We wish to gratefully acknowledge the original inspiration and extensive support provided to us toward the creation of this system from Dr. Oliver Kreylos of the UC Davis Institute for Data Analysis and Visualization. His advice and assistance were instrumental to our success.
We also wish to thank the NSF BRIGE program for providing funding for this project. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1032653.

<ol>
	<li>Doblack, B. N., Flores, C., Matlock, T., D&#225;vila, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+emergence+of+immersive+low-cost+3D+virtual+reality+environments+for+interactive+learning+in+materials+science+and+engineering.">The emergence of immersive low-cost 3D virtual reality environments for interactive learning in materials science and engineering.</a> Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1320, (2011).</li><li>Flores, C., Matlock, T., D&#225;vila, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancing+materials+research+through+innovative+3D+environments+and+interactive+manuals+for+data+visualization+and+analysis.">Enhancing materials research through innovative 3D environments and interactive manuals for data visualization and analysis.</a> Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1472, (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+goggle+source.">3D goggle source.</a> , (2013).</li><li>. &#8220;3D/VR Visualization System - Startup and Shutdown Protocol&#8221; and &#8220;3D/VR Visualization System &#8211; CNT Modeling Example&#8221; documents Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://eng.ucmerced.edu/people/ldavila/home/3d-vr-visualization-system-dissemination-of-research-results-and-products">https://eng.ucmerced.edu/people/ldavila/home/3d-vr-visualization-system-dissemination-of-research-results-and-products</a> (2013)</li><li>. MDCASK molecular dynamics code Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://asc.llnl.gov/computing_resources/purple/archive/benchmarks/mdcask">https://asc.llnl.gov/computing_resources/purple/archive/benchmarks/mdcask</a> (2013)</li><li>Feuston, B. P., Garofalini, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Empirical+three-body+potential+for+vitreous+silica.">Empirical three-body potential for vitreous silica.</a> J. Chem. Phys. 89 (9), 5818-5824 (1988).</li><li>D&#225;vila, L. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformations+in+the+medium-range+order+of+fused+silica+under+high+pressure.">Transformations in the medium-range order of fused silica under high pressure.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (20), 2055011-2055014 (2003).</li><li>Doblack, B. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The structure and properties of silica glass nanostructures using novel computational systems. , (2013).</li><li>Meagher, K. A., Doblack, B. N., Ramirez, M., D&#225;vila, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scalable+nanohelices+for+predictive+studies+and+enhanced+3D+visualization.">Scalable nanohelices for predictive studies and enhanced 3D visualization.</a> J. Vis. Exp. In-Press, .</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=University+of+California+Television+(UCTV).">University of California Television (UCTV).</a> Our Digital Life series: The Future: Teaching and Life-Saving Tools episode. , (2013).</li></ol>

著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言。

3D / VR可視化システムの正常なインストールと使用における重要な要素は、 物理環境と設計上の考慮事項および補足資料の特別な考慮事項に詳述されている。重要なインストールの考慮事項は、快適な長期的な地位や着席使用のための3D表示の高さが含まれ、カメラに搭載時間をかけて構成を維持するために大規模な3D作業領域、安定したトラッキングカメラと3D表示...

材料科学は、科学や工学の多くの分野への応用のための問題で構造 - 特性の関係を調べ、学際的な分野である。構造 - 特性関係は実験に加えて、計算機シミュレーションにより検討した結果、計算ツールは、研究活動を強化することができる補完的な機能を提供します。ナノ材料科学者に関心のものであり、その潜在的な社会的影響のための欠点を補う価値がありますが、このサイズの体制は、特に実験で見つかった多くの課題をはらんでいる。 コンピュータシミュレーションは、科学者やエンジニアが唯一の時間と計算リソースによって制限された環境の多種多様な専門的なテストを実行することができます。分子動力学（MD）シミュレーションは、適切な時間と長さは、多くのナノ材料への関心の現象を研究するためにスケールできるように。シミュレーションは、tの制約を除去することにより、材料の研究を拡大する彼は、しかし、多くの計算ツールは、研究のためにアクセス可能な、直感的なインターフェイスを物理研究室が不足している。モデルのグラフィック表示、効率的な計算アルゴリズム、およびグラフィカル処理ユニット（GPU）ベースのコンピューティングとの増強は、現在のシミュレーションの取り組みを補完する。これらの新しいグラフィックスデバイスは、数学的に集中的な計算がGPUによって達成することができるように、効率的に、中央処理ユニットと組み合わせる。結果は、最大20倍の消費電力の低減を伴う、10倍程度の計算の有効な加速度である。 この研究プロジェクトの目標は、直接MDシミュレーション、材料科学解析と3Dビジュアライゼーションに対話型インタフェースを接続しているナノサイエンスの調査のための新規のツールを開発し、実施することでした。独自の強力な分析機能を備えたこの革新的なシステムは、他のRELに直接影響し、UCマーセドでナノスケールの研究や教育のために使用されてきた<html>そのようなナノテクノロジー、物理学、生物学、地質学、教育や社会への最終的な利益としてated STEM分野。 3D / VR可視化システムは、インタラクティブな3Dバーチャルリアリティ（VR）環境での原子構造の作成および操作を可能にする研究と教育楽器の両方として実装されました。このシステムはもともとUCデービス1博士オリバーKreylosによって開発されたモデル以下の比較的低コストでアクセス可能なコンポーネントのセットから作成されました。 以下は、（ 図1）ラベルの重要なコンポーネントで、最終的な3D / VR可視化システムのレイアウトの写真です。このシステムは、もともと2009年にオリジナルの3D / VRシステムの実装はピアレビュー出版物2-3の結果UCマーセドの教育目的のために設立されました。以下の表1は、3D / VR可視化システムの各要素のキーの特性をまとめたものである。 ntent「FO：キープtogether.withinページ= &quot;常に&quot;&gt; <img alt="図1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51384/51384fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 図1. 3D / VR可視化システムと主要コンポーネント（左）ダビラ研究所でUCMでの可視化デバイス（右）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51384/51384fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> アイテム </td><td> コンポーネント </td><td> システムでの機能 </td></tr><tr><td> A </td><td>立体テレビ</td><td>モデル化された分子構造の3Dディスプレイとオンスクリーンメニュー。 </td></tr><tr><td> B </td><td>赤外線（IR）追跡カメラ4 </td><td> IRカメラ3Dテレビの前でユーザーのワークスペースでWiiリモコンと3D表示ゴーグルのトラック位置、許可VIR表示された構造物のトゥアル3D操作。 </td></tr><tr><td> ℃ </td><td>トラッキングPC </td><td> IRカメラトラッキングソフトウェアを実行し、モデル化、コンピュータにWiiリモコンや3Dゴーグル位置を伝送する。 </td></tr><tr><td> D </td><td> Wiiリモコン</td><td>モデリングソフトウェアの画面上の管理に使用されると、3D仮想環境内の構造を操作する。 </td></tr><tr><td> E </td><td> 3Dゴーグル5 </td><td> 3DテレビIR信号と同期、構造の3Dビューを可能にします。正確な3Dビュー用の赤外線カメラによって追跡位置。 </td></tr><tr><td> F </td><td>モデルPC </td><td>ランNCK / VRUI 3Dモデリングと表示ソフトウェア6、正確な3D分子構造ビューを作成するためにゴーグル/ Wiiリモコンの位置と制御信号を受け入れます。 </td></tr></tbody></table> UCMでの3D / VR可視化システムの主要な要素の表1.機能。 Descriptio3D / VR可視化システムと基本コンポーネントのN： 3D / VR可視化システムの概要 - 3D / VR可視化システムは、IRカメラのセットで構成され、ユーザがインタラクティブに3D分子構造を作成できるようにモデラーと組み合わせて動作するソフトウェアを追跡する。 IRカメラおよびソフトウェアは、IRマーカーを使用してWiiリモコンや3Dビューイングゴーグルの3D位置を追跡し、モデリングソフトウェアにこれを渡す。モデリングソフトウェアは、同期化され、追跡された3Dメガネと3D対応大型テレビの組み合わせを使用して表示可能な3次元分子構造を生成するためにWiiリモコン制御信号と動きを使用する。これは、ユーザーが動的にモデリングソフトウェア（ 図2）で使用される原子間力に基づいて現実世界の物理的挙動を反映した仮想分子構造を作成し、操作することができ、その中の3Dバーチャルリアリティのワークスペースになり。特別consideratiこのシステムを設定するためのアドオンは、補足資料に見出すことができる。 <img alt="図2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51384/51384fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 3D / VR可視化システムを使用したシリカナノ材料の調査2.図 。 （a）の研究者は、GPUベースのシミュレーション前の初期クリストバライトモデル（結晶）を作成します。 （B）（A）に示したモデルでシミュレートされたMDは、溶融急冷を手順を実行する際に、別の研究者は、シリカガラスモデル（非結晶）を取得する。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51384/51384fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> 3D / VR可視化システムの強化-のMDシミュレーション能力： シミュレーションシステムは、一般的に実装されている分子動力学マルチ結節ファッションは、つまり、大規模なワークロードは、プロセッサの数千に数万の間に分散​​または並列化されている。最近では、加速された科学的なコンピューティングのための追加の機会は、コンピュータグラフィックス処理の発展から生じている。これらの進歩は、科学者は、グラフィックスチップに固有の処理能力の高度並列性を利用することを可能にするソフトウェア·インタフェースを含む。計算統合デバイスアーキテクチャまたはCUDA 7の登場により、科学者は、インフラストラクチャのコストを低減しつつ、問題が解決される速度を高めるためのGPU 8を使用することができる。典型的なGPUは、情報を処理するためのコアまたは「ノード」の数百から数千に相当するものを有してもよく、これらとして並列に使用することができ、十分に符号化されたソリューションは、マルチコア対応物に対するスループット加速度を1,000倍まで提供することができる。すべての問題は、このアプローチによく適していないが、現在のMDシミュレーションを15にまで見てきたxはスループット性能は9を得る 。 3D / VR可視化システムMD-GPUの強化の詳細は補足資料に記載されています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Samsung 61&#34; 3D-capable high definition DLP TV</td>
			<td>Samsung</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.samsung.com/us/video/tvs">http://www.samsung.com/us/video/tvs</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 3 (Step 3.2)&#160; (Large format 3D-capable TV)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alienware Area51 750i modeling computer</td>
			<td>Alienware</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.alienware.com/">http://www.alienware.com</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 1 (Step 1.1)&#160; (Modeling computer)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HP EliteBook 8530w tracking computer</td>
			<td>HP</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.hp.com/">http://www.hp.com</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 2 (Step 2.3)&#160; (Tracking computer)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>V100:R2 IR tracking cameras (3)</td>
			<td>Naturalpoint</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.naturalpoint.com/optitrack/products/v100-r2/">http://www.naturalpoint.com/optitrack/products/v100-r2/</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 2 (Step 2.1) and Reference [4]&#160; (Tracking cameras)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptiTrack Tracking Tools IR tracking software</td>
			<td>Naturalpoint</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.naturalpoint.com/optitrack/software/">http://www.naturalpoint.com/optitrack/software/</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 2 (Step 2.3) and Reference [4]&#160; (Tracking software)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Goggles and 3D TV IR sync emitter</td>
			<td>Ilixco</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.i-glassesstore.com/dlp3d-wireless-2set.html">http://www.i-glassesstore.com/dlp3d-wireless-2set.html</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 3 (Step 3.2) and Reference [5]&#160; (3D goggles)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wiimote 3D controller</td>
			<td>Nintendo</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.nintendo.com/wii">http://www.nintendo.com/wii</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 3 (Step 3.2)&#160; (Wiimote)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VRUI, NCK and associated 3D/VR modeling software</td>
			<td>Open source software</td>
			<td><a href="http://idav.ucdavis.edu/~okreylos/ResDev/NanoTech/index.html">http://idav.ucdavis.edu/~okreylos/ResDev/NanoTech/index.html</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 1 (Step 1.3) and References [1,6]&#160; (VRUI, NCK)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAMMPS molecular dynamics software</td>
			<td>Open source software</td>
			<td><a href="http://lammps.sandia.gov/">http://lammps.sandia.gov/&#160;</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 5 (Step 5.2) and Reference [12]&#160; (LAMMPS)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanospringCarver program code and files</td>
			<td>UC Merced - open source</td>
			<td><a href="http://tinyurl.com/qame8dj">http://tinyurl.com/qame8dj</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 5 (Step 5.4) and References [16-17]&#160; (NanospringCarver)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB GUI files</td>
			<td>UC Merced - open source</td>
			<td><a href="http://tinyurl.com/qame8dj">http://tinyurl.com/qame8dj</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 5 (Step 5.4) and References [16-17]&#160; (NanospringCarver)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atomistic bulk glass input file</td>
			<td>UC Merced - open source</td>
			<td><a href="http://tinyurl.com/qame8dj">http://tinyurl.com/qame8dj</a></td>
			<td>See Protocol Section 5 (Step 5.4) and References [16-17]&#160; (NanospringCarver)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

novel 3d/vr interactive environment for md simulations, visualization and analysis

最後の数十年でコンピューティング（ハードウェアおよびソフトウェア）の増加開発は、他の多くの間、材料科学、生物学、化学、物理学など、多くの分野での科学的研究に影響を与えた。正確かつ高速シミュレーションおよびナノ構造の3D / VR可視化のための新たな計算システムは、分子動力学（MD）コンピュータプログラムは、LAMMPSオープンソースを使用して、ここに提示されている。この代替計算方法は、従来のコンピューティング方法に共通処理速度の障壁を克服するために近代的なグラフィックス·プロセッサ、NVIDIA CUDAテクノロジ、専門科学的なコードを使用しています。材料をモデル化するために使用される仮想現実システムと組み合わせて、この拡張を加速MDシミュレーション機能の追加を可能にする。動機は、同時に視覚化、シミュレーション、モデリングおよび分析を可能にする新規な研究環境を提供することにある。研究目標は、無機、nの構造と性質を調査することであるこの革新的な計算システムを用いて、異なる条件の下でanostructures（ 例えば、シリカガラスナノスプリング）。提示作品は、3D / VR可視化システムと基本的な構成要素の説明、そのような物理的環境などの重要な検討事項の概要は、小説のシステムのセットアップと使用の詳細については、加速のMD強化するための一般的な手順、技術的な情報の概要を説明、および関連する発言。この作品の影響は、UCマーセドでの研究と教育の楽器でもある仮想環境でのナノスケール材料シミュレーション、可視化とインタラクティビティを組み合わせたユニークな計算システム、の作成です。

この3D / VR可視化システムは、材料科学の研究を行うための新たな機会を提示します。この没入環境は、リアルタイムで動作するように、3次元入力と表示の形で、研究者は、完全にインタラクティブナノスケール器具2に提示される。ここで紹介するプロトコルに従うことによって、シリカらせんナノリボンは、このステップバイステップ方式で作成されました。 LAMMPS MDから産この構?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Novel 3D/VR Interactive Environment for MD Simulations, Visualization and Analysis at JoVE.com

Novel 3D/VR Interactive Environment for MD Simulations, Visualization and Analysis

A new computational system featuring GPU-accelerated molecular dynamics simulation and 3D/VR visualization, analysis and manipulation of nanostructures has been implemented, representing a novel approach to advance materials research and promote innovative investigation and alternative methods to learn about material structures with dimensions invisible to the human eye.

MDシミュレーションのための新しい3D / VRインタラクティブな環境、可視化と分析

The increasing development of computing (hardware and software) in the last decades has impacted scientific research in many fields including materials ...

novel-3dvr-interactive-environment-for-md-simulations-visualization

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

11.8K ビュー.  University of California Merced. A new computational system featuring GPU-accelerated molecular dynamics simulation and 3D/VR visualization, analysis and manipulation of nanostructures has been implemented, representing a novel approach to advance materials research and promote innovative investigation and alternative methods to learn about material structures with dimensions invisible to the human eye.

ビデオ: Novel 3D/VR Interactive Environment for MD Simulations, Visualization and Analysis

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we present the fabrication protocol for a multilayered SAW acoustic counterflow device. The device is fabricated starting from a lithium niobate (LN) substrate onto which two interdigital transducers (IDTs) and appropriate markers are patterned. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel cast on an SU8 master mold is finally bonded on the patterned substrate. Following the fabrication procedure, we show the techniques that allow the characterization and operation of the acoustic counterflow device in order to pump fluids through the PDMS channel grid. We finally present the procedure to visualize liquid flow in the channels. The protocol is used to show on-chip fluid pumping under different flow regimes such as laminar flow and more complicated dynamics characterized by vortices and particle accumulation domains.

In this video we first describe fabrication and operation procedures of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) acoustic counterflow device. We then demonstrate an experimental setup that allows for both qualitative flow visualization and quantitative analysis of complex flows within the SAW pumping device.

表面弾性波駆動型アコースティック·逆流マイクロフルイディクスで製作、操作と流れの可視化

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we ...

工学

Scalable Nanohelices for Predictive Studies and Enhanced 3D Visualization

Spring-like materials are ubiquitous in nature and of interest in nanotechnology for energy harvesting, hydrogen storage, and biological sensing applications.&#160; For predictive simulations, it has become increasingly important to be able to model the structure of nanohelices accurately.&#160; To study the effect of local structure on the properties of these complex geometries one must develop realistic models.&#160; To date, software packages are rather limited in creating atomistic helical models.&#160; This work focuses on producing atomistic models of silica glass (SiO2) nanoribbons and nanosprings for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Using an MD model of &#8220;bulk&#8221; silica glass, two computational procedures to precisely create the shape of nanoribbons and nanosprings are presented.&#160; The first method employs the AWK programming language and open-source software to effectively carve various shapes of silica nanoribbons from the initial bulk model, using desired dimensions and parametric equations to define a helix.&#160; With this method, accurate atomistic silica nanoribbons can be generated for a range of pitch values and dimensions.&#160; The second method involves a more robust code which allows flexibility in modeling nanohelical structures.&#160; This approach utilizes a C++ code particularly written to implement pre-screening methods as well as the mathematical equations for a helix, resulting in greater precision and efficiency when creating nanospring models.&#160; Using these codes, well-defined and scalable nanoribbons and nanosprings suited for atomistic simulations can be effectively created.&#160; An added value in both open-source codes is that they can be adapted to reproduce different helical structures, independent of material.&#160; In addition, a MATLAB graphical user interface (GUI) is used to enhance learning through visualization and interaction for a general user with the atomistic helical structures.&#160; One application of these methods is the recent study of nanohelices via MD simulations for mechanical energy harvesting purposes.

Accurate modeling of nanohelical structures is important for predictive simulation studies leading to novel nanotechnology applications.&#160; Currently, software packages and codes are limited in creating atomistic helical models.&#160; We present two procedures designed to create atomistic nanohelical models for simulations, and a graphical interface to enhance research through visualization.

予測研究および拡張の3D可視化のためのスケーラブルなNanohelices

Spring-like materials are ubiquitous in nature and of interest in nanotechnology for energy harvesting, hydrogen storage, and biological sensing ...

Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment

The wettability of silicon (Si) is one of the important parameters in the technology of surface functionalization of this material and fabrication of biosensing devices. We report on a protocol of using KrF and ArF lasers irradiating Si (001) samples immersed in a liquid environment with low number of pulses and operating at moderately low pulse fluences to induce Si wettability modification. Wafers immersed for up to 4 hr in a 0.01% H2O2/H2O solution did not show measurable change in their initial contact angle (CA) ~75&#176;. However, the 500-pulse KrF and ArF lasers irradiation of such wafers in a microchamber filled with 0.01% H2O2/H2O solution at 250 and 65 mJ/cm2, respectively, has decreased the CA to near 15&#176;, indicating the formation of a superhydrophilic surface. The formation of OH-terminated Si (001), with no measurable change of the wafer&#8217;s surface morphology, has been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements. The selective area irradiated samples were then immersed in a biotin-conjugated fluorescein-stained nanospheres solution for 2 hr, resulting in a successful immobilization of the nanospheres in the non-irradiated area. This illustrates the potential of&#160;the method for selective area biofunctionalization and fabrication of advanced Si-based biosensing architectures. We also describe a similar protocol of irradiation of wafers immersed in methanol (CH3OH) using ArF laser operating at pulse fluence of 65 mJ/cm2 and in situ formation of a strongly hydrophobic surface of Si (001) with the CA of 103&#176;. The XPS results indicate ArF laser induced formation of Si&#8211;(OCH3)x compounds responsible for the observed hydrophobicity. However, no such compounds were found by XPS on the Si surface irradiated by KrF laser in methanol, demonstrating the inability of the KrF laser to photodissociate methanol and create -OCH3 radicals.

We report on a process of in situ alteration of HF treated Si (001) surface into a hydrophilic or hydrophobic state by irradiating samples in microfluidic chambers filled with&#160;H2O2/H2O solution (0.01%-0.5%) or methanol solutions using pulsed UV laser of a relative low pulse fluence.

液体環境におけるパルスUVレーザー照射によるシリコン表面の濡れ性の選択エリア変更

The wettability of silicon (Si) is one of the important parameters in the technology of surface functionalization of this material and fabrication of ...

Plasmonic Trapping and Release of Nanoparticles in a Monitoring Environment

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few can observe immobilized particles. Moreover, a limited number of studies have experimentally measured the exertable forces on the particles. The designs can be classified as the protruding nanodisk type or the suppressed nanohole type. For the latter, microscopic observation is extremely challenging. In this paper, a new plasmonic tweezer system is introduced to monitor particles, both in directions parallel and orthogonal to the symmetric axis of a plasmonic nanohole structure. This feature enables us to observe the movement of each particle near the rim of the nanohole. Furthermore, we can quantitatively estimate the maximal trapping forces using a new fluidic channel.

A microchip fabrication process that incorporates plasmonic tweezers is presented here. The microchip enables the imaging of a trapped particle to measure maximal trapping forces.

監視環境でのプラズモニックトラッピングとナノ粒子の放出

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few ...

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia (YSZ) Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) scaffolds with tunable specific surface areas up to 80 m2&#183;g-1. An aqueous solution of a zirconium salt, yttrium salt, and glucose is mixed with propylene oxide (PO) to form a gel. The gel is dried under ambient conditions to form a xerogel. The xerogel is pressed into pellets and then sintered in an argon atmosphere. During sintering, a YSZ ceramic phase forms and the organic components decompose, leaving behind amorphous carbon. The carbon formed in situ serves as a hard template, preserving a high surface area YSZ nanomorphology at sintering temperature. The carbon is subsequently removed by oxidation in air at low temperature, resulting in a porous, nanostructured YSZ scaffold. The concentration of the carbon template and the final scaffold surface area can be systematically tuned by varying the glucose concentration in the gel synthesis. The carbon template concentration was quantified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the surface area and pore size distribution was determined by physical adsorption measurements, and the morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase purity and crystallite size was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). This fabrication approach provides a novel, flexible platform for realizing unprecedented scaffold surface areas and nanomorphologies for ceramic-based electrochemical energy conversion applications, e.g. solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes.

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

A protocol for fabricating porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) scaffolds at temperatures between 1,000 &#176;C and 1,400 &#176;C is presented.

によってナノ構造イットリア安定化ジルコニア（YSZ）足場の高温製作<em&gt;その場での</em&gt;カーボンテンプレート化キセロゲル

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) ...

Guidelines and Experience Using Imaging Biomarker Explorer (IBEX) for Radiomics

Imaging Biomarker Explorer (IBEX) is an open-source tool for medical imaging radiomics work. The purpose of this paper is to describe how to use IBEX's graphical user interface (GUI) and to demonstrate how IBEX calculated features have been used in clinical studies. IBEX allows for the import of DICOM images with DICOM radiation therapy structure files or Pinnacle files. Once the images are imported, IBEX has tools within the Data Selection GUI to manipulate the viewing of the images, measure voxel values and distances, and create and edit contours. IBEX comes with 27 preprocessing and 132 feature choices to design feature sets. Each preprocessing and feature category has parameters that can be altered. The output from IBEX is a spreadsheet that contains: 1) each feature from the feature set calculated for each contour in a data set, 2) image information about each contour in a data set, and 3) a summary of the preprocessing and features used with their selected parameters. Features calculated from IBEX have been used in studies to test the variability of features under different imaging conditions and in survival models to improve current clinical models.

Guidelines and Experience Using Imaging Biomarker Explorer IBEX for Radiomics

We describe IBEX, an open-source tool designed for medical imaging radiomics studies, and how to use this tool. In addition, some published works that have used IBEX for uncertainty analysis and model building are showcased.

ガイドラインと Radiomics のイメージング バイオ マーカー エクスプ ローラー (アイベックス) の使用経験

Imaging Biomarker Explorer (IBEX) is an open-source tool for medical imaging radiomics work. The purpose of this paper is to describe how to use IBEX's ...

Applicability Analysis of Assessment Methods for Morphological Parameters of Corroded Steel Bars

The irregular and uneven residual sections along the length of a corroded steel bar substantially change its mechanical properties and significantly dominate the safety and performance of an existing concrete structure. As a result, it is important to measure the geometry and amount of corrosion of a steel bar in a structure properly to assess the residual bearing capacity and service life of the structure. This paper introduces and compares five different methods for measuring the geometry and amount of corrosion of a steel bar. A single 500 mm long and 14 mm diameter steel bar is the specimen that is subjected to accelerated corrosion in this protocol. Its morphology and the amount of corrosion were carefully measured before and after using mass loss measurements, a Vernier caliper, drainage measurements, 3D scanning, and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XCT). The applicability and suitability of these different methods were then evaluated. The results show that the Vernier caliper is the best choice for measuring the morphology of a non-corroded bar, while 3D scanning is the most suitable for quantifying the morphology of a corroded bar.

This paper measures the geometry and the amount of corrosion of a steel bar using different methods: mass loss, calipers, drainage measurements, 3D scanning, and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XCT).

鉄筋腐食分布の形態学的パラメーターの評価法の適用性について分析

The irregular and uneven residual sections along the length of a corroded steel bar substantially change its mechanical properties and significantly ...

Crack Monitoring in Resonance Fatigue Testing of Welded Specimens Using Digital Image Correlation

A procedure using digital image correlation (DIC) to detect cracks on welded specimens during fatigue tests on resonance testing machines is presented. It is intended as a practical and reproducible procedure to identify macroscopic cracks at an early stage and monitor crack propagation during fatigue tests. It consists of strain field measurements at the weld using DIC. Images are taken at fixed load cycle intervals. Cracks become visible in the computed strain field as elevated strains. This way, the whole width of a small-scale specimen can be monitored to detect where and when a crack initiates. Subsequently, it is possible to monitor the development of the crack length. Because the resulting images are saved, the results are verifiable and comparable. The procedure is limited to cracks initiating at the surface and is intended for fatigue tests under laboratory conditions. By visualizing the crack, the presented procedure allows direct observation of macrocracks from their formation until rupture of the specimen.

Digital image correlation is used in fatigue tests on a resonance testing machine to detect macroscopic cracks and monitor crack propagation in welded specimens. Cracks on the specimen surface become visible as increased strains.

デジタル画像相関を用いた溶接試料の共振疲労試験における亀裂モニタリング

A procedure using digital image correlation (DIC) to detect cracks on welded specimens during fatigue tests on resonance testing machines is presented. It ...

Surgery and Sample Processing for Correlative Imaging of the Murine Pulmonary Valve

The underlying causes of heart valve related-disease (HVD) are elusive. Murine animal models provide an excellent tool for studying HVD, however, the surgical and instrumental expertise required to accurately quantify the structure and organization across multiple length scales have stunted its advancement. This work provides a detailed description of the murine dissection, en bloc staining, sample processing, and correlative imaging procedures for depicting the heart valve at different length scales. Hydrostatic transvalvular pressure was used to control the temporal heterogeneity by chemically fixing the heart valve conformation. Micro-computed tomography (&#181;CT) was used to confirm the geometry of the heart valve and provide a reference for the downstream sample processing needed for the serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM). High-resolution serial SEM images of the extracellular matrix (ECM) were taken and reconstructed to provide a local 3D representation of its organization. &#181;CT and SBF-SEM imaging methods were then correlated to overcome the spatial variation across the pulmonary valve. Though the work presented is exclusively on the pulmonary valve, this methodology could be adopted for describing the hierarchical organization in biological systems and is pivotal for the structural characterization across multiple length scales.

Here, we describe a correlative workflow for the excision, pressurization, fixation, and imaging of the murine pulmonary valve to determine the gross conformation and local extracellular matrix structures.

ネズミ肺動脈弁の相関画像化のための手術とサンプル処理

The underlying causes of heart valve related-disease (HVD) are elusive. Murine animal models provide an excellent tool for studying HVD, however, the ...

Interactive and Visualized Online Experimentation System for Engineering Education and Research

Experimentation is crucial in engineering education. This work explores visualized experiments in online laboratories for teaching and learning and also research. Interactive and visualizing features, including theory-guided algorithm implementation, web-based algorithm design, customizable monitoring interface, and three-dimensional (3-D) virtual test rigs are discussed. To illustrate the features and functionalities of the proposed laboratories, three examples, including the first-order system exploration using a circuit-based system with electrical elements, web-based control algorithm design for virtual and remote experimentation, are provided. Using user-designed control algorithms, not only can simulations be conducted, but real-time experiments can also be conducted once the designed control algorithms have been compiled into executable control algorithms. The proposed online laboratory also provides a customizable monitoring interface, with which users can customize their user interface using provided widgets such as the textbox, chart, 3-D, and camera widget. Teachers can use the system for online demonstration in the classroom, students for after-class experimentation, and researchers to verify control strategies.

This work describes an online experimentation system that provides visualized experiments, including the visualization of theories, concepts, and formulas, visualizing the experimental process with three-dimensional (3-D) virtual test rigs, and visualizing the control and monitoring system using widgets such as charts and cameras.

工学教育・研究のためのインタラクティブで可視化されたオンライン実験システム

Experimentation is crucial in engineering education. This work explores visualized experiments in online laboratories for teaching and learning and also ...