著者は、二原子分子線強度の計算についての関心と議論のために氏JO Hornkohlに感謝します。この作品は、テネシー大学宇宙研究所のレーザ用アプリケーションのためのセンターではサポートの部分である。

1。光学系のセットアップ<ol><li> 1064nmの波長の光を透過し、ビームダンプに、他のすべての過渡レーザ放射を反射することができ、レーザの出口でのビームスプリッタを配置する。 </li><li>ビームスプリッターで反射レーザ放射の一部を記録するために、高速PINフォトダイオード検出器を配置する。 YAGレーザ装置：ファンクション·ジェネレータとノースダコタ州でQスイッチングの発生によってトリガに対する光パルスを監視するための同軸ケーブルでオシロスコープにこの検出器を接続します。 </li><li>分光器のスリットにビームを平行に配置するために3赤外線の反射鏡の位置を合わせます。 </li><li>分光器のスリットに光学破壊プラズマ並列を生成するためにビームを集束させる並進ステージの上のレンズを配置します。スリット上にプラズマを画像化する目的で、2枚の石英レンズを合わせます。 2焦点レンズが最適に最終レンズがアパーチャを持っている意味、分光器の設計と一致分光器の内部の光学系のF＃と同じAF＃を達成するTURE。 </li><li> 380ナノメートル以上の測定では、380 nm以下の放射線を遮断する目的で、カットオンフィルター2レンズの間に配置します。カットオンフィルタは、測定されたスペクトルと（、格子の2次まで）の可能な紫外線の寄与を抑制します。 </li></ol> 2。データ収集の設定<ol><li> 10ヘルツを取得するために特注の除算5の回路に50 Hzの三角波を提供する波形ファンクションジェネレータを接続します。光マルチチャネルアナライザ（OMA）は、50ヘルツ及びNdのフラッシュランプで運転される：YAGレーザを同期的に10Hzで動作される。一つは、同様にパルスレーザ放射のレートで同期して動作する、OMAの代わりにICCDを使用することができます。 </li><li>デジタル遅延発生器に特注の除算回路5の出力の1を接続します。 CONTにYAGフラッシュランプと他の出力のNd：を同期させるために1つの出力を使用してください線形ダイオードアレイと光増圧器マルチチャネルアナライザのトリガをROL。繰り返しますが、代わりに激化線形ダイオードアレイと、OMAの一つは、ICCDを使用することができます。 </li><li>オシロスコープにパルス発生器にレーザ装置の調整可能なトリガ出力を中継する。パルスレーザ放射が光学破壊の発生又はレーザーアブレーションのために利用できるときに、オシロスコープを監視するために使用される。 </li><li>激化線形ダイオードアレイにデジタルパルス発生器の高電圧出力を接続する。 </li><li>オシロスコープにパルス発生器の他方の出力に接続します。 </li><li> OMAに激化線形ダイオードアレイの出力を接続します。 </li></ol> 3。同期および測定<ol><li>出力に50±1 Hzで動作する三角パルス波形ファンクション·ジェネレータを設定します。このファンクションジェネレータは、マスタ周波数を提供します。特注除算個回路とデジタル遅延発生器は、交流のために使用されるバーテンの同期。 </li><li>水冷システムとレーザ装置の電源を開始する。レーザーをアクティブにします。 </li><li>次のように分光器スリットの前方の領域にYAGレーザ：レーザ放射がNdを出口開口部から移動するまでの時間を決定する光路の距離を測定し、光速を用いた通過時間を計算する。次の工程でゲート遅延時間を設定し、この通過時間を占める。 </li><li>デジタルパルス発生器に、光学破壊又はレーザアブレーションパルスから測定用のゲート幅、遅延時間を設定し、遅延時間を監視するために、オシロスコープを使用。遅延時間は、故障が発​​生した後に、データ収集のために待機する時間を決定します。ゲート幅はダイオードアレイは、プラズマ放射線にさらされる時間を決定します。 </li><li>空気中の光学破壊を発生させる、および/またはアブレーションが発生するような翻訳ステージにサンプルを置く。画像分光器のスリットの上にマイクロプラズマ。 </li><li>激化線形ダイオードアレイと光マルチチャネルアナライザ（またはICCD付き）で測定と記録データを開始します。 </li></ol> 4。波長較正<ol><li>ネオン、水銀、水素ランプ：標準較正ランプからレコードスペクトル。プラズマが生成された場所に置か灯に実験装置を使用してください。 </li><li>ランプからの既知の波長を用いて、画素波長の対応関係を得るために、直鎖状または立方フィットを行う。正確なキャリブレーションの目的は、通常のスペクトルの測定に関連する非線形性を補正することである。 </li><li>興味のあるH、C 2、CN、およびTiOスペクトル領域のためのキャリブレーションを繰り返します。 </li></ol> 5。強度較正<ol><li>タングステンキャリブレーションランプの電源を入れ、ウォームアップするのを待つ。 </li><li>アクティブランプの温度を測定する光高温計を使用しています。 </li><li> Rへの実験装置を使用してくださいアクティブランプのスペクトルをECORD。 </li><li>入力パラメータとして測定された温度を使用して、プランクの放射則から黒体曲線を計算する。 </li><li>アクティブランプのスペクトルに計算されたカーブにフィット。計算された曲線からで記録された強度の要因を決定します。検出器の波長依存感度のために記録スペクトルを修正するためにこれらの要因を適用します。 </li><li>分光器を使用した地域ごとにこれを繰り返します。 </li></ol> 6。データ転送<ol><li>ファイル転送にメディアを準備します。 </li><li>各データ測定のために、媒体上に記録します。 </li><li>この培地を取り、仕事用のコンピュータに上のファイルをアップロードしてください。 </li></ol> 7。準備を提出<ol><li>各ファイルのために、切片を、記録されたデータを含むもの、およびスタート波長とデータポイントあたりの平均波長シフトを指定する他にそれを解析する。 </li><li>合わせて、新しいファイルを作成するために、これらのセクションを使用記録されたデータとの波長が。 </li></ol> 8。二原子分子分析<ol><li>波長ファイルと対応する線強度ファイルを選択します。 </li><li>オフセットベースラインを選択します。 <ol><li>オフセットは、一定の線、または二次であるかどうかを設定します。 </li><li>固定または可変のどちらかの値に対応する係数を設定します。 </li></ol></li><li>固定または様のいずれかになりますどちらも解像度と温度を設定します。 </li><li>測定されたスペクトルにフィットするように、合成スペクトルに対する適合度の許容値を設定。 </li><li>ネルダー·ミードアルゴリズムを用いた実験スペクトルと計算されたフィット。 </li><li>各測定のために計算されたスペクトルの最良のフィッティングパラメータを用いて、使用される様々な時間遅延及びゲート幅で観測マイクロプラズマパラメータを推測できる。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Miziolek, A. W., Palleschi, V., Schechter, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Cremers, D. E., Radziemski, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Singh, J. P., Thakur, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2007).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+I:+review+of+basic+diagnostics+and+plasma-particle+iterations:+still-challenging+issues+within+the+analytical+plasma+community.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: review of basic diagnostics and plasma-particle iterations: still-challenging issues within the analytical plasma community.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 64, (2010).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+II:+review+of+instrumental+and+methodological+approaches+to+material+analysis+and+applications+to+different+fields.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 66, 347 (2012).</li><li>Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic+and+molecular+emissions+in+laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">Atomic and molecular emissions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 79, 4-16 (2013).</li><li>Konjevi&#263;, N., Lesage, A., Fuhr, J. R., Wiese, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Stark+widths+and+shifts+for+spectral+lines+of+neutral+and+ionized+atoms.">Experimental Stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of neutral and ionized atoms.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 31, 819-927 (2002).</li><li>Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stark+broadening+of+hydrogen+and+hydrogen-like+spectral+lines+in+plasmas:+the+physical+insight.">Stark broadening of hydrogen and hydrogen-like spectral lines in plasmas: the physical insight.</a> Alpha Science Int. , (2006).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Dackman, M., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+spectroscopy+measurements+of+hydrogen-alpha,+-beta,+and+-gamma+emissions.">Time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of hydrogen-alpha, -beta, and -gamma emissions.</a> Appl. Opt. 47, (2008).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+Balmer+series+spectroscopy+in+laser-induced+breakdown+plasmas.">Hydrogen Balmer series spectroscopy in laser-induced breakdown plasmas.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 13-23 (2010).</li><li>Lucena, A. D., Tobaria, L. M., Laserna, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+challenges+and+insights+in+the+detection+and+spectral+identification+of+organic+explosives+by+laser+induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">New challenges and insights in the detection and spectral identification of organic explosives by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 66 (1), 12-20 (2011).</li><li>Swafford, L. D., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+hydrogen+Balmer+Series+lines+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+laboratory+air.">Measurement of hydrogen Balmer Series lines following laser-induced optical breakdown in laboratory air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Hornkohl, J. O., Nemes, L., Parigger, C. G., Nemes, L., Irle, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectroscopy+of+Carbon+Containing+Diatomic+Molecules.">Spectroscopy of Carbon Containing Diatomic Molecules.</a> Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Molecular Theory of Carbon Plasmas and Vapor. , 113-165 (2011).</li><li>Parigger, C., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diatomic+molecular+spectroscopy+with+standard+and+anomalous+commutators.">Diatomic molecular spectroscopy with standard and anomalous commutators.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 25-43 (2010).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computation+of+AlO+emission+spectra.">Computation of AlO emission spectra.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 81, 404-411 (2011).</li><li>Hermann, J., Peronne, A., Dutouquet, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+TiO-&#947;+System+for+temperature+measurements+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Analysis of the TiO-&#947; System for temperature measurements in laser-induced plasma.</a> J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34, 153-164 (2001).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+and+analysis+of+titanium+monoxide+spectra+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Measurements and analysis of titanium monoxide spectra in laser-induced plasma.</a> Opt. Lett. 37, 5139-5141 (2012).</li><li>Witte, M. J., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+and+analysis+of+carbon+Swan+spectra+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+air.">Measurement and analysis of carbon Swan spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown in air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Surmick, D. M., Parigger, C. G., Woods, A. C., Donaldson, A. B., Height, J. L., Gill, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+emission+Spectra+of+Aluminum+Monoxide+in+a+Solid+Propellant+Flame.">Analysis of emission Spectra of Aluminum Monoxide in a Solid Propellant Flame.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 2-137 (2012).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+Temperature+Inferences+Utilizing+the+TiO+A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916;+Band+in+Laser-induced+Plasma.">Time-resolved Temperature Inferences Utilizing the TiO A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916; Band in Laser-induced Plasma.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 103-111 (2012).</li></ol>

すべての著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言します。

時間分解測定プロトコルおよび代表的な結果は、さらに、ここで議論されている。それは激化線形ダイオードアレイ及びOMA（又はICCD）の50Hzの動作周波数で、10Hzの速度で生成されたレーザパルスを、同期させることが重要である。さらに、レーザパルスと強く線形ダイオードアレイ（あるいはICCD）のゲートの開口部の正確なタイミングが重要である。実験の概略図に示される波発生器は、レ...

レーザー誘起ブレークダウン分光法（LIBS）技術1-5は、原子6月12日でのアプリケーションやレーザー照射で発生したプラズマ13から20の分子の研究を持っている。時間分解分光法は、プラズマの過渡特性の決定のために必須である。名前が、2つのプラズマパラメータの温度及び電子密度、プラズマ絶縁破壊の合理的な理論モデルが利用可能に設けられて測定することができる。原子·分子の排出量からの自由電子放射の分離は、私たちは正確に過渡現象を探索することができます。特定の時間窓に着目し、1は、プラズマ崩壊を「フリーズ」し、それによって正確な分光学的フィンガープリントを取得することができます。 LIBSは、様々な用途があり、現場で公開する研究者数で測定した場合、最近、LIBS診断への関心はかなりの増加を示しています。ピコとフェムト秒生成されたマイクロプラズマは継続中である研究の関心は、しかし、歴史的に実験的なLIBS配置はナノ秒レーザー照射を利用する。 図1に、レーザ誘起ブレークダウン分光法の典型的な実験装置が表示されます。このプロトコルでは、初期ビームのための機能の破壊エネルギーは1064ナノメートルの赤外線波長で、75ミリジュールパルスのオーダーである。必要に応じて、このパルスエネルギーを調整することができる。プラズマが分光器で分散させ、激化2次元の電荷結合素子（ICCD）上に結像あるいは強く線形ダイオードアレイとOMAまたは、で測定され、図2は、時間分解実験のためのタイミング図を示してパルス状の同期化読み出し、レーザパルストリガ、レーザ火災、及びゲートオープン遅延を有するレーザ放射。 成功した時間分解分光法は、様々な校正手順が必要になります。これらの手順は、バック、波長校正を含むグランド補正、および最も重要なことは、検出器の感度補正を行う。感度は、データが測定され、モデル化されたスペクトルの比較のために重要である修正しました。信号対雑音比の増加のために、複数のレーザ誘起ブレークダウンイベントが記録される。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Custom Box</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">UTSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">None</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Signal divider and conditioner. An oscilloscope can be used in place of this</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Four Channel Digital Delay/Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Stanford Research Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model DG535</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Tequipment, diyAudio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Four Channel Color Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Tektronix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TDS 3054</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500 MHz - 5 GS/sec, Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">Wavetek FG3C Function Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Wavetek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FG3C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Tequipment, Stanford Research Systems, BK Precision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG Laser</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Quanta-Ray</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DCR-2A(10) PS</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Laser radiation, Class IV.&#160; Companies: Lambda Photometrics, Continuum, Ellipse, Newport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Si Biased Detector</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DET10A/M</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">200-1,100 nm, with ND10A reflective filter. Companies: Canberra, Edmund Optics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG Laser Line Mirror, 1,064 nm</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NB1-K13</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Newport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">1 in Fused Silica Bi-Convex Lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SBX031</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">2 in Fused Silica Plano-Convex lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPX049</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Convex lens, f/4.&#160; Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HR 640</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Newport, Horiba</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 980028</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Mega 4000</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Mega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 129709</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Computer interface for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Gateway 2000 Crystal Scan 1024 monitor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gateway</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PMV14AC</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Monitor for computer interface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">20 MHz Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BK Precision</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 2125</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 6040</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Agilent Technologies, Tektronix, Quantum Composers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 202 H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">ICCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 46113</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Standford Computer Optics, LaVision, Hamamatsu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">OMA III</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 1460</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Spectral data acquisition and analysis. Unit discontinued, replaced by software installed on computers.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement and analysis of atomic hydrogen and diatomic molecular alo, c2, cn, and tio spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown

本研究では、レーザ誘起光学破壊の後に、原子や二原子スペクトルの時間分解測定を提示する。典型的なLIBS装置が使用される。 1064ナノメートルの基本波長で10Hzの周波数でYAGレーザー：ここでは、Ndをを運営しています。 190ミリジュール/パルスのanenergyと14ナノ秒のパルスは光学破壊や空気中のレーザーアブレーションからプラズマを生成するために、50μmのスポットサイズに焦点を当てている。 0.6マイクロメートル分光器の入射スリット上に結像され、スペクトルが強く線形ダイオードアレイと光学マルチチャネルアナライザ（OMA）またはICCD格子1,800本/ mmのを使用して記録される。興味深いのは、電子密度を推論する水素バルマー系列のシュタルク-広がっアトミック線である。我々はまた、アルミニウム一酸化炭素（のAlO）の二原子発光スペクトルからの温度測定値に手の込んだ、炭素（C 2）、シアン（CN）、およびチタン、一酸化チタン（TiO）。 実験手順は、Wavelengthと感度校正。記録された分子のスペクトルの分析は、表に線強度とのデータのフィッティングによって達成される。さらに、モンテカルロ型シミュレーションの誤差を推定するために実行される。時間分解測定が一般的にLIBSで遭遇過渡プラズマために不可欠です。

LIBSを十分にプラズマを形成するために、試料をイオン化するパルスレーザ放射を使用する。固体表面上のレーザアブレーションを試料の表面上にプラズマを生成する一方、ガス状物質のレーザー誘起ブレークダウンは、励起ビームの焦点領域を中心とするプラズマを生成します。プラズマは、ナノ秒パルスの絶縁破壊100 GW / cm 2のオーダーで光放射を集束することによって生成され?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown at JoVE.com

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

時間分解原子·二原子分子種は、ライブラリを使用して測定している。スペクトルは、Ndを有する光学破壊プラズマの発生後の様々な時間遅延で収集される：YAGレーザ放射および電子密度及び温度を推測するために分析される。

測定と原子状水素と二原子分子のAlO、Cの分析<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;、CN、およびTiOスペクトラ[次のレーザー誘起光学破壊

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement ...

measurement-analysis-atomic-hydrogen-diatomic-molecular-alo-c2-cn-tio

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

14.1K ビュー.  University of Tennessee Space Institute. 時間分解原子·二原子分子種は、ライブラリを使用して測定している。スペクトルは、Ndを有する光学破壊プラズマの発生後の様々な時間遅延で収集される：YAGレーザ放射および電子密度及び温度を推測するために分析される。 

ビデオ: Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

リチウムイオン電池のコイン細胞の構築とテスト

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

工学

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) performed on thin sections of rodent tissues: kidneys and tumor, allows the detection of inorganic elements such as (i) Na, Ca, Cu, Mg, P, and Fe, naturally present in the body and (ii) Si and Gd, detected after the injection of gadolinium-based nanoparticles. The animals were euthanized 1&#160;to 24 hr&#160;after intravenous injection of particles. A two-dimensional scan of the sample, performed using a motorized micrometric 3D-stage, allowed the infrared laser beam exploring the surface with a lateral resolution less than 100 &#956;m. Quantitative chemical images of Gd element inside the organ were obtained with sub-mM sensitivity. LIBS offers a simple and robust method to study the distribution of inorganic materials without any specific labeling. Moreover, the compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of the same biological tissue with different types of response:&#160;elemental, molecular, or cellular.

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle&#039;s Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy performed on thin organ and tumor tissue successfully detected natural elements and artificially injected gadolinium (Gd), issued from Gd-based nanoparticles. Images of chemical elements reached a resolution of 100 &#956;m and quantitative sub-mM sensitivity. The compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of a same biological tissue.

レーザー誘起ブレークダウン分光法：臓器組織内のナノ粒子のマッピングと定量化のための新たなアプローチ

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

核反応分析と深さ方向分析を通じて表面・界面層とバルク材料中の水素濃度の定量

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Laser-induced Forward Transfer of Ag Nanopaste

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of these processes such as inkjet3 and laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)4 have become increasingly popular as interest in printable electronics and maskless patterning has grown. These additive manufacturing processes are inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and well suited for rapid prototyping, when compared to more traditional semiconductor processing techniques. While most direct-write processes are confined to two-dimensional structures and cannot handle materials with high viscosity (particularly inkjet), LIFT can transcend both constraints if performed properly. Congruent transfer of three dimensional pixels (called voxels), also referred to as laser decal transfer (LDT)5-9, has recently been demonstrated with the LIFT technique using highly viscous Ag nanopastes to fabricate freestanding interconnects, complex voxel shapes, and high-aspect-ratio structures. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple yet versatile process for fabricating a variety of micro- and macroscale Ag structures. Structures include simple shapes for patterning electrical contacts, bridging and cantilever structures, high-aspect-ratio structures, and single-shot, large area transfers using a commercial digital micromirror device (DMD) chip.

We demonstrate the use of the Laser-induced forward transfer technique (LIFT) for the printing of high-viscosity Ag paste. This technique offers a simple, low temperature, robust process for non-lithographically printing microscale 2D and 3D structures.

銀ナノペーストのレーザー誘起フォワード転送

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

空気中の誘電体微粒子の光学トラップのロード

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is known about the effects of high pressure hydrogen on the polymer sealing and barrier materials also found within these components. More study is required in order to determine the compatibility of common polymer materials found in the components of the hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure with high pressure hydrogen. As a result, it is important to consider the changes in physical properties such as friction and wear in situ while the polymer is exposed to high pressure hydrogen. In this protocol, we present a method for testing the friction and wear properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer samples in a 28 MPa high pressure hydrogen environment using a custom-built in situ pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer. Representative results from this testing are presented which indicate that the coefficient of friction between the EPDM sample coupon and steel counter surface is increased in high pressure hydrogen as compared to the coefficient of friction similarly measured in ambient air.

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A test methodology for quantifying tribological properties of polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure service is demonstrated and characteristic results for a common elastomer are discussed.

その場で高圧水素トライボロジー水素配信インフラストラクチャで使用される一般的なポリマー材料の試験

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with wafer-scale uniformity and angstrom level control of thickness, the method of atomic-layer deposition was chosen. This ALD process enables high-quality, low-temperature (&#8804;150 &#176;C) growth of ultrathin films (100-1000 &#197;) of VO2. For this demonstration, the VO2 films were grown on sapphire substrates. This low temperature growth technique produces mostly amorphous VO2 films. A subsequent anneal in an ultra-high vacuum chamber with a pressure of 7x10-4 Pa of ultra-high purity (99.999%) oxygen produced oriented, polycrystalline VO2 films. The crystallinity, phase, and strain of the VO2 were determined by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, while the stoichiometry and impurity levels were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and finally the morphology was determined by atomic force microscopy. These data demonstrate the high-quality of the films grown by this technique. A model was created to fit to the data for VO2 in its metallic and insulating phases in the near infrared spectral region. The permittivity and refractive index of the ALD VO2 agreed well with the other fabrication methods in its insulating phase, but showed a difference in its metallic state. Finally, the analysis of the films&#39; optical properties enabled the creation of a wavelength- and temperature-dependent model of the complex optical refractive index for developing VO2 as a tunable refractive index material.

Thin films (100-1000 &#197;) of vanadium dioxide (VO2) were created by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) on sapphire substrates. Following this, the optical properties were characterized through the metal-insulator transition of VO2. From the measured optical properties, a model was created to describe the tunable refractive index of VO2.

二酸化バナジウムと温度依存性の光学モデルの原子層堆積法

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with ...

Quantitative Analysis of Vacuum Induction Melting by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves several steps, include drawing samples, cooling, cutting, transport to the laboratory, and analysis. The whole analysis process requires more than 30 minutes, which hinders on-line process control. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is an excellent on-line analysis method that can satisfy the requirements of vacuum induction melting because it is fast and noncontact and does not require sample preparation. The experimental facility uses a lamp-pumped Q-switched laser to ablate melted liquid steel with an output energy of 80 mJ, a frequency of 5 Hz, a FWHM pulse width of 20 ns, and a working wavelength of 1,064 nm. A multi-channel linear charge coupled device (CCD) spectrometer is used to measure the emission spectrum in real time, with a spectral range from 190 to 600 nm and a resolution of 0.06 nm at a wavelength of 200 nm. The protocol includes several steps: standard alloy sample preparation and an ingredient test, smelting of standard samples and determination of the laser breakdown spectrum, and construction of the elements concentration quantitative analysis curve of each element. To realize the concentration analysis of unknown samples, the spectrum of a sample also needs to be measured and disposed with the same process. The composition of all main elements in the melted alloy can be quantitatively analyzed with an internal standard method. The calibration curve shows that the limit of detection of most metal elements ranges from 20-250 ppm. The concentration of elements, such as Ti, Mo, Nb, V, and Cu, can be lower than 100 ppm, and the concentrations of Cr, Al, Co, Fe, Mn, C, and Si range from 100-200 ppm. The R2 of some calibration curves can exceed 0.94.

During vacuum induction melting, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is used to perform real-time quantitative analysis of the main-ingredient elements of a molten alloy.

レーザー誘起分解分光法による真空誘導融解の定量分析

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

セルロース系紙の非接触共振キャビティ誘電分光研究の方法開発

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this paper, a method of measuring mode shapes of a vibrating plate based on an optical lever method is proposed. Three circular acrylic plates were employed in the measurement under different center harmonic excitations. Different from a traditional method, only an ordinary laser pen and a light screen made of ground glass are employed in this novel approach. The approach is as follows: the laser pen projects a beam to the vibrating plate perpendicularly, and then the beam is reflected to the light screen in the distance, on which a line segment made of the reflected spot is formed. Due to the principle of vision persistence, the light spot could be read as a bright straight line. The relationship between the slope of the mode shape, length of the light spot and the distance of the vibrating plate and the light screen can be obtained with algebraic operations. Then the mode shape can be determined by integrating the slope distribution with suitable boundary conditions. The full-field mode shapes of Chladni plate could also be determined further in such a simple way.

A simple method of measuring the Chladni mode shape on an elastic plate by the principle of an optical lever is proposed.

光レバー法によるクラドニモード形状の測定

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this ...