The authors would like to acknowledge the Cleveland Metroparks, including J. Grieser, J. Markowitz, B. Garman, and supporting staff; Case Western Reserve University, Dr. J. Burns; and GLISTEN, the Great Lakes Innovative Stewardship through Education Network.

1. Streambank識別<ol><li>ストリームの一方の側に土手の均一な部分を特定します。銀行、異なるバンク材料、または植生の切れ目の劇的異なる傾斜によって、このセクションを差別化。 streambankのこのセクションでは、どちらの側にも切片から目に見えて異なるべきである。銀行の最小または最大長はありません。小さなセグメントに極端に長いセクションの分離は、評価を簡素化します。 </li></ol> 2.事前スクリーニングBEHIアンケート（図1） <ol><li> 図1からはい/いいえレスポンス均一なstreambankセクションについて以下の問いに答えよ。 <ol><li>質問に答えるつま先は、それが基本フロー条件の間に水を満たしている銀行の基部に位置しています」？以下の銀行のつま先で50％の保護に等しい銀行出品物の均一なセクションを行います &quot;;銀行の平均の一番下の6〜8インチ。 Protのectionは、埋め込まれた岩、埋め込まれた大規模な木質破片、および根ざし植生が含まれています。岩盤は、つま先の保護としてカウント。しかし、簡単に壊れやすい岩盤は、つま先の保護ではありません。 </li><li>質問に答える「銀行の50％以上が0.5フィート以上のアンダーカットを呈しないか」アンダーカットバンクが地面の下に浸食を受けたstreambankある。 </li><li>質問に答える &quot;50％または銀行展示成層のより多くしていますか？」成層地質学で明確に定義された水平のブレークがある。成層の1つの層が侵食性材料（砂、砂利、またはマトリックス）で構成されなければならない。 </li><li>質問に答える「銀行の50％以上、50％以上の汚れ露光で10フィート以上の土手高さがありますか？」と</li><li>質問に答える「バンク材（土壌）を欠く銀行出品物の根の50％以上していますか？」 </li><li>質問に答える「50％以上根ざし植生の銀行のボイドのより？＆＃です8221。 </li></ol></li><li> 図1アンケートに2つ以上の「YES」の回答がある場合streambankエロージョンが発生している又は発生することは重要性があるように、銀行のBEHI評価を行う。 </li><li> 図1アンケート未満2「YES」の答えがある場合は、銀行が無浸食（低BEHI定格まですなわち 、非常に低い）にはほとんどを経験しているので、BEHI評価を開始しないでください。 </li></ol> 3. BEHI評価データシート（図3） <ol><li>日付、天気、およびBEHI評価データシート上に設けられたスペースで人員を記録します。 </li><li>評価されている銀行の数を記録します。たとえば、ように図1に示すように、その日の評価さ最初のバンク2は、3の評価された第二のバンクであり、4,5、...と。 </li><li> GPSは、最上流（水から流れている場合）、最も下流の座標取る（水溶iは銀行のポイント）に流れる秒。精度を確保するために可能なバンクの近くに立っている。 </li><li>銀行の両方の上流と下流の地点で撮影してください。写真の中の銀行の主な機能をキャプチャします。 （ すなわち 、層別、大型木質破片のジャムなど）、銀行またはチャネルの機能をキャプチャするために追加の写真を撮る。参考のためにピクチャ番号を記録します。 </li><li> （左岸または右岸）評価されるストリームの側面を記録します。下流に直面したとき左岸と右岸を決定する。それぞれ左右。 </li><li>銀行のトップに銀行のつま先から、足で、銀行の高さを測定します。一般的に水の流れに平行に横たわって、傾きの最初の定義可能なブレークによって銀行の上部を決定します。 </li><li>銀行での最上流と最下流点の間に、足に、つま先での銀行の長さを測定します。 </li><li>で「はい」と答えたされた質問の数を書く初期の「事前スクリーニングBEHIアンケートの「ステップ2で。 </li><li>インフラへの距離やインフラの種類（ すなわち 、橋梁、排水溝、道路、ユーティリティ、家屋など）に注意してください。 </li><li>サークル存在している以下の定性的な指標のいずれか：Unvegetated半ばチャンネルバー/編組ダムの下流チャネル、両側にさらさ木の根、両側に傾い木、暴露インフラ、低迷streambanks、headcuts、とまった支流、失敗しましたそのような護岸壁、蛇籠バスケットやカルバートなどの「ベスト·マネジメント·プラクティス」（BMPの）。 </li><li>銀行の材料の組成に注意してください。評価中でバンク部に沿って見出される主な材料を記録します。 注：Streambanksは、材料のミックスすることができます。例えば、銀行は「上記のトレース砂利とつま先で頁岩、及びシルト質砂」を持っていることがあります。 「シルト質砂は「シルトより多くの砂を示し、「トレース砂利は」を示している砂利の少量。 「サンディシルトは「砂よりも多くのシルトを示している。 </li><li>材料の侵食性に基づいて、バンク材料の調整を行います。 <ol><li>侵食性の高い率を持っていない材料のための10のポイント（ すなわち 、丸石）まで引きます。極めて浸食性材料（ すなわち 、砂）のために10ポイントを追加します。平均スコアは、（ 図4）がより適切であろうように、材料（ すなわち 、トレース砂利砂利又はシルト質砂砂）の混合物は、より頻繁に、ストリーム系において見出されている。これは必須では調整できません。 結果のセクションでは、 図4を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>試験バンク高さに対する植物の平均の根の深さの比率を決定する、植生（ 図5）により、バンク材料の付着を推定するために、パーセンテージとして表した。 <ol><li>視覚銀行のつま先に銀行の上から垂直に根の深さを推定する。 exampのために根がバンクの上半分に成長している場合ル、根の深さが50％となる。つま先バンクの上部から成長根が存在する場合、ルート深さを100％であろう。 </li><li>評価中のセクション全体に沿って根の深さの平均割合を取る。 （根をぶら下げ、 すなわち 。）バンク材料の空隙である根を考慮していない。 </li><li>データシート上で、その割合のスコアを記録するために「BEHIスコアチャート」を使用し、その後、バンク全体に基づく割合を推定します。 結果のセクションで図5を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>ルート材料からなるバンクの量を視覚的に評価することにより、ルートの密度を決定するパーセントとして表した。 <ol><li>バンク材料の空隙である根を考慮していない。小、繊維状根は非常に密で、木々の大きな根系（ 図6Aおよび6B）に比べ大きく、土壌保持を提供することができます。に基づいて割合を推定バンク全体、データ·シートにその割合のスコアを記録するために「BEHIスコアチャート」を使用。 結果のセクションにある図6を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>銀行上部の付け根の流れ（ 図7）の間に水線での下位バンクからの角度を測定します。極端にアンダーカット銀行は120度までの角度を持つことができます。 <ol><li>バンク角を推定するか、可能な場合は、傾斜計を使用するために、喫水線に対して90度の角度で測定棒を置く。評価中のセクション全体に沿ってバンク角の平均を取る。セクションは、主にアンダーカット110度が小さい部分90度である場合、記録された程度は、約100℃であろう。 </li><li>データシート上で、その割合のスコアを記録するために「BEHIスコアチャート」を使用し、その後、バンク全体に基づく割合を推定します。 結果Sで、図7を参照してくださいection。 </li></ol></li><li>表面保護存在、streambank覆われ、木質破片、根付いた植物、埋め込 ​​まれた岩、護岸、岩盤、または浸食からstreambankを保護する他の埋め込 ​​まれた材料（ 図8）で保護さの量を決定します。 <ol><li>視覚びらん性力にさらされていないstreambankの割合を推定する。データシート上で、その割合のスコアを記録するために「BEHIスコアチャート」を使用し、その後、バンク全体に基づく割合を推定します。 結果のセクションで、図8を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>視覚成層層の数を決定する。層別化が原因となり、優先的な浸食（ 図9）のゾーンを強化する可能性を秘めている地質学で明確に定義された水平の休憩を指します。 <ol><li>成層の層が存在しているどのように多くの録音。 結果のセクションにある図9を参照してください。 </li></ol> &lt;/ LI&gt; <li>増加した侵食が成層のために発生している場合は、成層調整を行います。 <ol><li>成層の単層のための5点（二つの異なる地質層）まで追加。成層の複数の層（3異なる地質層）のための10ポイントを追加します。材料の少なくとも1層が、（砂、砂利、またはマトリックス）浸食性である場合にのみ成層のために調整します。 </li><li>成層の層はすなわち 、水との関係でどこ考えてみましょう。、50フィート基本フロー上にある成層の層はびらん性効果がない可能性があります。銀行のつま先近く成層層が非常にびらん性効果を有することができる。平均スコアは、材料がどのように侵食性を考慮し、ここで、成層層は、水に関連している場合は特に、必要であり得る。これは必須では調整できません。 </li></ol></li><li>非常に低い/低い（全体的な修正BEHI格付けを決定するために一緒にすべての項目を追加します。4から15.5、適度な：15.75211。 23.5、高：23.75から31.5、非常に高い：31.75から36.5、または極端：評価しstreambank用&gt; 36.5）。データシート上に設けられたスペースに合計スコアと評価を記録します。 </li><li> streambankの詳細をメモしておいてください。たとえば、streambankは蛇行曲げ、大型木質破片ジャム、場所カルバートの中から、または強力な石油臭の外側にある。ここでは、失敗したあらゆるインフラに注意してください。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The most critical steps for accurate completion of the modified BEHI protocol are to: correctly identify a uniform section of streambank to assess, if the streambank length has too much variability it is best to separate and assess smaller segments to accurately capture the erodibility of the streambank; complete the Pre-Screening Questionnaire to confirm that a BEHI assessment should be completed on that streambank, if there is uncertainty in whether a bank passes the Pre-Screening Questionnaire, a BEHI assessment shoul...

Streambank侵食が自然なプロセスです。しかし、過度の侵食が浮遊砂2の形での非点源汚染を大幅に貢献することができる。増加浮遊砂は水質、物理的、及びストリーム3の生物学的機能に影響を与えます。人間の影響が大幅にstreambank浸食に影響し、大幅堆積物の負荷4を増やし、特に嵐の水の流出と不浸透性の表面5の増加があり、都市のシステムですることができます。より高い土砂負荷がマイナスの水質とストリーム6の生態系に影響を与えることができる。クリーブランドメトロを通じて流域管理慣行が見つけ、在庫ソースを、ストリーム、水辺、および生息地の復旧においてだけでなく、効果的な経営戦略を支援するために潜在的なstreambank侵食の危険性を評価しようとします。 デビッドRosgenは、原野水文学で、河岸侵食を開発ストリーム上streambank侵食の感受性を評価する危険度指数（BEHI）は、いくつかの侵食変数7の組み合わせに基づいてリーチ。 BEHIはバンク材料、層化、根の深さ及び密度を含む、streambank浸食の重症度および確率をランク付けするために様々な指標を使用して、バンク角、バンク高さ比、及び表面保護の量にbankfull高さ。 BEHIアセスメントは、特定のstreambankのために、全体的なBEHI評価（非常に、低い低い、中程度、高い、非常に高い、または極端）に対応する数値を割り当てます。このプロトコルは、潜在的なstreambank侵食8-10を評価する際に有効であったと他の水質と生息地の評価と併せて使用することができる。高BEHIの評価を示すStreambanksは日和見種11の主になる、より少ない多様かつ安定性の低い底生動物のコミュニティに対応することが示されている。オリジナルBEHI方法Iものの有用だ、それは非常に時間がかかり、非専門家のために困難であり、特定の地形領域に限定、特に沖積ストリーム状態12に合わせて調整することができる。 このプロトコルへの変更は、これらの制約に対処するために必要であった。 「事前スクリーニングアンケート」（ 図1）は 、より高い浸食領域に評価を中心に、非常に低いか、または低いランク付けしやすいstreambanksを特定し、排除するために開発され、BEHIを実行するために必要な時間およびリソースの量を減少したストリーム全体で評価。アンケートはまた、オリジナルのBEHIプロトコルに基づいて、浸食性材料として評価されない極端に浸食シェール岩盤13、などの北東オハイオ州で見られる沖積と非沖積ストリーム条件、間の地質の違いに対応しています。ことができますbankfull段階を含む研究銀行·高さの比率の測定基準の撤廃、決定することは非常に困難、より高速streambank評価のためにと非専門家は導入研修との評価を完了するのを許可された。研究銀行·高さの比率のこの除去は、環境品質14のミシガン州省でジョーRATHBUNによって開発された修正されたBEHI手順に基づいていた。フィールドの追加計算の必要性を排除するために、他のすべてのメトリックがバンク角を除いて、百分率、及び成層とバンク材料の調整として表現さ​​れる。根密度は、最初の根が伸長している根からなる土壌のパーセントとして表した。これは、バンク全体の高さを考慮してルート深さを掛けた。しかし、我々は、バンク全体における根の密度の簡単な見積もりでこれを置き換える。スコア調整は研究銀行、高比メトリック推定パーセントの除去を考慮するために、元のBEHIスコアリングシステムに加えられた。オリジナルBEHIで説明したようにプロトコル測定されたメトリックは、1-10のリスク評価（10リスクの最高レベルである）に変換した。 1から10までのリスク評価は非常に、低い低い、中程度、高い、非常に高く、そして極端な潜在的な浸食の評価を危険に対応しています。これらの関係は、野外観察10のカタログに基づいて設立された。修正されたBEHIプロトコルでは、研究銀行·高さの比率のメトリックのスコアは、新たな合計スコアとリスク評価（ 図2）を反映するために、元のBEHIスコアリングシステムから差し引いた。これらの変更は、北東部のオハイオ州の元BEHIプロトコルの制限に対処し、一貫性を維持し、ユーザーの偏りを減らすのに支援した。 改変BEHIプロトコルはクリーブランドメトロ内の複数の高優先度のストリームを評価した。オリジナルBEHI評価は同定における修飾の有効性を確認するために、ストリームの長さに、訓練されたクリーブランドメトロパークの担当者によって行われた浸食の高いレートでstreambanksをfying。修正されたBEHIプロトコルはクリーブランドメトロを通じてstreambank浸食を評価するために、専門家、ボランティア、スタッフ、学生によって使用されます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="745">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">200&#39; reel tape measure</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Tape measure can be used to measure bank length and height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Inclinometer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Inclinometer may be used to measure bank angle.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:216px;">GPS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">GPS is used to take points along the stream, make sure for mapping purposes to use a GPS that takes accurate readings.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Camera is used to take photos of the banks under assessment and of any major stream features.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modifying the bank erosion hazard index (behi) protocol for rapid assessment of streambank erosion in northeastern ohio

Understanding the source of pollution in a stream is vital to preserving, restoring, and maintaining the stream&#8217;s function and habitat it provides. Sediments from highly eroding streambanks are a major source of pollution in a stream system and have the potential to jeopardize habitat, infrastructure, and stream function. Watershed management practices throughout the Cleveland Metroparks attempt to locate and inventory the source and rate the risk of potential streambank erosion to assist in formulating effect stream, riparian, and habitat management recommendations. The Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), developed by David Rosgen of Wildland Hydrology is a fluvial geomorphic assessment procedure used to evaluate the susceptibility of potential streambank erosion based on a combination of several variables that are sensitive to various processes of erosion. This protocol can be time consuming, difficult for non-professionals, and confined to specific geomorphic regions. To address these constraints and assist in maintaining consistency and reducing user bias, modifications to this protocol include a &#8220;Pre-Screening Questionnaire&#8221;, elimination of the Study Bank-Height Ratio metric including the bankfull determination, and an adjusted scoring system. This modified protocol was used to assess several high priority streams within the Cleveland Metroparks. The original BEHI protocol was also used to confirm the results of the modified BEHI protocol. After using the modified assessment in the field, and comparing it to the original BEHI method, the two were found to produce comparable BEHI ratings of the streambanks, while significantly reducing the amount of time and resources needed to complete the modified protocol.

オリジナルBEHIプロトコル（ 図10）で評価した場合の事前スクリーニングアンケートに合格しなかったと修正されたBEHIプロトコルで評価されなかったStreambanksは、低いまたは非常に低いランクインしています。これはすぐに浸食の極端な速度に中程度発生しているstreambanksを識別するための方法として、事前スクリーニングアンケートの使用をサポートしています。 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio at JoVE.com

Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

Streambank erosion potential can be evaluated and ranked using David Rosgen&#8217;s Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), however this protocol has significant limitations. Here we present protocol modifications to address time constraints, allow nonprofessionals to complete accurate assessments, and account for non-alluvial stream conditions in Northeast Ohio.

北東オハイオ州のStreambank浸食を迅速に評価するための河岸侵食の危険指数（BEHI）プロトコルの変更

Understanding the source of pollution in a stream is vital to preserving, restoring, and maintaining the stream&#8217;s function and habitat it provides. ...

modifying-bank-erosion-hazard-index-behi-protocol-for-rapid

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

9.0K ビュー.  Cleveland Metroparks. Streambank erosion potential can be evaluated and ranked using David Rosgen’s Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), however this protocol has significant limitations. Here we present protocol modifications to address time constraints, allow nonprofessionals to complete accurate assessments, and account for non-alluvial stream conditions in Northeast Ohio.

ビデオ: Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

Use of Chironomidae (Diptera) Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. Unfortunately, traditional benthic larval sampling methods, such as the dip-net, can be time-consuming and expensive. An alternative protocol involves collection of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Chironomidae is a species-rich family of flies (Diptera) whose immature stages typically occur in aquatic habitats. Adult chironomids emerge from the water, leaving their pupal skins, or exuviae, floating on the water&#8217;s surface. Exuviae often accumulate along banks or behind obstructions by action of the wind or water current, where they can be collected to assess chironomid diversity and richness. Chironomids can be used as important biological indicators, since some species are more tolerant to pollution than others. Therefore, the relative abundance and species composition of collected SFPE reflect changes in water quality. Here, methods associated with field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of chironomid SFPE are described in detail. Advantages of the SFPE method include minimal disturbance at a sampling area, efficient and economical sample collection and laboratory processing, ease of identification, applicability in nearly all aquatic environments, and a potentially more sensitive measure of ecosystem stress. Limitations include the inability to determine larval microhabitat use and inability to identify pupal exuviae to species if they have not been associated with adult males.

Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to monitor and assess water quality. An efficient protocol involves collections of Chironomidae surface-floating pupal exuviae (SFPE). Here, techniques for field collection, laboratory processing, slide mounting, and identification of Chironomidae SFPE are described.

水域のためのユスリカ（双翅目）簡易生物調査プロトコルとして表面フローティング蛹脱皮殻の使用

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. ...

環境学

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

腸内のメタンと反芻動物からの二酸化炭素排出量を監視するために、自動システム（GreenFeed）の使用

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

水中の農薬のモニタリングのための特性とパッシブサンプラーの応用

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

海面とサンプル分析にMicroplasticsサンプリングのためのプロトコル

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

測定と土壌侵食と堆積土炭酸濃度農業経営に関連のパターンのマッピング

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and stability of the suspension. In this study, a systematic step-wise approach is carried out to identify optimal sonication conditions in order to achieve a stable dispersion. This approach has been adopted and shown to be suitable for several nanomaterials (cerium oxide, zinc oxide, and carbon nanotubes) dispersed in deionized (DI) water. However, with any change in either the nanomaterial type or dispersing medium, there needs to be optimization of the basic protocol by adjusting various factors such as sonication time, power, and sonicator type as well as temperature rise during the process. The approach records the dispersion process in detail. This is necessary to identify the time points as well as other above-mentioned conditions during the sonication process in which there may be undesirable changes, such as damage to the particle surface thus affecting surface properties. Our goal is to offer a harmonized approach that can control the quality of the final, produced dispersion. Such a guideline is instrumental in ensuring dispersion quality repeatability in the nanoscience community, particularly in the field of nanotoxicology.

Here, we present a step-wise protocol for the dispersion of nanomaterials in aqueous media with real-time characterization to identify the optimal sonication conditions, intensity, and duration for improved stability and uniformity of nanoparticle dispersions without impacting the sample integrity.

水溶液中におけるナノ材料の分散: プロトコルの最適化に向けて

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

木の幹の水分量を監視するための校正と静電容量センサーの使用

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

The killifish Nothobranchius furzeri is an emerging model organism in the field of ecotoxicology and its applicability in acute and chronic ecotoxicity testing has been demonstrated. Overall, the sensitivity of the species to toxic compounds is in the range with, or higher than, that of other model species.
This work describes protocols for acute, chronic, and multigenerational bioassays of single and combined stressor effects on N. furzeri. Due to its short maturation time and life-cycle, this vertebrate model allows the study of endpoints such as maturation time and fecundity within four months. Transgenerational full life-cycle exposure trials can be performed in as little as 8 months. Since this species produces eggs that are drought-resistant and remain viable for years, the on-site culture of the species is not needed but individuals can be recruited when required. The protocols are designed to measure life-history traits (mortality, growth, fecundity, weight) and critical thermal maximum.

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

In this work, we describe an acute, chronic and multigenerational bioassay to study the effects of single and combined stressors on the Turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. This protocol is designed to study life-history traits (mortality, growth, fecundity, weight) and critical thermal maximum.

急性および慢性毒性試験ターコイズ メダカによる furzeriのためのプロトコル

The killifish Nothobranchius furzeri is an emerging model organism in the field of ecotoxicology and its applicability in acute and chronic ecotoxicity ...

Experimental Protocol for Examining Behavioral Response Profiles in Larval Fish: Application to the Neuro-stimulant Caffeine

Fish models and behaviors are increasingly used in the biomedical sciences; however, fish have long been the subject of ecological, physiological and toxicological studies. Using automated digital tracking platforms, recent efforts in neuropharmacology are leveraging larval fish locomotor behaviors to identify potential therapeutic targets for novel small molecules. Similar to these efforts, research in the environmental sciences and comparative pharmacology and toxicology is examining various behaviors of fish models as diagnostic tools in tiered evaluation of contaminants and real-time monitoring of surface waters for contaminant threats. Whereas the zebrafish is a popular larval fish model in the biomedical sciences, the fathead minnow is a common larval fish model in ecotoxicology. Unfortunately, fathead minnow larvae have received considerably less attention in behavioral studies. Here, we develop and demonstrate a behavioral profile protocol using caffeine as a model neurostimulant. Though photomotor responses of fathead minnows were occasionally affected by caffeine, zebrafish&#160;were markedly more sensitive for photomotor and locomotor endpoints, which responded at environmentally relevant levels. Future studies are needed to understand comparative behavioral sensitivity differences among fish with age and time of day, and to determine whether similar behavioral effects would occur in nature and be indicative of adverse outcomes at the individual or population levels of biological organization.

Here, we present a protocol to examine larval zebrafish and fathead minnow locomotor activities and photomotor responses (PMR) using an automated tracking software. When incorporated in common toxicology bioassays, analyses of these behaviors provide a diagnostic tool to examine chemical bioactivity. This protocol is described using caffeine, a model neurostimulant.

稚魚の行動応答プロファイルを調べるための実験プロトコル: 神経興奮剤カフェインへの応用

Fish models and behaviors are increasingly used in the biomedical sciences; however, fish have long been the subject of ecological, physiological and ...

Laboratory and Field Protocol for Estimating Sheet Erosion Rates from Dendrogeomorphology

Sheet erosion is among the crucial drivers of soil degradation. Erosion is controlled by environmental factors and human activities, which often lead to severe environmental impacts. The understanding of sheet erosion is, consequently, a worldwide issue with implications for both environment and economies. However, the knowledge on how erosion evolves in space and time is still limited, as well as its effects on the environment. Below, we explain a new dendrogeomorphological protocol for deriving eroded soil thickness (Ex) by acquiring accurate microtopographic data using both terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and microtopographic profile gauges. Additionally, standard dendrogeomorphic procedures, dependent on anatomical variations in root rings, are utilized to establish the timing of exposure. Both TLS and microtopographic profile gauges are used to obtain ground surface pro&#64257;les, from which Ex is estimated after the threshold distance (TD) is determined, i.e., the distance between the root and the sediment knickpoint, which allows de&#64257;ning the lowering of the ground surface caused by sheet erosion. For each profile, we measured the height between the topside of the root and a virtual plane tangential to the ground surface. In this way, we intended to avoid small-scale impacts of soil deformation, which may be due to pressures exerted by the root system, or by the arrangement of exposed roots. This may provoke small amounts of soil sedimentation or erosion depending on how they physically affect the surface runoff. We demonstrate that an adequate microtopographic characterization of exposed roots and their associated ground surface is very valuable to obtain accurate erosion rates. This finding could be utilized to develop the best management practices designed to eventually halt or perhaps, at least, lessen soil erosion, so that more sustainable management policies can be put into practice.

Characterizing erosion from dendrogeomorphology has usually focused on accurately finding the starting time of root exposure, by examining macroscopic or cell level changes caused by exposure. Here, we offer a detailed description of different novel techniques to obtain more precise erosion rates from highly accurate microtopographic data.

実験室およびフィールド プロトコル Dendrogeomorphology からシート侵食速度の推定

Sheet erosion is among the crucial drivers of soil degradation. Erosion is controlled by environmental factors and human activities, which often lead to ...