, middle, and base). We also demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining with fluorescently tagged antibodies. Together these techniques allow the study of hair cells, supporting cells, and other cell types found in the cochlea.

成体マウス蝸牛のホールマウント解剖および免疫蛍光

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a ...

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

The formation of the myelin sheath by Schwann cells (SCs) is essential for rapid conduction of nerve impulses along axons in the peripheral nervous system. SC-selective genetic manipulation in living animals is a powerful technique for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SC myelination and demyelination in vivo. While knockout/knockin and transgenic mice are powerful tools for studying SC biology, these methods are costly and time consuming. Viral vector-mediated transgene introduction into the sciatic nerve is a simpler and less laborious method. However, viral methods have limitations, such as toxicity, transgene size constraints, and infectivity restricted to certain developmental stages. Here, we describe a new method that allows selective transfection of myelinating SCs in the rodent sciatic nerve using electroporation. By applying electric pulses to the sciatic nerve at the site of plasmid DNA injection, genes of interest can be easily silenced or overexpressed in SCs in both neonatal and more mature animals. Furthermore, this in vivo electroporation method allows for highly efficient simultaneous expression of multiple transgenes. Our novel technique should enable researchers to efficiently manipulate SC gene expression, and facilitate studies on SC development and function.

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

Here, we present an in vivo technique for gene transfer to Schwann cells (SCs) in the rodent sciatic nerve. This simple technique is useful for investigating signaling mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of myelinating SCs.

エレクトロポレーションによる齧歯類坐骨神経内のシュワン細胞へのインビボ遺伝子導入で

The formation of the myelin sheath by Schwann cells (SCs) is essential for rapid conduction of nerve impulses along axons in the peripheral nervous ...

3D Kinematic Analysis for the Functional Evaluation in the Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of sciatic nerve injury rodent models. In this protocol, we describe a novel kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional (3D) motion capture apparatus for functional evaluations using a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. First, the rat is familiarized with treadmill walking. Markers are then attached to the designated bone landmarks and the rat is made to walk on the treadmill at the desired speed. Meanwhile, the posterior limb movements of the rat are recorded using four cameras. Depending on the software used, marker tracings are created using both automatic and manual modes and the desired data are produced after subtle adjustments. This method of kinematic analysis, which uses a 3D motion capture apparatus, offers numerous advantages, including superior precision and accuracy. Many more parameters can be investigated during the comprehensive functional evaluations. This method has several shortcomings that require consideration: The system is expensive, can be complicated to operate, and may produce data deviations due to skin shifting. Nevertheless, kinematic analysis using a 3D motion capture apparatus is useful for performing functional anterior and posterior limb evaluations. In the future, this method may become increasingly useful for generating accurate assessments of various traumas and diseases.

We introduce a kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional motion capture apparatus containing four cameras and data processing software for performing functional evaluations during fundamental research involving rodent models.

坐骨神経クラッシュ損傷のラットモデルにおける機能的評価のための3D運動学的解析

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of ...

Whole-Mount Staining, Visualization, and Analysis of Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Palate Taste Buds

Taste buds are collections of taste-transducing cells specialized to detect subsets of chemical stimuli in the oral cavity. These transducing cells communicate with nerve fibers that carry this information to the brain. Because taste-transducing cells continuously die and are replaced throughout adulthood, the taste-bud environment is both complex and dynamic, requiring detailed analyses of its cell types, their locations, and any physical relationships between them. Detailed analyses have been limited by tongue-tissue heterogeneity and density that have significantly reduced antibody permeability. These obstacles require sectioning protocols that result in splitting taste buds across sections so that measurements are only approximated, and cell relationships are lost. To overcome these challenges, the methods described herein involve collecting, imaging, and analyzing whole taste buds and individual terminal arbors from three taste regions: fungiform papillae, circumvallate papillae, and the palate. Collecting whole taste buds reduces bias and technical variability and can be used to report absolute numbers for features including taste-bud volume, total taste-bud innervation, transducing-cell counts, and the morphology of individual terminal arbors. To demonstrate the advantages of this method, this paper provides comparisons of taste bud and innervation volumes between fungiform and circumvallate taste buds using a general taste-bud marker and a label for all taste fibers. A workflow for the use of sparse-cell genetic labeling of taste neurons (with labeled subsets of taste-transducing cells) is also provided. This workflow analyzes the structures of individual taste-nerve arbors, cell type numbers, and the physical relationships between cells using image analysis software. Together, these workflows provide a novel approach for tissue preparation and analysis of both whole taste buds and the complete morphology of their innervating arbors.

This paper describes methods for tissue preparation, staining, and analysis of whole fungiform, circumvallate, and palate taste buds that consistently yield whole and intact taste buds (including the nerve fibers that innervate them) and maintain the relationships between structures within taste buds and the surrounding papilla.

菌体、円周体、口蓋味覚芽の全山染色、可視化、分析

Taste buds are collections of taste-transducing cells specialized to detect subsets of chemical stimuli in the oral cavity. These transducing cells ...

Multifactorial Assessment of Motor Behavior in Rats after Unilateral Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

The induction of a peripheral nerve injury is a widely used method in neuroscience for the assessment of repair and pain mechanisms among others. In addition, in the research field of movement disorders, sciatic crush injury has been employed to trigger a dystonia-like phenotype in genetically predisposed DYT-TOR1A rodent models of dystonia. To achieve consistent, reproducible and comparable results after a sciatic nerve crush injury, a standardized method for inducing the nerve crush is essential, in addition to a standardized phenotypical characterization. Attention must be paid not only to the specific assortment of behavioral tests, but also to the technical requirements, the correct execution and consecutive data analysis. This protocol describes in detail how to perform a sciatic nerve crush injury and provides a behavioral test battery for the assessment of motor deficits in rats that includes the open field test, the CatWalk XT gait analysis, the beam walking task, and the ladder rung walking task.

We provide a protocol for the assessment of motor behavior via a behavioral test battery in rats after sciatic nerve crush injury.

一方的坐骨神経クラッシュ傷害後のラットにおける運動行動の多因子的評価

The induction of a peripheral nerve injury is a widely used method in neuroscience for the assessment of repair and pain mechanisms among others. In ...

Dissection of Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers for Immunofluorescent and Morphometric Analyses of Whole-Mount Neuromuscular Junctions

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized point of contact between the motor nerve and the skeletal muscle. This peripheral synapse exhibits high morphological and functional plasticity. In numerous nervous system disorders, NMJ is an early pathological target resulting in neurotransmission failure, weakness, atrophy, and even in muscle fiber death. Due to its relevance, the possibility to quantitatively assess certain aspects of the relationship between NMJ components can help to understand the processes associated with its assembly/disassembly. The first obstacle when working with muscles is to gain the technical expertise to quickly identify and dissect without damaging their fibers. The second challenge is to utilize high-quality detection methods to obtain NMJ images that can be used to perform quantitative analysis. This article presents a step-by-step protocol for dissecting extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles from rats. It also explains the use of immunofluorescence to visualize pre and postsynaptic elements of whole-mount NMJs. Results obtained demonstrate that this technique can be used to establish the microscopic anatomy of the synapsis and identify subtle changes in the status of some of its components under physiological or pathological conditions.

The ability to accurately detect neuromuscular junction components is crucial in evaluating modifications in its architecture because of pathological or developmental processes. Here we present a complete description of a straightforward method to obtain high-quality images of whole-mount neuromuscular junctions that can be used to perform quantitative measurements.

全山神経筋接合部の免疫蛍光解析と形態測定解析のための単一骨格筋線維の解剖

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized point of contact between the motor nerve and the skeletal muscle. This peripheral synapse exhibits high ...