対応する著者は、奨学金の提供のために科学技術CONACYTのメキシコ政府の国家評議会を承認したいと思います。

注：以下の手順は、プロトコールA（ 図1）のためのものです。プロトコールB、C、Dのための変更も同様に記載されています。 1.アルミバーの準備<ol><li>坩堝に商用純度アルミインゴットの - 大部分（1キロ500グラム）を配置します。 </li><li>溶融するまで、約1時間800℃で炉内のるつぼを配置します。 </li><li>炉から坩堝を取り、約1/2程度の隙間を与える浸透に使用されるチャンバの最終的な直径よりも僅かに小さい直径50mm、（51 mm）である円筒状の金型内に溶融アルミニウムを注ぐ。 </li><li>バーが冷却するために1時間待ってください。 </li><li>金型からバーを取り外します。 </li><li>バンドソーを用いて、4同じサイズのピースにカット。 </li><li>砂各ピースのエッジは浸潤型で良好な適合性を確保する。 </li></ol> 2.炉の準備<ol><li>プログラム740＆＃に到達するための炉176;少なくとも2時間のためのC高原。 </li><li> 20℃/分の加熱炉の加熱速度を設定する。 </li></ol> 3.リフォームの準備注：を目的の泡の高さに応じて、100グラムと300グラムとの間の浸透のために使用する塩化ナトリウムの量を変化させる。 <ol><li>直径が（1.4ミリメートルと1.7ミリメートルの間の範囲など）に必要な細孔径範囲に対応して、NaClを使用するための浸潤を選択する。材料は、高純度化学薬品供給業者から入手することができる、またはスーパーマーケット（このような材料は、例えばヨウ素及び固化防止剤等の添加剤を有することになるが、これらは実際にはかなりの程度まで、プロセスに影響を与えない）食卓塩を使用することができる購入した。 </li><li>適切なサイズ範囲のふるいを選択し、下部の小さい開口サイズを有するベース容器にスタック。 </li><li>のNaClのサプライヤーの袋から、約500グラムを取ると、積み重ねられたふるいでそれを注ぐ。 </li><li>ふるいを攪拌手動または1分間、ふるい振とう機を用いて。 </li><li>より大きな開口サイズのふるいと下部容器に残っのNaClを捨て、NaClが浸透するために使用される小さい開口のふるいに残っ。 </li><li>得られた浸潤のNaClの量を秤量する。 </li><li>量が不十分であれば、繰り返しは3.7に3.4を繰り返します。 注：プロトコルB、​​CまたはDの場合は、罰金のNaCl（&lt;500ミクロン）の100グラムを得る。これはプリフォーム内の​​空気が十分室をエスケープしていない場合には、浸潤の間にプリフォームに閉じ込められた空気のために金型内の余分なスペースを作成します。 </li></ol> 4.モールドの準備<ol><li>サンドペーパーや実験ロール紙を使用して、金型シリンダ（ 図2）を清掃し、上端と下端の両方に特別の配慮を考慮し、以前の使用からの顕著な不純物を含まない金型を保持する。 </li><li>薄いコート被覆を作成する、窒化ホウ素エアゾールスプレー金型シリンダの内部にスプレー金型の内側。 注：金型の元の色がスプレーの白色層で置き換えられるときに達成される。それは、その特定の濃度を測定する必要はない。 </li><li> （必要に応じてさら​​に乾燥するために適用されるまでの1時間、約100℃に加熱）、室温で少なくとも5分間モールドシリンダー乾燥させる。 </li><li>細かいサンドペーパーを用いて、金型シリンダとモールドベースとの間のシールを改善するために、金型シリンダの端部から窒化ホウ素の残留物を除去する。 注：次の3つのステップは、プロトコルAとBのためのものです。プロトコルCとDのために蓋のための唯一の1ガスケットリングをカット。 </li><li>労働組合のために他の1ミリメートルの厚さのグラファイトシートから2ガスケットリング（OD = 60ミリメートル、ID = 51ミリメートル）、金型シリンダーの上端とバルブシステムに至るまでの金型の蓋の間に労働組合のための1つを、カット金型シリンダの下端とモールドベースの間である。 </li><li>モールドベースの溝にガスケットの1を置きます。 </li><li>ボットを配置ガスケット溝に金型シリンダのオム。 </li><li>ベース溝にボトムを固定するための金型シリンダーの上に木槌で軽くタップします。 注：プロトコルB、​​C、またはDの場合には、以下のステップを追加します。 <ol><li>金型シリンダーに罰金のNaCl（&lt;500ミクロン）の100グラムを注ぎ、細かいNaClを高密度にパックされていることを確認するために木槌で軽く、その上をタップしてアンカットアルミ棒でトップを平らに。 注：プロトコルDの場合は、次の工程を追加します。 </li><li>細かいNaClに対してそれらを押してアンカットアルミバーと木槌を使用し、金型の直径（51ミリメートル）のサイズを覆い、ファインのNaClの上にそれらを配置ソフト2mm厚のセラミックカオウールの2円をカットします。 </li></ol></li><li>金型のシリンダーに浸透されるNaClを注ぐ。 注：プロトコルDの場合は、次の工程を追加します。 <ol><li>ベース溝から移動しないことを確認し、金型シリンダーを作る、振動台に金型とベースを取り付けます。振動する0.01メートルの振幅で50 Hzで1分間。 </li></ol></li><li>所定の位置にシリンダーの上部を持ち、ベースをピックアップし、金型内部のNaClを一番上に平らな表面を形成するまで軽く振る。 </li><li> NaClのプリフォームの上に準備されたアルミニウム棒を置きます。 </li><li>金型の蓋の溝にグラファイトガスケットを置きます。 </li><li>手でベースに4ステンレス鋼スタッドをネジとレンチを使用してベースの上にステンレス製のナットとワッシャーの4セットでそれらを確保し、スタッドを通じて金型シリンダーの上に金型の蓋を置く。 </li><li>トルクレンチは16 N·mとに設定すると、4スレッドのロッドベースにねじ込まとナットが所定の位置に金型の蓋をロックするために締められる蓋、通って延長上のスチールナットとワッシャーの4セットネジ。 </li><li>ガスケット、クランプ、ボルトと蝶ナットとバルブシステムへの蓋の上部に取り付けます。 </li><li>システムのすべてのバルブを閉じます。 </li><li>トンにつながるバルブを開け彼真空ポンプとモールド（バルブ3）。 </li><li>バルブシステムのダイヤルゲージが可能な最低圧力を示すまで真空ポンプの電源をオンにします。 </li><li>真空ポンプの電源を切ります。 </li><li>システム内の真空の損失は、シール、真空ポンプを停止した後の最初の10秒間、50トル/秒の速度よりも低い場合浸潤のために十分に良好である。 </li><li>周囲圧力でシステムを維持し、真空ポンプバルブ（バルブ1）を閉じるための蓋開放弁（バルブ3）を残す。 </li><li>バルブシステムを取り外すことなく、予熱した炉内に金型を配置し、1時間待つ。 </li></ol> 5.浸透<ol><li>システム（ 図3）のすべてのバルブを閉じます。 </li><li>アルゴンガスシリンダー（バルブ2）に通じるバルブを開きます。 </li><li>アルゴンガスタンクのメインバルブを開き、調整弁と浸透圧を設定（NaClの粒径の1.7ミリメートルまで1.4ミリメートルの範囲のために、3.5バールの圧力を使用してください）。 注：プロトコルBは、3バールの浸透圧が使用されている。プロトコルCとDの1バールの圧力を使用してください</li><li> SWIFTようにして、蓋バルブ（バルブ3）を開きます。 </li><li> 1分後、炉から鋳型を除去し、（この場合は銅ブロック）の冷却面の上に置く。 注：冷却しながら、システム内の圧力が変化します。このプロセスの最初の5分間、レギュレータ示す圧力に細心の注意を払い、必要に応じて、浸透圧に戻って調整する。 </li></ol> 6.サンプル抽出<ol><li>金型は光耐熱手袋で処理するのに十分クールだ30分後、バルブシステムを切り離し、作業台の万力でモールドベースを置く。シリンダーの上部から蓋を外します。 </li><li>蓋をオフにして、軽くベース溝から金型のシリンダーを緩め万力のグリップに垂直な方向のマレットでの金型シリンダーの上部をタップします。 </li><li&gt;は万力からモールドベースを取り外し、万力グリップにおける金型のシリンダーを配置。 </li><li>マレットでは金型のシリンダーの外にそれをプッシュするために、サンプルの上に残ったアルミニウムをタップします。 </li><li>帯鋸を使用して、余剰のアルミニウムを除去すること、フォーム試料の底部を切断する。 </li><li>必要な泡の高さに応じて、サンプルの上に近く、どこに目的のカット。 </li><li>水を入れたビーカー及びNaClのリフォームを溶解させる撹拌しながらホットプレート上で磁気攪拌棒に浸潤泡を置きます。 </li><li> 60℃にホットプレートの温度を設定します。フォームに残ってないのNaClがなくなるまで水に10分ごとに変更します。 注：NaClをフォームに残ってないが、約10倍の水を変更がないことを確認する。これは、短い乾燥工程後の試料の重量を周期的にチェックすることも可能である。これはさらに、浸漬によって大きく変更することなくなったときは、NaClを完全に除去しなければならない。 </li><li>最後に電気を使用して空気が乾燥フォームに残ってすべての水を除去。フォームサンプルは準備ができています。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Banhart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manufacture,+characterisation+and+application+of+cellular+metals+and+metal+foams.">Manufacture, characterisation and application of cellular metals and metal foams.</a> Progress in Materials Science. 46, 559-632 (2000).</li><li>Conde, Y., Despois, J. -. F., Goodall, R., Marmottant, A., Salvo, L., San Marchi, C., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replication+processing+of+highly+porous+materials.">Replication processing of highly porous materials.</a> Advanced Engineering Materials. 8 (9), 795-803 (2006).</li><li>Goodall, R., Mortensen, A., Laughlin, D. E., Hono, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+24.+Porous+Metals.">Chapter 24. Porous Metals.</a> Physical Metallurgy. , 2399-2595 (2014).</li><li>Polonsky, L., Lipson, S., Markus, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lightweight+Cellular+Metal.">Lightweight Cellular Metal.</a> Modern Castings. 39, 57-71 (1961).</li><li>San Marchi, C., Mortensen, A., Degischer, H. P., Kriszt, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+2.06.+Infiltration+and+the+Replication+Process+for+Producing+Metal+Sponges.">Chapter 2.06. Infiltration and the Replication Process for Producing Metal Sponges.</a> Handbook of Cellular Metals. , 44-56 (2002).</li><li>Galliard, C., Despois, J. F., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Processing+of+NaCl+powders+of+controlled+size+and+shape+for+the+microstructural+tailoring+of+aluminium+foams.">Processing of NaCl powders of controlled size and shape for the microstructural tailoring of aluminium foams.</a> Materials Science and Engineering A. 374 (1-2), 250-262 (2004).</li><li>Despois, J. F., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeability+of+open-pore+microcellular+materials.">Permeability of open-pore microcellular materials.</a> Acta Materialia. 53 (5), 1381-1388 (2005).</li><li>Goodall, R., Despois, J. F., Marmottant, A., Salvo, L., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+preform+processing+on+replicated+aluminium+foam+structure+and+mechanical+properties.">The effect of preform processing on replicated aluminium foam structure and mechanical properties.</a> Scripta Materialia. 54, 2069-2073 (2006).</li><li>Goodall, R., Marmottant, A., Salvo, L., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spherical+pore+replicated+microcellular+aluminium:+Processing+and+influence+on+properties.">Spherical pore replicated microcellular aluminium: Processing and influence on properties.</a> Materials Science and Engineering A. 465 (1-2), 124-135 (2007).</li><li>Despois, J. F., Marmottant, A., Salvo, L., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+the+infiltration+pressure+on+the+structure+and+properties+of+replicated+aluminium+foams.">Influence of the infiltration pressure on the structure and properties of replicated aluminium foams.</a> Materials Science and Engineering A. 462, 68-75 (2007).</li><li>San Marchi, ., Despois, C., F, J., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uniaxial+deformation+of+open-cell+aluminium+foam:+the+role+of+internal+damage.">Uniaxial deformation of open-cell aluminium foam: the role of internal damage.</a> Acta Materialia. 52 (10), 2895-2902 (2004).</li><li>Goodall, R., Weber, L., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electrical+conductivity+of+microcellular+metals.">The electrical conductivity of microcellular metals.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 100, 044912 (2006).</li><li>Kadar, C., Chmelik, F., Kendvai, J., Voros, G., Rajkovits, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acoustic+emission+of+metal+foams+during+tension.">Acoustic emission of metal foams during tension.</a> Materials Science and Engineering A. 462, 316-319 (2007).</li><li>Goodall, R., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microcellular+aluminium.">Microcellular aluminium.</a> Child&#8217;s Play! Advanced Engineering Materials. 9 (11), 951-954 (2007).</li><li>Wada, T., Inoue, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication,+Thermal+Stability+and+Mechanical+Properties+of+Porous+Bulk+Glassy+Pd-Cu-Ni-P+Alloy.">Fabrication, Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties of Porous Bulk Glassy Pd-Cu-Ni-P Alloy.</a> Materials Transactions. 44 (10), 2228-2231 (2003).</li><li>DeFouw, J. D., Dunand, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Processing+and+compressive+creep+of+cast+replicated+IN792+Ni-base+superalloy+foams.">Processing and compressive creep of cast replicated IN792 Ni-base superalloy foams.</a> Materials Science &amp; Engineering A. 558, 129-133 (2012).</li><li>Berchem, K., Mohr, U., Bleck, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+the+Degree+of+Pore+Opening+of+Metal+Sponges,+Prepared+by+the+Infiltration+Preparation+Method.">Controlling the Degree of Pore Opening of Metal Sponges, Prepared by the Infiltration Preparation Method.</a> Materials Science and Engineering A. 323 (1-2), 52-57 (2002).</li><li>Lu, T. J., Ong, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+closed-celled+cellular+aluminum+alloys.">Characterization of closed-celled cellular aluminum alloys.</a> J. Mater. Sci. 36, 2773-2786 (2001).</li><li>Chou, K. S., Song, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Method+for+Making+Open-cell+Aluminum+Foams+with+Soft+Ceramic+Balls.">A Novel Method for Making Open-cell Aluminum Foams with Soft Ceramic Balls.</a> Scripta Materialia. 46 (5), 379-382 (2002).</li><li>Dairon, J., Gaillard, Y., Tissier, J. C., Balloy, D., Degallaix, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parts+Containing+Open-Celled+Metal+Foam+Manufactured+by+the+Foundry+Route:+Processes,+Performances+and+Applications.">Parts Containing Open-Celled Metal Foam Manufactured by the Foundry Route: Processes, Performances and Applications.</a> Advanced Engineering Materials. 13 (11), 1066-1071 (2011).</li><li>LeMay, J. D., Hopper, R. W., Hrubesh, L. W., Pekala, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-Density+Microcellular+Materials.">Low-Density Microcellular Materials.</a> Materials Research Society Bulletin. 15 (12), 19-20 (1990).</li><li>Seliger, H., Deuther, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Die+Herstellung+von+Schaum-+und+Zellaluminium.">Die Herstellung von Schaum- und Zellaluminium.</a> Feiburger Forschungshefte. , 103-129 (1965).</li><li>Kuchek, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+of+Making+Porous+Metallic+Article.">Method of Making Porous Metallic Article.</a> US patent. , (1966).</li><li>Han, F., Cheng, H., Wang, J., Wang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+pore+combination+on+the+mechanical+properties+of+an+open+cell+aluminum+foam.">Effect of pore combination on the mechanical properties of an open cell aluminum foam.</a> Scripta Materialia. 50 (1), 13-17 (2004).</li><li>Cao, X. -. q., Wang, Z. -. h., Ma, H. -. w., Zhao, L. -. m., Yang, G. -. t. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+cell+size+on+compressive+properties+of+aluminum+foam.">Effects of cell size on compressive properties of aluminum foam.</a> Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 16, 351-356 (2006).</li><li>Abdulla, T., Yerokhin, A., Goodall, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+plasma+electrolytic+oxidation+coating+on+the+specific+strength+of+open-cell+aluminium+foams.">Effect of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on the specific strength of open-cell aluminium foams.</a> Materials &amp; Design. 32, 3742-3749 (2011).</li><li>San Marchi, C., Mortensen, A., Clyne, T. W., Simancik, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+and+Comprehensive+Response+of+Open-cell+Aluminum+Foams+with+Sub-millimeter+Pores.">Fabrication and Comprehensive Response of Open-cell Aluminum Foams with Sub-millimeter Pores.</a> Euromat99. 5, 34 (1999).</li><li>San Marchi, C., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deformation+of+open-cell+aluminium+foam.">Deformation of open-cell aluminium foam.</a> Acta Materialia. 49 (19), 3959-3969 (2001).</li><li>Goodall, R., Despois, J. F., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sintering+of+NaCl+powder:+Mechanisms+and+first+stage+kinetics.">Sintering of NaCl powder: Mechanisms and first stage kinetics.</a> Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 26 (16), 3487-3497 (2006).</li><li>Despois, J. F., Conde, Y., San Marchi, C., Mortensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tensile+Behaviour+of+Replicated+Aluminium+Foams.">Tensile Behaviour of Replicated Aluminium Foams.</a> Advanced Engineering Materials. 6 (6), 444-447 (2004).</li><li>Zhao, Y. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stochastic+Modelling+of+Removability+of+NaCl+in+Sintering+and+Dissolution+Process+to+Produce+Al+Foams.">Stochastic Modelling of Removability of NaCl in Sintering and Dissolution Process to Produce Al Foams.</a> Journal of Porous Materials. 10 (2), 105-111 (2003).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

ここで説明する基本的な方法は、他の研究者によって様々な形態で使用されてきた。異なるタイプの発泡体を作成することを可能にする重要な変異体のいくつかは、議論されている。これらの発泡体の特性を、我々はこのような細孔サイズ、比表面積や厚さは、発泡体の特性の完全な理解を得るために必要とされるかもしれない支柱のような他の構造特性を迅速かつ簡単にできるように、評?...

A journal reference was corrected in the publication of <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52268">Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity</a>. Reference 21 and 22 were originally merged together as one reference. They have been separated into references 21 and 22 in the article. The reference numbers have been updated in the article to reflect this additional reference citation. It has been updated from:
<ol start="21"><li>LeMay, J.D., Hopper, R.W., Hrubesh, L.W., &#38; Pekala, R.W. Low-Density Microcellular Materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin. 15 (12), 19&#8211;20 (1990).Seliger, H., &#38; Deuther U. Die Herstellung von Schaum- und Zellaluminium. Feiburger Forschungshefte. 103&#8211;129 (1965).</li></ol>
to:
<ol start="21"><li>LeMay, J.D., Hopper, R.W., Hrubesh, L.W., &#38; Pekala, R.W. Low-Density Microcellular Materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin. 15 (12), 19&#8211;20 (1990).</li>
<li>Seliger, H., &#38; Deuther U. Die Herstellung von Schaum- und Zellaluminium. Feiburger Forschungshefte. 103&#8211;129 (1965).</li></ol>

Erratum: Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

広いなどBanhart 1とレビュー記事を至るまでに引用された作品の大きな体で示したように、金属発泡体は、近年関心と研究努力を大量に集めて、コンデら 2以上最近グドールとモーテンセン3。材料の製造に用いる方法のうち、複製プロセスは、その実験的単純さと提供することができる最終的な発泡体構造の制御の程度によって区別される。それは彼らが、彼らがより適切に、多孔質金属またはマイクロセルラー金属と呼ばれる液体内のガスの気泡によって生産されていないとして文献にそのような材料は、多くの場合、発泡体として記述（とここにいる）しているがあることに留意されたい。 複製プロセスの最初の報告書は、1960年代初頭4にあった、それはエコールポリテックでモーテンセンの研究グループによる顕著な進歩と、それ以来、様々な段階でさらに開発されましたスイスhniqueルガノローザンヌ。 プロセスは、プリフォームは、酸化を起こす溶媒浸出又は熱分解によって除去することができる冷却した後、最終的な材料2,5に多孔性の形状を規定する粒子のプリフォームの周りの金属の鋳造に依存している。この技術の一般的な使用は、アルミニウム5-10またはアルミニウム合金発泡体11-14を産生するためのスペースホルダーとしてNaClを用いる。 NaClのような、非毒性の、容易にアクセス可能で、水に溶解することによって発泡体から除去することができるなど、いくつかの利点を有する。 801℃の融点を有することによって、アルミニウム、最も一般的に、この値よりも低い融点を有する金属を用いることができるが、実施例はまた、ミックスを加湿することにより、そのようなバルク金属ガラスのような材料との使用に存在する液体パラジウム系バルク金属ガラス合金及びNaClが15の顆粒。高融点材料と、NaClの置換はまた、ページを許可高融点金属16から発泡体のroduction。これは、他の水溶性材料、または砂の異なるタイプを含む不溶性のものを挙げることができる。この形態では、プロセスはより砂、高圧水ジェット17、18、または異なる洗浄液19の形態又は20が必要とされる攪拌を除去するように、従来の砂型鋳造のようになる。 本質的なプロセスのNaCl粒子を取り、金型内に配置することによって21に進み、4、22、23。基本的な方法は、発泡挙動調査広範囲のアルミニウム及びアルミニウム合金発泡体24-26を作るために使用されてきた。追加のステップは、さらに密度を制御するために、孔の相互接続性を高めるために導入されている。これらは、プリフォームの緻密化を含む。プリフォームを緻密化するために、焼結が27採用されている、28の焼結挙動と、13が異なる実験で使用されているNaClがグドールらによって記載さ温度、顆粒のサイズおよび密度に基づく。29。この目的のために使用される別の方法は、冷間静水圧プレス（CIP）5、30である。これは、同程度の密度の大きいスペクトルを達成することができます速い手法である。手順は、金属粉末およびNaCl粒子と固体状態で行うことができ、その後、時には焼及び溶解プロセス31と呼ばれている。 日付および他の技術との比較の複製技術の使用の完全な調査はグドールとモーテンセン3に示されている。 本研究では、詳細な機器および複製法により、金属発泡体の処理のために使用されている実験プロトコルに報告し、研究室設定で実施するのが比較的容易である。別の機能が他の研究グラムに存在するとそれは、機器の他のバージョンを認識することが重要ですroups、そしてここで提示装置は、材料を処理するのに適している、それが唯一のバージョンまたは動作させることが可能なプロトコルではないこと。いずれの場合においても、任意の特定の方法の完全な理解は、実験の成功に不可欠である。 使用される正確なプロトコルは、以下に詳述する。プロトコルのバリエーション（A、B、CおよびD）は、主に製造されたフォームの密度を変化させることを意図し、それらの間に小さな変化を有する。気孔率は、バルク試料の重量、その体積及びアルミニウム（2.7グラム/ cm 3）での密度の測定値から計算された。複製によってアルミニウムフォームの製造について記載した方法を開発する試みは、方法は、可能な限り実現するのに簡単であるように、最小の可能な限り高度な機器の量を低減する試みがなされている。異なる段階で使用することができる他の変形例は後述される。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1664">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:833px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Salt</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Hydrosoft</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Granular Salt 25 kg 855754</td>
			<td>http://www.travisperkins.co.uk/p/hydrosoft-granular-salt-25kg/855754/3893446</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Aluminum</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">William Rowland</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Aluminum Ingots 99.87% pure 25 kg drum</td>
			<td>http://www.william-rowland.com/products/high-purity-metals#product-id-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Crucible</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Morgan Advance Materials</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Syncarb Crucible</td>
			<td>http://www.morganmms.com/crucibles-foundry-products/crucibles/syncarb/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Furnace</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Elite Thermal Systems</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">TLCF10/27-3216CP &#38; 2116 O/T</td>
			<td>http://www.elitefurnaces.com/eng/products/furnaces/1200%20Top%20Loading%20Furnaces.php</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Bar Mold</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">The University of Sheffield</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Custom Made</td>
			<td>Stainless Steel 304, 15 cm height, 5 cm inner diameter, 6 cm outer diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Band Saw</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Clarke</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">CBS45MD (6&#34; x 4 1/2&#34;) 370W 060710025</td>
			<td>http://www.machinemart.co.uk/shop/product/details/cbs45md-41-2in-x-6in-metal-cutting-ban</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Sandpaper</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Wickes</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Specialist wet &#38; dry sandpaper 501885</td>
			<td>http://www.wickes.co.uk/Specialist-Wet+Dry-Sandpaper-PK4/p/501885</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Sieves</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Fisherbrand test sieves 200 mm diamater</td>
			<td>http://www.fisher.co.uk/product/brand_listing.php/F/Fisherbrand/Sieve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Precisa</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">XB 6200C</td>
			<td>http://www.precisa.co.uk/precision_balances.php</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">Boron Nitride</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Kennametal</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">500 ml spray can</td>
			<td style="width:833px;">http://www.kennametal.com/content/dam/kennametal/kennametal/common/Resources/Catalogs-Literature/Advanced%20Materials%20and%20Wear%20Components/B-13-03401_ceramic_powders 
			_brochure_EN.pdf</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Infiltration Mold, Base and Lid</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">The University of Sheffield</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Custom Made</td>
			<td>Stainless Steel 304, 15 cm height, 5.1 cm inner diameter, 6 cm outer diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Cylindrical Mold</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">The University of Sheffield</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Custom Made</td>
			<td>Low carbon steel 1020, 15 cm height, 5 cm inner diameter, 6 cm outer diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Graphite Gasket</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Gee Graphite</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Geegraf Stainless Steel Reinforced Graphite 1 mm thick</td>
			<td>http://www.geegraphite.com/steel_reinforced.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Mallet</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Thor Hammer Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Round Solid Super Plastic Mallet</td>
			<td>http://www.thorhammer.com/Mallets/Round/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Wrench</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Kennedy Professional</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">13 mm Ratchet Combination Wrench KEN5822166K</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/KEN5822166K</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Nuts</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Matlock</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">M8 Steel hex full nut galvanized</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6400068J</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Washers</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Matlock</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">M8 Form-A steel washer bzp</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6451208H</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">SS Nuts</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Matlock</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">M8 A2 st/st hex full nut</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6423008F</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">SS Washers</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Matlock</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">M8 A2 st/st Form-A washer</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6464008H</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Stainless Steel Studding</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Cromwell</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">M8 x 1 Mtr A2 Stainless Steel Studding QFT6397080K</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/QFT6397080K</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Valves</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">C33205000 SP16K, Nitrile Diaphragm</td>
			<td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=C33205000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Fitting Cross</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">C10512412 NW16 Cross Piece Aluminum</td>
			<td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/C10512412/View.aspx</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Fitting T</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">C10512411 NW16 T-Piece Aluminum</td>
			<td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/C10512411/View.aspx</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Vacuum Pump</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">A36310940 E2M18 200-230/380-415V,3-ph, 50Hz</td>
			<td>http://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=A36310940</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Dial Gauge</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">D35610000 CG16K, 0-1040mbar</td>
			<td>http://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=D35610000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Argon Gas</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BOC</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Pureshield Argon Gas</td>
			<td>http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/industrial-gases/inert-gases/pureshield-argon/pureshield-argon.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Stainless Steel Hose</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BOC</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Stainless Steel Hose</td>
			<td>http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/speciality-equipment/hoses-and-pigtails/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BOC</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">HP 1500 Series Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:833px;">http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/speciality-equipment/regulators/single-stage-regulators/hp1500-series/hp1500-series.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Copper Block</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">William Rowland</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Copper Ingot 25 kg</td>
			<td>http://www.william-rowland.com/products/high-purity-metals#product-id-18</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Vise</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Record</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">T84-34 H/Duty Eng Vice 4 1/2&#34; Jaws REC5658326K</td>
			<td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/REC5658326K</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">Beaker</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">11567402 - Beaker, squat form, with graduations and spout 800mL</td>
			<td style="width:833px;">https://webshop.fishersci.com/insight2_uk/getProduct.do;jsessionid=16D5812 
			D71B8CB37B475E94281E2BEA 
			5.ukhigjavappp11?productCode=11567402&#38;resultSet 
			Position=0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Stirring Hot Plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Corning stirring hot plate Model 6798-420d</td>
			<td>http://www.corning.com/lifesciences/us_canada/en/technical_resources/product_guid/shp/shp.aspx</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">Stir Bar</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">11848862 - PTFE Stir bar + Ring 25x6 mm</td>
			<td style="width:833px;">https://webshop.fishersci.com/insight2_uk/getProduct.do;jsessionid=16D5812 
			D71B8CB37B475E94281E2BEA 
			5.ukhigjavappp11?productCode=11848862&#38;resultSet 
			Position=0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Air dryer</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">V05</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">V05 Max Air Turbo Dryer DR-120-GB</td>
			<td>http://reviews.boots.com/2111-en_gb/1120627/v05-v05-max-air-turbo-hair-dryer-dr-120-gb-reviews/reviews.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Ceramic Sheet</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Morgan Advance Materials</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Kaowool Blanket 2 mm thick</td>
			<td>http://www.morganthermalceramics.com/downloads/datasheets?f[0]=field_type%3A84</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:216px;">Vibrating Table</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Pevco</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Pevco Vibrating Table 1.25m x 0.625m x 0.6m</td>
			<td>http://www.peverilmachinery.co.uk/equipment/vibrating-tables</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

casting protocols for the production of open cell aluminum foams by the replication technique and the effect on porosity

金属フォームは、ビューの基本的な理解と実践的なアプリケーションポイントの両方から興味深い材料である。用途が提案され、多くの場合、身体にインプラントとして、高表面積の熱交換器または電極として、軽量または構造衝突エネルギー吸収のために、実験的に検証され、および多くされている。大きな進歩は、それらの構造 - 特性の関係を理解し​​てなされたものであるが、異なる処理技術の大多数は、異なる特性および構造をそれぞれ生成する材料は、構造のすべての側面の個々の効果の理解が完全でないことを意味する。溶融金属は、取り外し可能なプリフォーム材の粒子間に浸透さ複製プロセスは、制御著しく高度を可能にし、これらの関係の一部を解明するために良い効果に使用されてきた。それにもかかわらず、プロセスは、個々の「ノウハウ」に依存している多くのステップがあり、そしてこの論文は、研究環境で設定することが比較的容易であろう材料及び装置を用いて、この処理方法の一実施形態のすべての段階の詳細な説明を提供することを目的とする。このプロトコルおよびその変異体の目的は、プロセス内の特定のステップを変更することにより、サンプルの結果を調整する可能性を与え、効果的かつ簡単な方法で、金属発泡体を製造することである。これに従うことによって、1〜2.36ミリメートルの直径と77％の気孔率の61％の細孔径を有する気泡アルミニウム発泡体を得ることができる。

図4中のNaCl粒子の形態は、例示の目的のために、（角度 ​​および球状）を見ることができる。プロトコルAで得られた発泡体は、角形状の粒子を使用して作製された、残りは球状粒子を用いて作製した。これは、異なる形状のNaCl粒子の使用は、試料で得られた多孔性に何ら観察された効果がなかったことが分かった。 結果から、我々は、サンプルが（プロ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity at JoVE.com

Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

気孔率に複製技術とエフェクトでオープンセルアルミフォームの製造のためのプロトコルのキャスト

Metal foams are interesting materials from both a fundamental understanding and practical applications point of view. Uses have been proposed, and in many ...

casting-protocols-for-production-open-cell-aluminum-foams-replication

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

14.4K ビュー.  The University of Sheffield. Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

ビデオ: Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials offering a superior control over the spatial distribution of charge carriers across material interfaces. As this study demonstrates, a combination of donor-acceptor nanocrystal (NC) domains in a single nanoparticle can lead to the realization of efficient photocatalytic1-5 materials, while a layered assembly of donor- and acceptor-like nanocrystals films gives rise to photovoltaic materials.
Initially the paper focuses on the synthesis of composite inorganic nanocrystals, comprising linearly stacked ZnSe, CdS, and Pt domains, which jointly promote photoinduced charge separation. These structures are used in aqueous solutions for the photocatalysis of water under solar radiation, resulting in the production of H2 gas. To enhance the photoinduced separation of charges, a nanorod morphology with a linear gradient originating from an intrinsic electric field is used5. The inter-domain energetics are then optimized to drive photogenerated electrons toward the Pt catalytic site while expelling the holes to the surface of ZnSe domains for sacrificial regeneration (via methanol). Here we show that the only efficient way to produce hydrogen is to use electron-donating ligands to passivate the surface states by tuning the energy level alignment at the semiconductor-ligand interface. Stable and efficient reduction of water is allowed by these ligands due to the fact that they fill vacancies in the valence band of the semiconductor domain, preventing energetic holes from degrading it. Specifically, we show that the energy of the hole is transferred to the ligand moiety, leaving the semiconductor domain functional. This enables us to return the entire nanocrystal-ligand system to a functional state, when the ligands are degraded, by simply adding fresh ligands to the system4.
To promote a photovoltaic charge separation, we use a composite two-layer solid of PbS and TiO2 films. In this configuration, photoinduced electrons are injected into TiO2 and are subsequently picked up by an FTO electrode, while holes are channeled to a Au electrode via PbS layer6. To develop the latter we introduce a Semiconductor Matrix Encapsulated Nanocrystal Arrays (SMENA) strategy, which allows bonding PbS NCs into the surrounding matrix of CdS semiconductor. As a result, fabricated solids exhibit excellent thermal stability, attributed to the heteroepitaxial structure of nanocrystal-matrix interfaces, and show compelling light-harvesting performance in prototype solar cells7.

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

電荷分離ナノ結晶とその固体の手段によって太陽エネルギーを収穫

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials ...

工学

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids

In the field of fluid mechanics, many dynamical processes not only occur over a very short time interval but also require high spatial resolution for detailed observation, scenarios that make it challenging to observe with conventional imaging systems. One of these is the drop impact of liquids, which usually happens within one tenth of millisecond. To tackle this challenge, a fast imaging technique is introduced that combines a high-speed camera (capable of up to one million frames per second) with a macro lens with long working distance to bring the spatial resolution of the image down to 10 &#181;m/pixel. The imaging technique enables precise measurement of relevant fluid dynamic quantities, such as the flow field, the spreading distance and the splashing speed, from analysis of the recorded video. To demonstrate the capabilities of this visualization system, the impact dynamics when droplets of non-Newtonian fluids impinge on a flat hard surface are characterized. Two situations are considered: for oxidized liquid metal droplets we focus on the spreading behavior, and for densely packed suspensions we determine the onset of splashing. More generally, the combination of high temporal and spatial imaging resolution introduced here offers advantages for studying fast dynamics across a wide range of microscale phenomena.

Drop impact of non-Newtonian fluids is a complex process since different physical parameters influence the dynamics over a very short time (less than one tenth of a millisecond). A fast imaging technique is introduced in order to characterize the impact behaviors of different non-Newtonian fluids.

非ニュートン流体の落下衝撃ダイナミクスを研究するための高速撮像法

In the field of fluid mechanics, many dynamical processes not only occur over a very short time interval but also require high spatial resolution for ...

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

サブバンドギャップ光に色素増感型太陽電池の応答を増強する三重項 - 三重消滅アップコンバージョンシステムの統合

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

タンデム有機太陽電池におけるイオン的ゲーテッドカーボンナノチューブ共通カソードの生産のための周囲の方法

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

Misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial layers of GaP grown on Si(001) substrates are characterized through use of electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ECCI allows for imaging of defects and crystallographic features under specific diffraction conditions, similar to that possible via plan-view transmission electron microscopy (PV-TEM). A particular advantage of the ECCI technique is that it requires little to no sample preparation, and indeed can use large area, as-produced samples, making it a considerably higher throughput characterization method than TEM. Similar to TEM, different diffraction conditions can be obtained with ECCI by tilting and rotating the sample in the SEM. This capability enables the selective imaging of specific defects, such as misfit dislocations at the GaP/Si interface, with high contrast levels, which are determined by the standard invisibility criteria. An example application of this technique is described wherein ECCI imaging is used to determine the critical thickness for dislocation nucleation for GaP-on-Si by imaging a range of samples with various GaP epilayer thicknesses. Examples of ECCI micrographs of additional defect types, including threading dislocations and a stacking fault, are provided as demonstration of its broad, TEM-like applicability. Ultimately, the combination of TEM-like capabilities &#8211; high spatial resolution and richness of microstructural data &#8211; with the convenience and speed of SEM, position ECCI as a powerful tool for the rapid characterization of crystalline materials.

The use of electron channeling contrast imaging in a scanning electron microscope to characterize defects in III-V/Si heteroexpitaxial thin films is described. This method yields similar results to plan-view transmission electron microscopy, but in significantly less time due to lack of required sample preparation.

迅速なIII-Vヘテロ特徴付けのための電子チャネリングコントラストイメージング

Misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial layers of GaP grown on Si(001) substrates are characterized through use of electron channeling contrast imaging ...

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at a frequency above the acoustic range (20 kHz). As a solid-state technology, ultrasonic lubrication can be used where conventional lubricants are unfeasible or undesirable. Further, ultrasonic lubrication allows for electrical modulation of the effective friction coefficient between two sliding surfaces. This property enables adaptive systems that modify their frictional state and associated dynamic response as the operating conditions change. Surface wear can also be reduced through ultrasonic lubrication. We developed a protocol to investigate the dependence of friction force reduction and wear reduction on the linear sliding velocity between ultrasonically lubricated surfaces. A pin-on-disc tribometer was built which differs from commercial units in that a piezoelectric stack is used to vibrate the pin at 22 kHz normal to the rotating disc surface. Friction and wear metrics including effective friction force, volume loss, and surface roughness are measured without and with ultrasonic vibrations at a constant pressure of 1 to 4 MPa and three different sliding velocities: 20.3, 40.6, and 87 mm/sec. An optical profilometer is utilized to characterize the wear surfaces. The effective friction force is reduced by 62% at 20.3 mm/sec. Consistently with existing theories for ultrasonic lubrication, the percent reduction in friction force diminishes with increasing speed, down to 29% friction force reduction at 87 mm/sec. Wear reduction remains essentially constant (49%) at the three speeds considered.

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

圧電支援摩擦計と光プロフィルを用いた超音波潤滑の実験

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

核反応分析と深さ方向分析を通じて表面・界面層とバルク材料中の水素濃度の定量

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Effect of Bending on the Electrical Characteristics of Flexible Organic Single Crystal-based Field-effect Transistors

The charge transport in an organic semiconductor depends highly on the molecular packing in the crystal, which influences the electronic coupling immensely. However, in soft electronics, in which organic semiconductors play a critical role, the devices will be bent or folded repeatedly. The effect of bending on the crystal packing and thus the charge transport is crucial to the performance of the device. In this manuscript, we describe the protocol to bend a single crystal of 5,7,12,16-tetrachloro-6,13-diazapentacene (TCDAP) in the field-effect transistor configuration and to obtain reproducible I-V characteristics upon bending the crystal. The results show that bending a field-effect transistor prepared on a flexible substrate results in nearly reversible yet opposite trends in charge mobility, depending on the bending direction. The mobility increases when the device is bent toward the top gate/dielectric layer (upward, compressive state) and decreases when bent toward the crystal/substrate side (downward, tensile state). The effect of bending curvature was also observed, with greater mobility change resulting from higher bending curvature. It is suggested that the intermolecular &#960;-&#960; distance changes upon bending, thereby influencing the electronic coupling and the subsequent carrier transport ability.

This manuscript describes the bending process of an organic single crystal-based field-effect transistor to maintain a functioning device for electronic property measurement. The results suggest that bending causes changes in the molecular spacing in the crystal and thus in the charge hopping rate, which is important in flexible electronics.

フレキシブル有機単結晶ベースの電界効果トランジスタの電気的特性に曲げの影響

The charge transport in an organic semiconductor depends highly on the molecular packing in the crystal, which influences the electronic coupling ...

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional component that should have high electrical conductivity, high mechanical properties, and high productivity.
In this regard, a carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite can be an ideal material to replace the conventional graphite bipolar plate, which often leads to the catastrophic failure of the entire system because of its inherent brittleness. Though the carbon/epoxy composite has high mechanical properties and is easy to manufacture, the electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction is poor because of the resin-rich layer that forms on its surface. Therefore, an expanded graphite coating was adopted to solve the electrical conductivity issue. However, the expanded graphite coating not only increases the manufacturing costs but also has poor mechanical properties.
In this study, a method to expose fibers on the composite surface is demonstrated. There are currently many methods that can expose fibers by surface treatment after the fabrication of the composite. This new method, however, does not require surface treatment because the fibers are exposed during the manufacture of the composite. By exposing bare carbon fibers on the surface, the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of the composite are increased drastically.

A protocol to expose bare fibers on the composite surface by eliminating resin rich area is presented. The fibers are exposed during fabrication of the composites, not by the post surface treatment. The exposed carbon composites exhibit high electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction and high mechanical property.

新しい複合加工法の試作: 軟層法による複合表面にファイバーを公開

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional ...