著者は、設計とテストのセットアップを製造する際の彼らの助けのために運命ガルシア、セレナフェラーロ、エリックQuirozとスティーブン·カーン（先進複合材料の研究、工学と科学研究室）を感謝。ショーン·マローン、マイケル·赤堀、デビッドKehlet（工学製作ラボ）は、それらの提案や加工プロセスの支援のために承認されます。国立科学財団の支援（共同助成CMMI-1265691およびそのREUサプリメント）とA. Muliana、テキサス＆M大学（主任研究者）への米海軍研究局（N00014-13-1-0604、およびV.ラサポナーラ、）プログラムディレクターYapaラージャパクサによって管理することは感謝して高く評価されています。

1.検体のロード<ol><li>タンクの蓋を上げます（ 図4）側がサポートする際にそれを休ま。 </li><li> Uボルトで試料を置き、クロスバーは試験片の中央に接触していることを確認してください。 </li><li>蓋からぶら下がっアルミ支持体上の試験片の両端を休ま。試験片の両端はオーバーハング5〜10 mmの持っている必要があります。 </li><li>繰り返しますがテストされます標本のすべてのために1.2〜1.4を繰り返します。 </li><li>蓋サポートを外し、下蓋、および蓋は、タンクのリップに着座していることを確認してください。 </li><li>外側プーリ隣鋼棒に重みを加えることによって、所望の力を加える。 </li></ol> 2.変位測定<ol><li>文字列ポテンショラインがピンと張っ引かれていることを確認します。 </li><li>デジタルマルチメータを使用して、ピン3のピン1に黒と赤で、ポテンショメータの外 ​​ピン（ 図3）間の抵抗を測定すると読書を記録します。 </li><li> （この場合は、1kΩのは64.895ミリメートル変位に相当）抵抗は校正係数を計算することによって読み変位に読んで変換します。 </li><li>繰り返しますが、各試料のための2.1から2.3を繰り返します。 </li></ol> 3.標本計量<ol><li>計量手順を開始する前に、変位データを記録およびASTM D5229 31、または適切なテストの標準に従って、室温での試験流体を充填暫定保持チャンバーを準備します。 </li><li>スチールケーブルの端からスロット重みを削除します。 </li><li>タンクの蓋を持ち上げ、サイドサポートの際にそれを休ま。 </li><li>試料を取り出して、準備された暫定保持室に配置します。標本のすべてに対して、この手順を繰り返します。 </li><li>標本を削除し、個別に余分な水分を除去するために、マイクロファイバーの布を使用してそれらを乾燥させてください。 </li><li>高精度のスケールで試料を置き、データrを記録eading。 </li><li>を繰り返し、すべての試験片の3.5から3.6を繰り返した後、 プロトコルステップ1に従ってください。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

取得したデータからは、コンカレントテストシナリオは、独立気泡ポリウレタン発泡体試験片の耐久性に影響を与えなかったことが分かる。これは、乾燥および湿潤試料の（ 図6）（図5）が有意に異なる変位を比較して故障の残留負荷によって見ることができる。 図7残留強度試験後の試験片の写真を示す。また、乾燥試料の変位は、24時間の観察期間内に定常状態?...

ポリマーおよび繊維強化ポリマー（FRP）複合材料は、航空機や宇宙船、海軍艦艇、公共インフラに至るまで、土木構造物の様々な採用されている、（Katnam ら 1、Hollaway 2、Mouritz らの例のレビューを参照。3）、車や電車、風車翼、縫合糸およびインプラント補綴と生体材料へ。これらの材料は「耐久性）はメタルバックポリエチレン6に着るa）は熱機械的荷重の組み合わせを含むことができる複雑なサービスシナリオ、 例えば 、公共インフラ4において、凍結融解サイクル、亜音速/超音速飛行プロファイル5、に影響される。 、環境·化学剤、 例えば 、海水、除氷、航空宇宙、海軍の構造7-10による唾液11にポリメチルメタクリレート歯科用複合材料の分解のための作動油にb）の劣化。 c）の複雑なINTE締め付けまたは結合した関節における材料のractions、 例えば 、異種材料間の電解腐食や剥離、航空機のアルミ皮膚上の炭素/ファイバパッチ修理、またはステンレス鋼12によって締結カーボン/ PEEK製骨プレートにいるかどうか。 これらの材料の長期耐久性に同時稼働中の刺激の影響残念ながら限られた知識がある。ほとんどのポリマーは、粘弾性材料として分類することができる。機械的な負荷および環境条件が大きく、ポリマーの粘弾性応答に影響を与える。したがって、これらの材料の長期動作の信頼性モデルは、結合された温湿度、機械的、化学的刺激への時間依存性応答を組み込むことができるべきである。これは次に、設計の予測、安全性、状態監視保全/交換プロトコルが向上します。 温湿度の影響に関する実験的試験に大きな文学本体があります例えば、温湿度の拡散試験用：サンプルのスケールで許可されていれば、材料サンプルを、所望の湿度と温度のレベルでチャンバ内に配置することができる。試料は、数週間から数年10,13-17に、一定の時間のため、それらの質量及び/又は体積変化を測定するために、定期的に除去される。湿熱試験は、材料のみの機械的応答に湿熱刺激の効果に関する情報を提供し、機械的試験、 すなわち 、残留/静的疲労強度/破壊力学試験17-19、続いてもよい。テストデータは、単純なフィックの拡散の濃度、ストレス、温度、可逆的物理的老化/可塑化で不可逆化学反応への依存性を含むモデルに、変化する複雑性の拡散モデルに取り付けることができる。この実験的な出力は、さらなる構造解析に組み込むことができる。 いくつかの著者は、同時HYの影響に対処しているgrothermalと機械的刺激。それらの研究FRP複合材料の中では、ノイマンとGarom浸漬し20は強調し、蒸留水でストレスのない標本。応力が異なるバネ剛性と圧縮荷重を使用して負荷を調整する、圧縮されたステンレス鋼ばねの内側に標本を配置することにより塗布した。同様の手順がワンらによって報告されている。21。 HelblingとKarbhari 22は、異なる相対湿度パーセント（RH％）と温度レベルの環境チャンバ内に曲げ治具を用いる。プレコンディショニング試験片は、その複合の静的極限引張り歪みのパーセンテージに対応する、所定の曲げ歪みレベルに供した。 Kasturiarachchiとプリチャード23は、大きなガラスデシケーター中で棚の上に配置したステンレス鋼4点曲げ治具（検体ごとに1つ）を用意しました。デシケーターを部分的に、蒸留水で満たされた府を防ぐために、小さなリークを有した圧力のildup、95％RHでの湿度室に入れた。ゲッレールトとターリー7を組み合わせクリープ荷重および100％RH下での耐久性のための海洋グレードのFRP複合検体を調べた。完全に海水に浸されている間、それらのサンプルは、障害静的たわみ荷重の20％に等しい一定の荷重で4点曲げにロードした。クリープ変形は、中央断面のビーム、及びガラス板の外表面の間に厚さゲージを用いて定期的に取得した（これは、そのような測定は、チャンバの外部で実行されたと推定される）。アブデル-Magid ら 24検体を究極のアキシアル荷重の20％で、繊維方向に沿ってテンションにロードされたように、NASAラングレーによって提供されたインバー環境具にガラス/エポキシのサンプルを置いた。 EllyinとRohrbarcher 25には、最大140日間温湿度テストを実行した後、油圧式試験機で疲労試験片をテストした。標本複数のチューブと、水供給源に接続された湿ったチーズクロスに包まれた。伯爵ら 26は、ロード·フィクスチャと大きな環境室（5.5メートル3）で標本を配置。 多くの実験的研究で検討したように、環境条件は、ポリマー「機械的特性および応答に影響を与える。いくつかの限定された実験はまた、機械的応力/歪みの存在がポリマー中に拡散プロセスに影響を与えることを示している。したがって、機械的および非機械的効果の両方の下でポリマーベースの材料の全体的なパフォーマンス上の理解を高めるために、同時検査が必要とされている。 この論文で議論テストプラットフォームの設計の背後にあるいくつかの目的がありました。まず、プラットフォームは、風力タービンaのFRPサンドイッチ複合材料の異なるタイプのhygrothermo機械的挙動に複数年の調査における実験の一部であるND海軍のエンジニアリングアプリケーション。テストデータは、ポリマー複合材料の粘弾性構成方程式のパラメータを較正するために使用される。構成モデルはMulianaと共同研究者27〜30によって長年にわたって開発作業に基づいています。第二の目的は、 例えば 、容易に実験室で再配置することができた例の1（ 例えば 、質量測定のためのスケールに、または流体の供給源に、のために、低コストかつユーザーフレンドリーなテストのプラットフォームを持っていることだった1が来て蛇口、換気フードまたは可燃性のキャビネットから）。第三の目標は、このように標本がそのような化学物質に浸漬することができ、一般的にサービスで使用される化学物質の数（特に、作動油、除氷、航空宇宙用途8-10のための洗浄溶剤）に耐性のあるテスト·プラットフォームを作成することでした、とその耐久性を評価することができた。 室（ 図1）は 、高密度polyethyleで構築した高い耐薬品性を有してね。上述したように、今後は、油圧流体に浸漬複合材料のhygrothermo機械的調査、除氷、洗浄溶剤を含むことが期待される。熱調節は、テストの不可欠な側面であるので、発泡ポリスチレンフォームは、環境との熱交換を防止するために、タンクの側面の周りにフィットし、テープと鉄骨自体によって所定の位置に固定した。 チャンバの蓋（ 図2）は 、ユーザがテストを妨害することなく、テスト中の試料を観察することができ、透明、9.525ミリメートル厚のポリカーボネートから製造した。蓋は、タンクの両側に張り出したブラケットの下にスライドする機械加工したアルミニウムT-バーによって適所に固定される。 標本の曲げは、蓋から垂れ下がり、および蓋のスロットに固定されている3アルミブロック、が制定されている。 3ブロックは、4秒まで許可する蓋スロットはブロック間隔が標本の長さに応じて調整することを可能にしながらpecimensは、一度にテストされる。各ブロックは、ASTM標準D790-10の遵守で、12.7ミリメートルの直径との接触エッジに丸みを帯びている。標本は（ 図1-2）を曲げ誘導するために、その中心に適用上向きの力を3つのブロックの2の下に配置されている。 装置は、最大の汎用性と使いやすさを念頭に置いて設計されました。 41.275ミリメートルの直径を有するキャスターは、モビリティの目的のために、チャンバの下に固定されている。それらの上方に、タンク支持用金網底とクロスビームを溶接鋼管フレームによって支持されている。外部のタンクのコーナー角度ストックスペーサーは、（後述する、文字列ポット装置）オーバーヘッド重量及び変位計によって押しつぶされるの絶縁を保つために製造した。トップの周りに、角度ストックはフレーミングのために再び使用した。 measuにプーリーと文字列ポテンショメータシステムミッドスパン偏向再4鋼、正方形チューブアーチ（ 図3）に取り付けられている。これらの4人のうち中央2アーチは、文字列のポテンショメータを運ぶと試料汎用性を考慮するように調節可能である。文字列のポテンショメータは、3方面からの電子出力をねじりバネ（リトラクタブルキーランヤードで見つけることができるように）とポテンショメータを用いて構築した。プーリーが整列し、調節可能なウェイト·アプリケーション用チャンバーの側面上吊りロッドに試料による剛性の接続から実行されているスチールケーブルで使用するために実装されている。 負荷は、ケーブル、滑車、結合および一連のボルトを使用して試料に適用される。 、10mmのクロスバーはスパンの中央に接触しているように、最初に、試料は、Uボルト内に配置される。各端部のアイボルトと9.525ミリメートル直径のスチールロッドは、次にUボルトに接続される。この鋼の接続は、チャンバの蓋を通過する。スチールケーブルとケブラーThreadは、Uボルト反対アイボルトに取り付けられている。これは文字列のポテンショメータからケブラースレッドが剛性の点からデータを読み取ることができます。スチールケーブルは、上向きに継続し、負荷がタンクの周囲に適用することができる2つのプーリの上を通過する。ケーブルは、次に、スロット重量ハンガーとしての9.525ミリメートル直径のスチールロッドに取り付けられている。このハンガースロット重みが所望の負荷を適用するために設定することができる場所を提供する。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="581">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:127px;">Name of Material/</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:140px;">Company</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:129px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:185px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:127px;">Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:127px;">Aluminum 6061 rectangular bars</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">McMaster-Carr, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">8975K268, 1668T72, 7062T17,&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">Aluminum 6061 90 deg. angles</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">McMaster-Carr, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">8982K91, 8982K14&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">440C stainless steel</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">McMaster-Carr, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">6253K52</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="2" style="height:43px;width:127px;">High-density polyethylene sheets</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:140px;">Tap Plastics, USA</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:129px;">N/A (0.236 in. thick x 10.75 in. wide x 16.75 in. long)</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="2" style="height:43px;width:127px;">High-density polyethylene sheets</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:140px;">Tap Plastics, USA</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:129px;">N/A (0.354 in. thick x 6 in. wide x 10 in. long)</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="2" style="height:43px;width:127px;">High-density polyethylene sheets</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:140px;">Tap Plastics, USA</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:129px;">N/A (0.354 in. thick x 6 in. wide x 16.75 in. long)</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="2" style="height:43px;width:127px;">Polycarbonate sheets</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:140px;">Tap Plastics, USA</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:129px;">N/A (0.375 in thick, 11.5 in. wide, 17.5 in long)</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="2" style="height:43px;width:127px;">Expanded polystyrene foam</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:140px;">Home Depot</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:129px;">Model # 310880 Internet # 202532855</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">Galvanized steel rope</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">McMaster-Carr, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">3498T63</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">Steel eye bolt</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">McMaster-Carr, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">3013T341</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="2" style="height:43px;width:127px;">Low-carbon steel 90 deg. angle</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:140px;">McMaster-Carr, USA</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:129px;">9017K444&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="78">
			<td height="100" rowspan="2" style="height:101px;width:127px;">Low-carbon steel rods</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:140px;">McMaster-Carr, USA</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:129px;">8920K84, 8920K75, 8920K231, 8920K135, 8920K84&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="58">
			<td height="80" rowspan="2" style="height:81px;width:127px;">Low-carbon steel tubes</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:140px;">McMaster-Carr, USA</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:129px;">6527K314, 8910K394, 8910K395, 8920K94&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">304 stainless steel U-bolt</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">McMaster-Carr, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">8896T104</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">Steel pulley</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">McMaster-Carr, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">3099T34</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">1008 carbon steel sheets</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">McMaster-Carr, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">9302T113</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">Light duty swivel casters</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Harbor Freight, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">41519</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="43" rowspan="2" style="height:43px;width:127px;">100-lbf Vinyl Weight Set</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:140px;">Overstock.com</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:129px;">11767059</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:185px;">Part of testing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:127px;">Closed-cell polyurethane foam</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">General Plastics, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">FR-3704</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Testing samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">Deionized water</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Faucet, PurLab filtering system</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Conditioning fluid of tank</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">Torsional spring</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Retractable Key Clip, Ebay, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Lot 10</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Used to build string potentiometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">Kevlar thread</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Cabela&#8217;s</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">IK-321909</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Used to build string potentiometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:127px;">10 kOhm potentiometer</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Ebay, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">3590S-2-103L</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Used to build string potentiometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:127px;">Digital multimeter</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Harbor Freight, USA</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">98674</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Used to take resistance measurements of string potentiometer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a testing platform for durability studies of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under concurrent hygrothermo-mechanical stimuli

使用条件の下でポリマーと繊維強化ポリマー複合材料の耐久性は、ロバスト設計及び状態監視保全のために対処すべき重要な側面である。これらの材料は、航空機や船舶の構造から、橋梁、風車翼、生体材料、および生物医学的インプラント、エンジニアリング幅広い用途で採用されている。ポリマーは、粘弾性材料であり、その応答は高度に非線形であるため、予測し、それらのサービスのパフォーマンスを監視することが困難なことがあります。ここに提示実験室規模のテストプラットフォームは、これらの材料上の同時機械的負荷および環境条件の影響の調査を支援します。プラットフォームは、低コストかつユーザーフレンドリーであるように設計した。その耐薬品性素材は、流体へのインサービスの暴露に起因する化学分解の研究とは、プラットフォームが適応する。実験例は、クローズドセルポリウレタンを室温で行った。フォームサンプルは、それらの最終的な静的及び乾燥負荷の約50％に相当する重量を負荷。結果は、試験装置は、これらの研究のために適切であることを示している。結果はまた、より高い中点変位と低い残留障害負荷に基づいて、同時荷重下のポリマーの大きな脆弱性を強調。推奨は、試験装置に付加的な改善のために作られている。

試験装置は、正常に三点曲げ下の流体に浸漬標本を開催している。合理的な精度で、標本は、中間点偏向変更ポテンショメータからの正確な読み出しを負荷し、試験することができる。電気抵抗の変化は、0.1μmのオーダーの変位分解能をもたらし、4桁の有効数字に記録することができる。 Hygrothermo機械的試験は、公称寸法215ミリメートルの長さ×24ミリメートル幅×18 mm?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli at JoVE.com

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites in service is a critical aspect for their designs and condition-based maintenance. We present a novel low-cost laboratory testing platform for the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical and environmental loadings, and may help design more efficient yet safer composite structures.

同時Hygrothermo-機械的刺激下でのポリマーおよび繊維強化ポリマー複合材料の耐久性研究のための試験プラットホーム

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs ...

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13.7K ビュー.  University of California, Davis. The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites in service is a critical aspect for their designs and condition-based maintenance. We present a novel low-cost laboratory testing platform for the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical and environmental loadings, and may help design more efficient yet safer composite structures.

ビデオ: A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do so is highly important in view of a number of applications in functional soft matter including electronics, biomedical engineering, and sensors. In the past, successful strategies to control the size and shape of supramolecular polymers typically focused on the use of templates2,3, end cappers4 or selective solvent techniques5. 
Here we disclose a strategy based on self-assembling discotic amphiphiles that leads to the control over stack length and shape of ordered, chiral columnar aggregates. By balancing electrostatic repulsive interactions on the hydrophilic rim and attractive non-covalent forces within the hydrophobic core of the polymerizing building block, we manage to create small and discrete spherical objects6,7. Increasing the salt concentration to screen the charges induces a sphere-to-rod transition. Intriguingly, this transition is expressed in an increase of cooperativity in the temperature-dependent self-assembly mechanism, and more stable aggregates are obtained. 
For our study we select a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core connected to a hydrophilic metal chelate via a hydrophobic, fluorinated L-phenylalanine based spacer (Scheme 1). The metal chelate selected is a Gd(III)-DTPA complex that contains two overall remaining charges per complex and necessarily two counter ions. The one-dimensional growth of the aggregate is directed by &pi;-&pi; stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the electrostatic, repulsive forces that arise from the charges on the Gd(III)-DTPA complex start limiting the one-dimensional growth of the BTA-based discotic once a certain size is reached. At millimolar concentrations the formed aggregate has a spherical shape and a diameter of around 5 nm as inferred from 1H-NMR spectroscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The strength of the electrostatic repulsive interactions between molecules can be reduced by increasing the salt concentration of the buffered solutions. This screening of the charges induces a transition from spherical aggregates into elongated rods with a length &gt; 25 nm. Cryo-TEM allows to visualise the changes in shape and size. In addition, CD spectroscopy permits to derive the mechanistic details of the self-assembly processes before and after the addition of salt. Importantly, the cooperativity -a key feature that dictates the physical properties of the produced supramolecular polymers- increases dramatically upon screening the electrostatic interactions. This increase in cooperativity results in a significant increase in the molecular weight of the formed supramolecular polymers in water.

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

水中での超分子ポリマーのサイズ、形状と安定性を制御する

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do ...

工学

Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance of photovoltaic devices. Thus, understanding of spatial variations in composition as well as electrical properties of OPV materials is of paramount importance for moving PV technology forward.1,2 In this paper, we describe a protocol for quantitative measurements of electrical and mechanical properties of OPV materials with sub-100 nm resolution. Currently, materials properties measurements performed using commercially available AFM-based techniques (PeakForce, conductive AFM) generally provide only qualitative information. The values for resistance as well as Young's modulus measured using our method on the prototypical ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PC61BM system correspond well with literature data. The P3HT:PC61BM blend separates onto PC61BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains. Mechanical properties of PC61BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains are different, which allows for domain attribution on the surface of the film. Importantly, combining mechanical and electrical data allows for correlation of the domain structure on the surface of the film with electrical properties variation measured through the thickness of the film.

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance of photovoltaic devices. In this paper, we describe a protocol for quantitative measurements of electrical and mechanical properties of OPV materials with sub-100 nm resolution.

同時定量伝導率およびAFMを用いた有機太陽電池材料の機械的特性の測定

Organic photovoltaic  (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale  inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance ...

Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastic Composite Coupons for Mechanical Characterization of Welded Joints through Single Lap Shear Testing

This paper presents a novel straightforward method for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic-composite coupons in optimum processing conditions. The ultrasonic welding process described in this paper is based on three main pillars. Firstly, flat energy directors are used for preferential heat generation at the joining interface during the welding process. A flat energy director is a neat thermoplastic resin film that is placed between the parts to be joined prior to the welding process and heats up preferentially owing to its lower compressive stiffness relative to the composite substrates. Consequently, flat energy directors provide a simple solution that does not require molding of resin protrusions on the surfaces of the composite substrates, as opposed to ultrasonic welding of unreinforced plastics. Secondly, the process data provided by the ultrasonic welder is used to rapidly define the optimum welding parameters for any thermoplastic composite material combination. Thirdly, displacement control is used in the welding process to ensure consistent quality of the welded joints. According to this method, thermoplastic-composite flat coupons are individually welded in a single lap configuration. Mechanical testing of the welded coupons allows determining the apparent lap shear strength of the joints, which is one of the properties most commonly used to quantify the strength of thermoplastic composite welded joints.

A straightforward procedure for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composite coupons for basic mechanical testing is described. Key characteristics of this ultrasonic welding process are the use of flat energy directors for simplified process preparation and the use of process data for the fast definition of optimum processing conditions.

シングルラップせん断試験を経て溶接継手の機械的特性評価のための熱可塑性コンポジットクーポンの超音波溶接

This paper presents a novel straightforward method for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic-composite coupons in optimum processing conditions. The ...

Advanced Compositional Analysis of Nanoparticle-polymer Composites Using Direct Fluorescence Imaging

The fabrication of polymer-nanoparticle composites is extremely important in the development of many functional materials. Identifying the precise composition of these materials is essential, especially in the design of surface catalysts, where the surface concentration of the active component determines the activity of the material. Antimicrobial materials which utilize nanoparticles are a particular focus of this technology. Recently swell encapsulation has emerged as a technique for inserting antimicrobial nanoparticles into a host polymer matrix. Swell encapsulation provides the advantage of localizing the incorporation to the external surfaces of materials, which act as the active sites of these materials. However, quantification of this nanoparticle uptake is challenging. Previous studies explore the link between antimicrobial activity and surface concentration of the active component, but this is not directly visualized. Here we show a reliable method to monitor the incorporation of nanoparticles into a polymer host matrix via swell encapsulation. We show that the surface concentration of CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles can be accurately visualized through cross-sectional fluorescence imaging. Using this method, we can quantify the uptake of nanoparticles via swell encapsulation and measure the surface concentration of encapsulated particles, which is key in optimizing the activity of functional materials.

Here we present a reliable method to monitor the incorporation of nanoparticles into a polymer host matrix via swell encapsulation. We show that the surface concentration of cadmium selenide quantum dots can be accurately visualized through cross-sectional fluorescence imaging.

直接蛍光イメージングを用いたナノ粒子 - ポリマー複合材料の高度な組成分析

The fabrication of polymer-nanoparticle composites is extremely important in the development of many functional materials. Identifying the precise ...

Nanostructured Ag-zeolite Composites as Luminescence-based Humidity Sensors

Small silver clusters confined inside zeolite matrices have recently emerged as a novel type of highly luminescent materials. Their emission has high external quantum efficiencies (EQE) and spans the whole visible spectrum. It has been recently reported that the UV excited luminescence of partially Li-exchanged sodium Linde type A zeolites [LTA(Na)] containing luminescent silver clusters can be controlled by adjusting the water content of the zeolite. These samples showed a dynamic change in their emission color from blue to green and yellow upon an increase of the hydration level of the zeolite, showing the great potential that these materials can have as luminescence-based humidity sensors at the macro and micro scale. Here, we describe the detailed procedure to fabricate a humidity sensor prototype using silver-exchanged zeolite composites. The sensor is produced by suspending the luminescent Ag-zeolites in an aqueous solution of polyethylenimine (PEI) to subsequently deposit a film of the material onto a quartz plate. The coated plate is subjected to several hydration/dehydration cycles to show the functionality of the sensing film.

A protocol for the synthesis of moisture-responsive luminescent Ag-zeolite composites is described in this report.

発光ベースの湿度センサなどのナノ構造のAg-ゼオライト複合

Small silver clusters confined inside zeolite matrices have recently emerged as a novel type of highly luminescent materials. Their emission has high ...

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional experimental approaches, such as out-of-plane and in-plane tests, are not applicable to the determination of forming limits when heating and rapid cooling processes are introduced prior to forming for tests conducted under hot stamping conditions. A novel in-plane biaxial testing system was designed and used for the determination of forming limits of sheet metals at various strain paths, temperatures, and strain rates after heating and cooling processes in a resistance heating uniaxial testing machine. The core part of the biaxial testing system is a biaxial apparatus, which transfers a uniaxial force provided by the uniaxial testing machine to a biaxial force. One type of cruciform specimen was designed and verified for the formability test of aluminum alloy 6082 using the proposed biaxial testing system. The digital image correlation (DIC) system with a high-speed camera was used for taking strain measurements of a specimen during a deformation. The aim of proposing this biaxial testing system is to enable the forming limits of an alloy to be determined at various temperatures and strain rates under hot stamping conditions.

This protocol proposes a novel biaxial testing system used on a resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine in order to determine the forming limit diagram (FLD) of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions.

ホットスタンプの条件の下で成形限界の決意のための新しい二軸試験機

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

Preparation of Aligned Steel Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite and Its Flexural Behavior

The aim of this work is to present an approach, inspired by the way in which a compass needle maintains a consistent orientation under the action of the Earth&#39;s magnetic field, for manufacturing a cementitious composite reinforced with aligned steel fibers. Aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composites (ASFRC) were prepared by applying a uniform electromagnetic field to fresh mortar containing short steel fibers, whereby the short steel fibers were driven to rotate in alignment with the magnetic field. The degree of alignment of steel fibers in hardened ASFRC was assessed both by counting steel fibers in fractured cross-sections and by X-ray computed tomography analysis. The results from the two methods show that the steel fibers in ASFRC were highly aligned while the steel fibers in non-magnetically treated composites were randomly distributed. The aligned steel fibers had a much higher reinforcing efficiency, and the composites, therefore, exhibited significantly enhanced flexural strength and toughness. The ASFRC is thus superior to SFRC in that it can withstand greater tensile stress and more effectively resist cracking.

This protocol describes an approach for manufacturing aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite by applying a uniform electromagnetic field. Aligned steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite exhibits superior mechanical properties to ordinary fiber reinforced concrete.

一直線に並べられた鋼繊維の準備強化セメント系複合材料とその曲げ挙動

The aim of this work is to present an approach, inspired by the way in which a compass needle maintains a consistent orientation under the action of the ...

Installation Method to Enhance Quality Control for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Spike Anchors

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they can delay or even prevent debonding failure. However, a major concern faced by designers is the premature failure of the anchors due to stress concentration. Poor installation quality and preparation of the clearance holes can result in stress concentration that provokes this premature failure. This paper deals with an installation method that aims to reduce the impact of the stress concentration and to provide a proper quality control of the preparation of the drill hole. The method involves three parts: the drilling and cleaning of the holes, the smoothing of the hole edges with a customized drill bit, and the installation of the anchor itself, including the impregnation of the anchor dowel and its insertion. Anchor fans (the free length of the spikes) are then bonded to the external FRP reinforcement. For the end anchorage, and in the case of reinforcements with multiple plies, it is recommended that the anchor fan be inserted between two plies to assist the stress-transfer mechanism. 
The proposed procedure is complemented with a design approach for spike anchors, based on an extensive database. It is proposed that the design follow a number of steps, namely: selection of the anchor diameter and subsequent tensile strength of the connector (that is to say, the anchor before fanning out the free end), evaluation of the reduction in the tensile strength due to bending, provision of enough embedment to prevent slippage failure, and consideration of the number and spacing of anchors for a given reinforcement. In this sense, it should be noted that further research is needed in order to obtain a general expression for the contribution of spike anchors to overall bond strength of FRP reinforcements.

This manuscript presents a method for controlling the quality of installation for spike anchors designed to delay delamination of externally bonded fiber reinforced polymers. The protocol includes the preparation of the drill hole and the insertion process. The most influential parameters on the efficiency of the anchors are discussed.

繊維の品質管理を強化するインストール方法強化ポリマー スパイク アンカー

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they ...

Applicability Analysis of Assessment Methods for Morphological Parameters of Corroded Steel Bars

The irregular and uneven residual sections along the length of a corroded steel bar substantially change its mechanical properties and significantly dominate the safety and performance of an existing concrete structure. As a result, it is important to measure the geometry and amount of corrosion of a steel bar in a structure properly to assess the residual bearing capacity and service life of the structure. This paper introduces and compares five different methods for measuring the geometry and amount of corrosion of a steel bar. A single 500 mm long and 14 mm diameter steel bar is the specimen that is subjected to accelerated corrosion in this protocol. Its morphology and the amount of corrosion were carefully measured before and after using mass loss measurements, a Vernier caliper, drainage measurements, 3D scanning, and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XCT). The applicability and suitability of these different methods were then evaluated. The results show that the Vernier caliper is the best choice for measuring the morphology of a non-corroded bar, while 3D scanning is the most suitable for quantifying the morphology of a corroded bar.

This paper measures the geometry and the amount of corrosion of a steel bar using different methods: mass loss, calipers, drainage measurements, 3D scanning, and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XCT).

鉄筋腐食分布の形態学的パラメーターの評価法の適用性について分析

The irregular and uneven residual sections along the length of a corroded steel bar substantially change its mechanical properties and significantly ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

セルロース系紙の非接触共振キャビティ誘電分光研究の方法開発

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...