저자는 설계 및 테스트 셋업을 제조 그들의 도움을 운명 가르시아, 세레나 페라로, 에릭 Quiroz 스티븐 컨 (고급 복합 연구, 엔지니어링 및 과학 실험실을) 감사합니다. 숀 말론, 마이클 Akahori, 데이비드 Kehlet (공학 제조 연구소)는 자신의 제안과 가공 과정에서 도움을 인정합니다. 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation)의 지원 (협력 기금 CMMI-1265691와 REU 보충) 및 A. Muliana, 텍사스 &amp; M 대학 (연구 책임자)에의 Office of Naval Research (N00014-13-1-0604 및 V. 라 Saponara ) 프로그램 디렉터 Yapa 라자 팍세에서 관리 감사 감사합니다.

1. 표본로드 <ol><li> (그림 4) 탱크의 뚜껑을 올리고 측면 지원에를 휴식. </li><li> U 볼트의 표본을 놓고 크로스바 시편의 중심에 접촉되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 뚜껑에 매달려 알루미늄 지원에 시편의 끝을 휴식. 시편의 끝은 돌출 5-10 mm로해야한다. </li><li> 반복 테스트 할 표본의 모든 1.2-1.4 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 뚜껑이 지원 제거 낮은 뚜껑, 뚜껑이 탱크의 입술에 장착되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 다음 외부 풀리 강철 막대에 무게를 추가하여 원하는 힘을 적용합니다. </li></ol> 2. 측정 변위 <ol><li> 문자열 전위차계 라인이 팽팽하게 고정해야합니다. </li><li> 디지털 멀티 미터를 사용하여, 핀 3 핀 1에 검은 색과 빨간색으로, 전위차계의 외부 핀 (그림 3)에서 저항을 측정그리고 그 값을 기록한다. </li><li> 보정 계수 (이 경우에는 1 kΩ의이 64.895 mm 변위에 대응) 연산함으로써 판독 변위에 저항 판독 변환. </li><li> 반복 각 표본에 대한 2.1-2.3 단계를 반복합니다. </li></ol> 3. 표본 무게 <ol><li> 계량 절차를 시작하기 전에, 변위 데이터를 기록하고는 ASTM D5229 (31), 또는 해당 시험 표준에 따라, 실온에서 시험 유체로 채워진 중간 지주 챔버를 준비합니다. </li><li> 강철 케이블의 끝에서 슬롯 무게를 제거합니다. </li><li> 탱크의 뚜껑을 올리고 측면 지원에를 휴식. </li><li> 시편을 제거하고 준비된 중간 지주 챔버에 배치합니다. 시편 모두에 대해이 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 표본을 제거하고 개별적으로 과량의 유체를 제거하기 위해 마이크로 마포를 사용하여 건조. </li><li> 고정밀 규모에 시료를 배치하고, 데이터를 기록 Reading. </li><li> 반복하여 모든 표본에 대한 3.5-3.6 단계를 다음 프로토콜 1 단계를 따르십시오. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

수집 된 데이터로부터, 동시 테스트 시나리오는 독립 기포 폴리 우레탄 발포체 시편의 내구성에 영향을 미치지 않았 음을 알 수있다. 이 실패로 건식 및 습식 표본 (그림 6) 유의 한 차이가 변위 (그림 5) 및 ​​잔류 하중을 비교하여 볼 수 있습니다. (7) 잔류 강도 시험 후 시편의 사진을 보여줍니다. 건조 표본의 변위가 24 시간의 관찰 간격 내에 ?...

고분자 및 섬유 강화 고분자 (FRP) 복합 재료는 항공기 및 우주선, ​​해군 함정, 사회 기반 시설에 이르기까지, 엔지니어링 구조의 다양한 채택되었다 (Katnam 등. 1, Hollaway 2, Mouritz 등의 등의 예 리뷰에 대한 참조 . 3), 봉합 및 임플란트 보철 및 생체 재료에 자동차와 기차, 풍력 터빈 블레이드. 이들 물질 &#39;내구성의 조합을 포함 할 수있다 복잡한 서비스 시나리오) 열 - 기계적 하중 예는 동결 - 해동주기를 사회 기반 시설 4, / 초음속 비행 5 프로필, 금속 백업 폴리에틸렌의 마모에 의해 영향을 받는다 6) ; 때문에 환경 및 화학 물질, 예를 들면, 해수, 제빙, 항공 및 해상 구조물 7-10, 타액 (11)에 폴리 메틸 메타 크릴 레이트 치과 복합 재료의 열화 유압 유체 나) 저하; C) 복잡한 INTE고정 또는 결합 관절, 서로 다른 물질 사이 예를 들어, 갈바닉 부식 및 디 본딩에서 재료의 ractions 항공기 알루미늄 피부, 또는 스테인리스 강 (12)에 의해 고정 탄소 / PEEK 뼈 접시에 탄소 / 섬유 패치 수리 여부. 불행히도 이들 재료의 장기 내구성에 동시 - 서비스 자극의 영향에 대한 지식이 제한되어있다. 대부분의 중합체는 점탄성 물질로 분류 할 수있다. 기계적 하중 및 환경 조건이 크게 중합체의 점탄성 응답에 영향을 미친다. 따라서, 이러한 물질 &#39;장기 동작에 대한 신뢰할 수있는 모델을 결합 hygrothermal, 기계적, 화학적 자극에 시간에 따른 응답을 통합 할 수 있어야한다. 차례로 이것은 디자인 예측, 안전 및 상태 기반 유지 보수 / 교체 프로토콜을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. hygrothermal 효과에 대한 실험 테스트에 큰 문학 본체가예를 hygrothermal 확산 시험 : 시료의 스케일이 허용하는 경우, 물질 시료를 원하는 온도 및 습도 수준에서 챔버에 위치 될 수있다. 샘플로부터 주 10,13-17 년에, 주어진 시간에 대한 자신의 질량 및 / 또는 부피의 변화를 측정하기 위해 주기적으로 제거된다. hygrothermal 시험은 재료의 기계적 반응에 hygrothermal 자극의 효과에 대한 정보를 제공 기계적 시험, 즉, 잔여 정적 / 피로 강도 / 파괴 역학 테스트 17-19, 다음에 할 수있다. 테스트 데이터 농도, 응력, 온도, 에이징 가역적 물리적 / 가소 불가역 화학 반응에 대한 종속성을 포함 단순한 모델 Fickian 확산에서, 가변 복잡도의 확산 모델에 장착 될 수있다. 이 실험 출력은 추가 구조 분석에 통합 될 수 있습니다. 몇몇 저자는 동시 숨바꼭질의 영향을 다루었 다grothermal 및 기계적 자극. 그 연구 FRP 복합 재료 중 노이만과 Garom 침지 (20) 스트레스와 증류수에 강세 표본. 압축 응력이 스테인리스 내부 스프링 시험편을 배치하여 도포하고, 다른 스프링 강성과 압축 하중을 이용하여 부하를 조정. 유사한 절차가 완 외. (21)에 의해보고된다. Helbling 및 다른 Karbhari 22 퍼센트 상대 습도 (RH %)의 온도 레벨에 대한 환경 챔버 내부 굽힘 치구를 이용. 프리 컨디셔닝 된 시험편은 그 합성 용 정적 인장 변형의 비율에 대응하는, 소정의 굽힘 응력 레벨을 실시 하였다. 프리 차드 및 Kasturiarachchi 23은 대형 유리 데시 케이 선반에 배치 된 스테인리스 강 4 점 굽힘 지그 (시편 당 하나)를 준비했다. 데시 케이 터가 부분적으로 증류수로 채워졌다, BU을 방지하기 위해 작은 누수를했다압력 ildup 및 95 % RH에서 습도 챔버에 넣었다. 갤러과 털리 7 결합 크리프로드 및 100 % RH에서 자신의 내구성을 위해 해양 급 FRP 복합 표본을 조사 하였다. 충분히 해수에 침지하면서 샘플은 실패 정적 굴곡 하중의 20 %에 해당하는 일정 하중에서 4 점 굽힘에 로딩 하였다. 크리프 편향 중앙 단면 빔, 및 유리판의 외면 사이의 두께 게이지를 사용하여 주기적으로 획득되었다 (그러한 측정 챔버 외부에 수행되었음을 추론한다). 압델 Magid 등. (24)는 표본이 궁극적 축 방향 하중의 20 %, 섬유 방향을 따라 장력에로드 된 바와 같이, NASA 랭글리에 의해 제공되었다 인바 환경기구에 유리 / 에폭시의 샘플을 배치했다. Ellyin 및 Rohrbarcher 25 일까지 140 일 동안 hygrothermal 테스트를 실행 한 후 유압 시험기 피로 시험편을 시험했다. 시편S는 튜브와 물 공급 장치에 연결 치즈 젖은 천으로 감쌌다. 얼 등. (26)는 자신의로드기구와 대형 환경 챔버 (5.5 m 3)의 표본을 위치. 많은 실험 연구에서 논의 된 바와 같이, 환경 조건은 중합체 &#39;기계적 특성과 응답에 영향을 미친다. 일부 제한된 실험은 또한 기계적 응력 / 변형의 존재는 중합체의 확산 공정에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 기계적 및 비 기계적 영향하에 모두 고분자 계 재료의 전체적인 성능에 대한 이해를 강화하기 위해 동시 테스트에 대한 필요성이 존재한다. 이 문서에 설명 된 테스트 플랫폼의 디자인 뒤에 여러 가지 목적이 있었다. 우선, 플랫폼은 풍력 터빈 용 FRP 샌드위치 복합체의 다른 유형의 hygrothermo 기계적 거동 다년 조사에 실험 장치의 일부차 해군 엔지니어링 응용 프로그램. 테스트 데이터는 합성 중합체 용 점탄성 구성 방정식의 파라미터를 보정하는 데 사용된다. 구성적인 모델은 Muliana와 공동으로 27 ~ 30 년에 걸쳐 개발 작업에 근거합니다. 제 2 대물 쉽게 질량 측정을 위해 스케일 예 연구소 (재배치 또는 유체의 소스로 될 수 일례위한 저비용이고 사용자 친화적 인 테스트 플랫폼, 예를 들어, 한 사람은이 것이었다 수도꼭지, fumehood 또는 가연성 캐비닛). 세 번째 목적은, 따라서, 표본은 화학 약품에 침지 될 수있는 공통 서비스에 사용되는 화학 물질의 수 (우주 항공 분야 8-10 청소용 특히 유압 유체, 제빙)에 내성 테스트 플랫폼을 생성하기 위해, 그리고 내구성을 평가 할 수있다. 챔버 (도 1) 고밀도로 제조 하였다 polyethyleNE, 이는 높은 화학적 저항성을 갖는다. 전술 한 바와 같이, 이는 향후 연구가 유압 유체에 침지 복합 hygrothermo 기계적 조사, 제빙, 세정 용제를 포함 할 것으로 예상된다. 열 조절은 시험의 일체 형태이기 때문에, 발포 폴리스티렌 발포체는 탱크의 측면 주위에 적합하고, 환경과의 열 교환을 방지하기 위해, 테이프 및 철골 자체에 의해 제 위치에 고정. 챔버 (도 2)의 뚜껑은 사용자가 방해없이 시험 동안에 시험 시료를 관찰 할 수 있도록 투명, 9.525 mm 두께의 폴리 카보네이트를 제조 하였다. 탱크 뚜껑의 양쪽에 브래킷 오버행 아래로 슬라이드를 가공했다 알루미늄 T 바 의해 제자리에 고정된다. 시편의 굽힘은 뚜껑에서 내려 걸어, 뚜껑의 슬롯을 통해 고정되어 세 알루미늄 블록에 의해 제정된다. 세 블록 네의 최대 수뚜껑 슬롯 블록 간격이 시험편의 길이에 따라 조절 될 수 있도록하면서 pecimens가 한번에 테스트된다. 각 블록은 ASTM 표준 D790-10 준수에, 12.7 mm 직경 접촉면에서 반올림됩니다. 시편은 굽힘 유도하기 위해 그 중심에 적용 상향 력 (1-2도)로, 세 개의 블록이 아래에 위치한다. 장치는 최대 다양성과 사용 편의성을 염두에두고 설계되었습니다. 41.275 mm 직경 캐스터는 이동성을 위해 챔버 아래에 체결된다. 그들 위에, 탱크 지원을위한 와이어 메쉬 바닥과 크로스 빔에 용접 된 강철 프레임에 의해 지원된다. 외부 탱크 코너에 대한 각도 stock 스페이서 (나중에 논의, 문자열 냄비 장치) 오버 헤드 무게와 변위 게이지에 의해 분쇄되는 절연을 유지하기 위해 제작되었다. 상단의 주위에, 각 주가는 프레임 다시 사용되었다. 풀리 및 문자열 가변 저항 시스템은 measu하기미드 스팬 편향 재 네 개의 강, 평방 튜브 아치 (그림 3)에 장착되어 있습니다. 이 네 가지 중 중심이 아치는 문자열 전위차계를 수행하고 표본의 다양성을 설명하기 위해 조정할 수 있습니다. 세 갈래 전자 출력을하고 전위차계 (개폐식 키 방아 끈에서 발견 될 수있는) 문자열 포텐셔미터는 비틀림 스프링을 사용하여 구성 하였다. 풀리 정렬 및 조정 무게 응용 프로그램에 대한 챔버의 측면을 통해 매달려로드의 표본으로 단단한 연결에서 실행하는 강철 케이블에 사용 장착되어있다. 부하는 케이블, 풀리, 연결기 및 일련의 볼트를 사용하여 시험편에인가된다. 10mm 크로스 바 스팬의 중간 접촉되도록 첫째, 시편은 U 볼트에 배치됩니다. 각 단부에서 아이 볼트와 9.525 mm 직경의 강철 막대이어서 U 볼트에 연결된다. 이 스틸 연결 챔버의 뚜껑을 통과한다. 강철 케이블 및 케블라 thread는 U 볼트 반대 아이 볼트에 부착된다. 이 문자열 전위차계에서 케블라 (Kevlar) 스레드가 단단한 지점에서 데이터를 읽을 수 있습니다. 강철 케이블 위쪽으로 계속 부하 탱크의 주위에 도포 될 수 있도록 두 개의 풀리 통과. 이어서 케이블 슬롯 중량 걸이 역할 9.525 mm 직경 강철 막대에 부착된다. 이 행거 슬롯 가중치 원하는 하중을 적용하기 위해 설정 될 수있는 장소를 제공한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Aluminum 6061 rectangular bars</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>8975K268, 1668T72, 7062T17,&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum 6061 90&amp;deg; angles</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>8982K91, 8982K14&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>440C stainless steel</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>6253K52</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>High-density polyethylene sheets</td><td>Tap Plastics, USA</td><td>N/A (0.236 in. thick x 10.75 in. wide x 16.75 in. long)</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>High-density polyethylene sheets</td><td>Tap Plastics, USA</td><td>N/A (0.354 in. thick x 6 in. wide x 10 in. long)</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>High-density polyethylene sheets</td><td>Tap Plastics, USA</td><td>N/A (0.354 in. thick x 6 in. wide x 16.75 in. long)</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate sheets</td><td>Tap Plastics, USA</td><td>N/A (0.375 in thick, 11.5 in. wide, 17.5 in long)</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Expanded polystyrene foam</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>Model # 310880 Internet # 202532855</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Galvanized steel rope</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>3498T63</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Steel eye bolt</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>3013T341</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Low-carbon steel 90&amp;deg; angle</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>9017K444&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Low-carbon steel rods</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>8920K84, 8920K75, 8920K231, 8920K135, 8920K84&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Low-carbon steel tubes</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>6527K314, 8910K394, 8910K395, 8920K94&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>304 stainless steel U-bolt</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>8896T104</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Steel pulley</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>3099T34</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>1008 carbon steel sheets</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>9302T113</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Light duty swivel casters</td><td>Harbor Freight, USA</td><td>41519</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>100-lbf Vinyl Weight Set</td><td>Overstock.com</td><td>11767059</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Closed-cell polyurethane foam</td><td>General Plastics, USA</td><td>FR-3704</td><td>Testing samples</td></tr><tr><td>Deionized water</td><td>Faucet, PurLab filtering system</td><td>N/A</td><td>Conditioning fluid of tank</td></tr><tr><td>Torsional spring</td><td>Retractable Key Clip, Ebay, USA</td><td>Lot 10</td><td>Used to build string potentiometer</td></tr><tr><td>Kevlar thread</td><td>Cabela&amp;rsquo;s</td><td>IK-321909</td><td>Used to build string potentiometer</td></tr><tr><td>10 kOhm potentiometer</td><td>Ebay, USA</td><td>3590S-2-103L</td><td>Used to build string potentiometer</td></tr><tr><td>Digital multimeter</td><td>Harbor Freight, USA</td><td>98674</td><td>Used to take resistance measurements of string potentiometer</td></tr></tbody></table>

a testing platform for durability studies of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under concurrent hygrothermo-mechanical stimuli

서비스 조건 하에서 중합체 및 섬유 강화 고분자 복합 재료의 내구성은 강력한 설계 및 조건 기반 유지 보수를 위해 해결되어야 할 중요한 측면이다. 이들 재료는 항공기 및 선박 구조에서, 교량, 바람 터빈 블레이드, 생체 재료 및 생의학 임플란트 엔지니어링 다양한 애플리케이션에서 채용된다. 고분자는 점탄성 물질이다, 그들의 반응은 매우 비선형 따라서 예측하고 자신의에서 서비스 성능을 모니터링하기가 도전 할 수 있습니다. 여기에 제공된 실험실 규모의 테스트 플랫폼은 동시 기계적 하중 및 이들 물질에 대한 환경 조건의 영향의 조사를 지원합니다. 이 플랫폼은 낮은 비용과 사용자 친화적으로 설계되었습니다. 그 내성 물질로 인해 유체에의 서비스 노출 화학적 분해의 연구에 플랫폼이 적응합니다. 실험의 예는 독립 기포 폴리 우레탄에 RT에서 실시 하였다발포체 샘플은 궁극적 정적 하중과 건식 ~ 50 %에 해당하는 중량 로케이션. 결과는 시험 장치는 이러한 연구에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 결과는 또한 높은 중간 점 변위 및 저급 잔여 실패 하중에 기초하여, 동시 하중 하에서 중합체의 취약성을 더 강조. 권장 사항은 시험 장치에 추가 개선을 위해 만들어집니다.

시험 장치가 성공적으로 3 점 굽힘 하에서 유체 내에 침지 시험편을 개최하고있다. 합리적인 정밀도로, 표본로드 할 수 있으며, 중간 지점 편향 변경 전위차계에서 정확한 판독 테스트. 전기 저항의 변화는 0.1 μm의 정도의 변위 분해능 결과, 유효 숫자 4로 기록 될 수있다. Hygrothermo 기계적 테스트는 공칭 치수 215mm 길이 X 24mm X 18mm의 폭, 두께, 폐쇄 - 셀 폴리 우레탄 폼의 시험편...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli at JoVE.com

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites in service is a critical aspect for their designs and condition-based maintenance. We present a novel low-cost laboratory testing platform for the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical and environmental loadings, and may help design more efficient yet safer composite structures.

폴리머의 내구성 연구 및 동시 Hygrothermo 기계적 자극에 따라 섬유 강화 고분자 복합 재료에 대한 테스트 플랫폼

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs ...

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13.7K 조회수.  University of California, Davis. The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites in service is a critical aspect for their designs and condition-based maintenance. We present a novel low-cost laboratory testing platform for the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical and environmental loadings, and may help design more efficient yet safer composite structures.

비디오: A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with facile control over network structure and programming of an aligned monodomain. Tailored LCE networks were synthesized using routine mixing of commercially available starting materials and pouring monomer solutions into molds to cure. An initial polydomain LCE network is formed via a self-limiting thiol-acrylate Michael-addition reaction. Strain-to-failure and glass transition behavior were investigated as a function of crosslinking monomer, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP). An example non-stoichiometric system of 15 mol% PETMP thiol groups and an excess of 15 mol% acrylate groups was used to demonstrate the robust nature of the material. The LCE formed an aligned and transparent monodomain when stretched, with a maximum failure strain over 600%. Stretched LCE samples were able to demonstrate both stress-driven thermal actuation when held under a constant bias stress or the shape-memory effect when stretched and unloaded. A permanently programmed monodomain was achieved via a second-stage photopolymerization reaction of the excess acrylate groups when the sample was in the stretched state. LCE samples were photo-cured and programmed at 100%, 200%, 300%, and 400% strain, with all samples demonstrating over 90% shape fixity when unloaded. The magnitude of total stress-free actuation increased from 35% to 115% with increased programming strain. Overall, the two-stage TAMAP methodology is presented as a powerful tool to prepare main-chain LCE systems and explore structure-property-performance relationships in these fascinating stimuli-sensitive materials.

A novel methodology is presented to synthesize and program main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers using commercially available starting monomers. A wide range of thermomechanical properties was tailored by adjusting the amount of crosslinker, while the actuation performance was dependent on the amount of applied strain during programming.

이단 티올 레이트 반응을 이용하여 프로그래밍 주쇄 액정 엘라스토머의 합성

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline ...

연구

화학

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

Implantable microdevices are gaining significant attention for several biomedical applications1-4. Such devices have been made from a range of materials, each offering its own advantages and shortcomings5,6. Most prominently, due to the microscale device dimensions, a high modulus is required to facilitate implantation into living tissue. Conversely, the stiffness of the device should match the surrounding tissue to minimize induced local strain7-9. Therefore, we recently developed a new class of bio-inspired materials to meet these requirements by responding to environmental stimuli with a change in mechanical properties10-14. Specifically, our poly(vinyl acetate)-based nanocomposite (PVAc-NC) displays a reduction in stiffness when exposed to water and elevated temperatures (e.g. body temperature). Unfortunately, few methods exist to quantify the stiffness of materials in vivo15, and mechanical testing outside of the physiological environment often requires large samples inappropriate for implantation. Further, stimuli-responsive materials may quickly recover their initial stiffness after explantation. Therefore, we have developed a method by which the mechanical properties of implanted microsamples can be measured ex vivo, with simulated physiological conditions maintained using moisture and temperature control13,16,17. 
To this end, a custom microtensile tester was designed to accommodate microscale samples13,17 with widely-varying Young's moduli (range of 10 MPa to 5 GPa). As our interests are in the application of PVAc-NC as a biologically-adaptable neural probe substrate, a tool capable of mechanical characterization of samples at the microscale was necessary. This tool was adapted to provide humidity and temperature control, which minimized sample drying and cooling17. As a result, the mechanical characteristics of the explanted sample closely reflect those of the sample just prior to explantation.
The overall goal of this method is to quantitatively assess the in vivo mechanical properties, specifically the Young's modulus, of stimuli-responsive, mechanically-adaptive polymer-based materials. This is accomplished by first establishing the environmental conditions that will minimize a change in sample mechanical properties after explantation without contributing to a reduction in stiffness independent of that resulting from implantation. Samples are then prepared for implantation, handling, and testing (Figure 1A). Each sample is implanted into the cerebral cortex of rats, which is represented here as an explanted rat brain, for a specified duration (Figure 1B). At this point, the sample is explanted and immediately loaded into the microtensile tester, and then subjected to tensile testing (Figure 1C). Subsequent data analysis provides insight into the mechanical behavior of these innovative materials in the environment of the cerebral cortex.

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

A method is discussed by which the in vivo mechanical behavior of stimuli-responsive materials is monitored as a function of time. Samples are tested ex vivo using a microtensile tester with environmental controls to simulate the physiological environment. This work further promotes understanding the in vivo behavior of our material.

에 대한 기계적 적응 고분자 나노 복합 재료의 환경 제어 Microtensile 테스트<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 특성

Implantable microdevices are gaining significant attention for several biomedical applications1-4. Such devices have been made from a range of materials, ...

생체공학

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is known about the effects of high pressure hydrogen on the polymer sealing and barrier materials also found within these components. More study is required in order to determine the compatibility of common polymer materials found in the components of the hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure with high pressure hydrogen. As a result, it is important to consider the changes in physical properties such as friction and wear in situ while the polymer is exposed to high pressure hydrogen. In this protocol, we present a method for testing the friction and wear properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer samples in a 28 MPa high pressure hydrogen environment using a custom-built in situ pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer. Representative results from this testing are presented which indicate that the coefficient of friction between the EPDM sample coupon and steel counter surface is increased in high pressure hydrogen as compared to the coefficient of friction similarly measured in ambient air.

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A test methodology for quantifying tribological properties of polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure service is demonstrated and characteristic results for a common elastomer are discussed.

제자리에서 고압 수소 Tribological 수소 공급 인프라에 사용 되는 일반적인 고분자 재료의 테스트

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

공학

The Effect of Construction and Demolition Waste Plastic Fractions on Wood-Polymer Composite Properties

Construction and demolition waste (CDW), including valuable materials such as plastics, have a remarkable influence on the waste sector. In order for plastic materials to be re-utilized, they must be identified and separated according to their polymer composition. In this study, the identification of these materials was performed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), which identified material based on their physical-chemical properties. Advantages of the NIR method are a low environmental impact and rapid measurement (within a few seconds) in the spectral range of 1600-2400 nm without special sample preparation. Limitations include its inability to analyze dark materials. The identified polymers were utilized as a component for wood-polymer composite (WPC) that consists of a polymer matrix, low cost fillers, and additives. The components were first compounded with an agglomeration apparatus, followed by production by extrusion. In the agglomeration process, the aim was to compound all materials to produce uniformly distributed and granulated materials as pellets. During the agglomeration process, the polymer (matrix) was melted and fillers and other additives were then mixed into the melted polymer, being ready for the extrusion process. In the extrusion method, heat and shear forces were applied to a material within the barrel of a conical counter-rotating twin-screw type extruder, which reduces the risk of burning the materials and lower shear mixing. The heated and sheared mixture was then conveyed through a die to give the product the desired shape. The above-described protocol proved the potential for re-utilization of CDW materials. Functional properties must be verified according to the standardized tests, such as flexural, tensile, and impact strength tests for the material.

Secondary material streams have been shown to include potential raw materials for production. Presented here is a protocol in which CDW-plastic waste as a raw material is identified, followed by various processing steps (agglomeration, extrusion). As a result, a composite material was produced, and mechanical properties were analyzed.

Construction and demolition waste (CDW), including valuable materials such as plastics, have a remarkable influence on the waste sector. In order for ...

환경과학

Ultrasonic Fatigue Testing in the Tension-Compression Mode

Ultrasonic fatigue testing is one of a few methods which allow investigating fatigue properties in the ultra-high cycle region. The method is based on exposing the specimen to longitudinal vibrations on its resonance frequency close to 20 kHz. With use of this method, it is possible to significantly decrease the time required for the test, when compared to conventional testing devices usually working at frequencies under 200 Hz. It is also used to simulate loading of material during operation in high speed conditions, such as those experienced by components of jet engines or car turbo pumps. It is necessary to operate only in the high and ultra-high cycle region, due to the possibility of extremely high deformation rates, which can have a significant influence on the test results. Specimen shape and dimensions have to be carefully selected and calculated to fulfill the resonance condition of the ultrasonic system; thus, it is not possible to test the full components or specimens of arbitrary shape. Before each test, it is necessary to harmonize the specimen with the frequency of the ultrasonic system to compensate for deviations of the real shape from the ideal one. It is not possible to run a test until a total fracture of the specimen, since the test is automatically terminated after initiation and propagation of the crack to a certain length, when the stiffness of the system changes enough to shift the system out of the resonance frequency. This manuscript describes the process of evaluation of materials' fatigue properties at high-frequency ultrasonic fatigue loading with use of mechanical resonance at a frequency close to 20 kHz. The protocol includes a detailed description of all steps required for a correct test, including specimen design, stress calculation, harmonizing with the resonance frequency, performing the test, and final static fracture.

A protocol for ultrasonic fatigue testing in the high and ultra-high cycle region in axial tension-compression loading mode.

Ultrasonic fatigue testing is one of a few methods which allow investigating fatigue properties in the ultra-high cycle region. The method is based on ...

Disentangling High Strength Copolymer Aramid Fibers to Enable the Determination of Their Mechanical Properties

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to diversify the fiber choices in the United States body armor market, copolymer fibers based on the combination of 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl) benzimidazole (PBIA) and the more conventional PPTA were introduced. Little is known regarding the long-term stability of these fibers, but as condensation polymers, they are expected to have potential sensitivity to moisture and humidity. Therefore, characterizing the strength of the materials and understanding their vulnerability to environmental conditions is important for evaluating their use lifetime in safety applications. Ballistic resistance and other critical structural properties of these fibers are predicated on their strength. To accurately determine the strength of the individual fibers, it is necessary to disentangle them from the yarn without introducing any damage. Three aramid-based copolymer fibers were selected for the study. The fibers were washed with acetone followed by methanol to remove an organic coating that held the individual fibers in each yarn bundle together. This coating makes it difficult to separate single fibers from the yarn bundle for mechanical testing without damaging the fibers and affecting their strength. After washing, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed on both washed and unwashed samples and the results were compared. This experiment has shown that there are no significant variations in the spectra of poly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide-co-p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PBIA-co-PPTA1) and PBIA-co-PPTA3 after washing, and only a small variation in intensity for PBIA. This indicates that the acetone and methanol rinses are not adversely affecting the fibers and causing chemical degradation. Additionally, single fiber tensile testing was performed on the washed fibers to characterize their initial tensile strength and strain to failure, and compare those to other reported values. Iterative procedural development was necessary to find a successful method for performing tensile testing on these fibers.

The primary goal of the study is to develop a protocol to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high strength copolymer aramid fibers, by removing a coating and disentangling the individual fiber strands without introducing significant chemical or physical degradation.

그들의 기계적 특성의 결정 수 있도록 고 강도 공중 합체 Aramid 섬유 disentangling

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to ...

Cutting Procedures, Tensile Testing, and Ageing of Flexible Unidirectional Composite Laminates

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, where the yarns in each layer are oriented parallel to each other and held in place using binder resins and thin polymer films. The armor is constructed by stacking the unidirectional layers in different orientations. To date, only very preliminary work has been performed to characterize the ageing of the binder resins used in unidirectional laminates and the effects on their performance. For example, during the development of the conditioning protocol used in the National Institute of Justice Standard-0101.06, UD laminates showed visual signs of delamination and reductions in V50, which is the velocity at which half of the projectiles are expected to perforate the armor, after ageing. A better understanding of the material property changes in UD laminates is necessary to comprehend the long-term performance of armors constructed from these materials. There are no current standards recommended for mechanically interrogating unidirectional (UD) laminate materials. This study explores methods and best practices for accurately testing the mechanical properties of these materials and proposes a new test methodology for these materials. Best practices for ageing these materials are also described.

The goal of the study was to develop protocols to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high-strength aramid or ultra-high-molar-mass polyethylene-based flexible unidirectional composite laminate materials and to describe protocols for performing artificial ageing on these materials.

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, ...

Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric

Architectural fabric AF9032 has been subjected to artificial thermal ageing to determine changes of the material parameters of the fabric. The proposed method is based on the accelerated ageing approach proposed by Arrhenius. 300 mm x 50 mm samples were cut in the warp and fill directions and placed in a thermal chamber at 80 &#176;C for up to 12 weeks or at 90 &#176;C for up to 6 weeks. Then after one week of conditioning at ambient temperature, the samples were uniaxially tensioned at a constant strain rate. Experimentally, the parameters were determined for the non-linear elastic (linear piecewise) and viscoplastic (Bodner&#8211;Partom) models. Changes in these parameters were studied with respect to the ageing temperature and ageing period. In both cases, the linear approximation function was successfully applied using the simplified methodology of Arrhenius. A correlation was obtained for the fill direction between experimental results and the results from the Arrhenius approach. For the warp direction, the extrapolation results exhibited some differences. Increasing and decreasing tendencies have been observed at both temperatures. The Arrhenius law was confirmed by the experimental results only for the fill direction. The proposed method makes it possible to predict real fabric behavior during long term exploitation, which is a critical issue in the design process.

Here, we simulate accelerated thermal ageing of technical fabric and see how this ageing process influences the mechanical properties of the fabric.

폴리 에스테르 강화 및 폴리 염화 비닐 코팅 기술 직물의 인공 열 노화

Architectural fabric AF9032 has been subjected to artificial thermal ageing to determine changes of the material parameters of the fabric. The proposed ...

Fiber Composite Laminates의 제조 및 기계적 물성 평가

Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforcement Polymer Composite Laminates Obtained by Different Fabrication Processes

The traditional wet hand lay-up process (WL) has been widely applied in the manufacturing of fiber composite laminates. However, due insufficiency in the forming pressure, the mass fraction of fiber is reduced and lots of air bubbles are trapped inside, resulting in low-quality laminates (low stiffness and strength). The wet hand lay-up/vacuum bag (WLVB) process for the fabrication of composite laminates is based on the traditional wet hand lay-up process, using a vacuum bag to remove air bubbles and provide pressure, and then carrying out the heating and curing process. 
Compared with the traditional hand lay-up process, laminates manufactured by the WLVB process show superior mechanical properties, including better strength and stiffness, higher fiber volume fraction, and lower void volume fraction, which are all benefits for composite laminates. This process is completely manual, and it is greatly influenced by the skills of the preparation personnel. Therefore, the products are prone to defects such as voids and uneven thickness, leading to unstable qualities and mechanical properties of the laminate. Hence, it is necessary to finely describe the WLVB process, finely control steps, and quantify material ratios, in order to ensure the mechanical properties of laminates. 
This paper describes the meticulous process of the WLVB process for preparing woven plain patterned glass fiber reinforcement composite laminates (GFRPs). The fiber volume content of laminates was calculated using the formula method, and the calculated results showed that the fiber volume content of WL laminates was 42.04%, while that of WLVB laminates was 57.82%, increasing by 15.78%. The mechanical properties of the laminates were characterized using tensile and impact tests. The experimental results revealed that with the WLVB process, the strength and modulus of the laminates were enhanced by 17.4% and 16.35%, respectively, and the specific absorbed energy was increased by 19.48%.

저자 스포트라이트: Enhancing Fiber Composite Laminate Quality with the Wet Hand Lay-Up/Vacuum Bag Process(습식 핸드 레이업/진공 백 공정을 통한 섬유 복합 라미네이트 품질 향상) 

This paper describes a fabrication process for fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite laminates obtained using the wet hand lay-up/vacuum bag method.

다양한 제조 공정에서 얻은 유리 섬유 강화 고분자 복합 라미네이트의 기계적 특성 측정

The traditional wet hand lay-up process (WL) has been widely applied in the manufacturing of fiber composite laminates. However, due insufficiency in the ...

폴리머의 내구성 연구 및 동시 Hygrothermo 기계적 자극에 따라 섬유 강화 고분자 복합 재료에 대한 테스트 플랫폼

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

이단 티올 레이트 반응을 이용하여 프로그래밍 주쇄 액정 엘라스토머의 합성

에 대한 기계적 적응 고분자 나노 복합 재료의 환경 제어 Microtensile 테스트

제자리에서 고압 수소 Tribological 수소 공급 인프라에 사용 되는 일반적인 고분자 재료의 테스트

The Effect of Construction and Demolition Waste Plastic Fractions on Wood-Polymer Composite Properties

Ultrasonic Fatigue Testing in the Tension-Compression Mode

그들의 기계적 특성의 결정 수 있도록 고 강도 공중 합체 Aramid 섬유 disentangling

Cutting Procedures, Tensile Testing, and Ageing of Flexible Unidirectional Composite Laminates

폴리 에스테르 강화 및 폴리 염화 비닐 코팅 기술 직물의 인공 열 노화

다양한 제조 공정에서 얻은 유리 섬유 강화 고분자 복합 라미네이트의 기계적 특성 측정

다양한 제조 공정에서 얻은 유리 섬유 강화 고분자 복합 라미네이트의 기계적 특성 측정