P23681-B16：この研究は、オーストリア科学基金（FWF）によって資金を供給されました。

植物材料の調製<ol><li>対象植物材料（ ギボウシ属またはインゲンマメ ）のいずれかの葉や植物全体を使用してください。 </li></ol>氷核活性（INA）細菌を含有する水溶液の調製<ol><li>メーカーの方向に100％グリセロールを10g / Lを用いて調製シュードモナス寒天Fに25℃でペトリ皿で培養INA菌、 シュードモナスシリン （株CIT-7）。 </li><li>必要になるまで培養した後、十分に4℃の場所に成長しているが、氷核活性の高いレベルを確保する前に2日間4℃で維持。 </li><li>使い捨て、プラスチックで寒天の表面から一枚板からの細菌を掻き取りまたは再利用可能な金属へらを使用して場所の時に脱イオン水を10〜15ミリリットルに25ミリリットルの使い捨てキュベットに。濃度が1×10 9〜1×10 7の範囲であるべきです。· </sup&gt;ミリリットル-1。溶液が濁って表示されます。濃度はおおよそのことのみ必要があるとして、血球計または分光光度計を用いて濃度を確認する必要はありません。 </li><li>細菌を配布する10秒の最低キュベットを渦。 注：結果INA混合物の特定の濃度は重要ではなく、記載されているプロトコルは、氷核活性の適切なレベル以上のものを提供します。 INA菌とこの水の混合物を、核実験の後半で使用されます。 </li></ol> 3.凍結実験のセットアップ<ol><li>保護アクリルボックス内の高解像度赤外線カメラ（SC-660）を配置しているので、箱の前面の開口部を介してレンズのプロジェクトやボックスの後部開口部を介してノートパソコンや記録装置出口にカメラを接続する配線。箱の蓋を固定して、そのすべての意志の場所に環境室や冷凍庫の内部にボックスを配置OW主題植物材料が見られます。 <ol><li>反射された赤外線エネルギーからの干渉を防止するために、黒画用紙にチャンバの壁の内側を覆うことにより、植物材料の周りに暗い背景を提供します。 </li><li>可視波長での記録画像が必要とされる場合、光源からの発熱を最小限に抑えるためにLED照明でチャンバーを取り付けます。植物がカメラで見えるようにするために、このようなバッテリ駆動クローゼット光または他の小型LED素子としての照明の唯一の最小値は、必要とされます。 <ol><li>対象植物材料の可視画像が撮影されると、LED照明をオフにします。ポートまたはチャンバ内の他の開口を介して、カメラへのすべての外部有線接続（コンピュータにFireWire接続、電源コードなど）を配布します。 </li></ol></li><li>チャンバ内の温度勾配を回避または低減するために発泡絶縁材料を使用してポートまたは開口部に余分なスペースを埋めます。 1℃のチャンバーの初期温度を設定します。 </li></ol></li><li>植物材料は、カメラの視野内にあり、植物材料は、リモート表示画面または選択されたソフトウェアの中に表示されるように、植物または植物の部分を合わせ。 </li><li>植物は、従来の制御凍結実験を開始する、植物材料の大きさに応じて、1時間に30分1℃で平衡化することを可能にします。これは、凍結実験が開始されると、植物の温度は何度により空気温度に遅れないことを保証します。植物材料の温度が空気温度の0.5℃以内である場合に平衡が達成されます。 <ol><li>鉢植えの植物を使用する場合には鉢植えの土の上に発泡スチロール断熱材の層を配置します。植物が平衡化した後は、室内の冷却開始。 注：ポットの土壌表面上に絶縁層が植物の周囲の空気をポットから継続熱損失の量を低減し、FREから根を防ぎezing、このように一般的に起因する土壌中の残留熱本の巨大なタンクに自然の中で霜イベント中に発生しません。 </li></ol></li><li> 3.4.1-3.4.4で説明したように、所望のカメラパラメータ（カラー·パレット、温度範囲、関心の特定の領域など ） を設定します。 <ol><li>ライブ画像を見ながら温度変化を表示するには、虹のパレットを選択します。 </li><li>ソフトウェアだけで画像の下に配置された温度·バーを調整することにより、5℃に温度スパンを設定します。 </li><li>選択されたパレット（レインボー）で定義されているように擬似カラー画像に赤外線データを変換するためのリニアスケール（アルゴリズム）を選択し、5℃に温度の範囲を設定し、画像に基づいて自動的に追跡します。実験を行いながら別の方法として、手動で設定された範囲を調整します。 <ol><li> SOFTWが提供する目的の定義された領域内の特定の点の温度または平均温度を使用してくださいです。 。記録されたビデオシーケンスから、または画像ファイルに埋め込 ​​まれた情報から、全ての画素の温度データを取得する3 ResearchIRソフトウェアの中から代表的なスクリーンショットを示します。 </li></ol></li><li>興味のある特定のポイントを表す植物組織上の位置にカーソルを置きます。ポイント（サイズは1 -3画素）、ボックス、線、楕円、または円として関心領域を定義します。ポイントまたは形状の複数の組み合わせは、画像の上に配置することができます。 </li></ol></li><li>ビデオシーケンスを記録します<ol><li> 60 Hzで、記録を手動で停止されるのを記録するためにカメラを設定します。 </li><li>録画したビデオファイルが配置されるコンピュータまたは外部ドライブ上の場所を示しています。 </li><li>録音開始。 注：大規模なビデオファイルが生成されますので、外付けハードドライブへの録音を強くお勧めします。録画したビデオファイルは、後にNEを含む部分のみを含むように編集することができますcessary情報。これは、大幅にファイルサイズを小さくします。 </li><li> 0.5 -1.0°Cで増分室の温度を下げます。植物の温度が空気温度と平衡になるまで待ってから、0.5〜1.0°Cで再び温度を下げます。観察される植物組織の質量とその形態に応じて、平衡化は10〜15分かかることがあります。従って、約4℃/ hrの冷却速度を与えます。 </li><li>植物のフリーズとの観測が完了するまで、このように続けます。凍結プロセスが完了したときに記録を終了します。 注意：それらは同じ温度であるため、植物材料と背景が同じ色である場合に、植物組織は、空気温度で平衡化しました。背景温度や植物組織の温度が同じであるため、再度温度を下げるまで、植物材料を可視化することが困難であり、植物組織とAとの間の温度差がありますIR温度。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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P., Margesin, R., Schinner, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ice nucleation and deep supercooling in plants: new insights using infrared thermography. In: Cold adapted organisms. Ecology, physiology, enzymologyandmolecularbiology. , 105-118 (1999).</li><li>Franks, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biophysics and biochemistry at low temperatures. , (1985).</li><li>Neuner, G., Kuprian, E., Hincha, D., Zuther, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+thermal+analysis+of+plant+freezing+processes.">Infrared thermal analysis of plant freezing processes.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology: Plant Cold Acclimation. , 91-98 (2014).</li></ol>

著者らは、全く競合する金融利害や利害の衝突を持っていません。

水は十分に0℃以下の温度に過冷却する能力を有しており、水が凍結する温度は非常に可変であることができる。36純水の過冷却温度の上限は、約-40℃であり、均一な核形成点として定義されます。暖かい温度で水が凍結がより-40℃、それは次いで、氷の形成と成長のための触媒として機能する形成するために、小さな氷の胚を可能にする核不均一の存在によってもたらされた場合...

植物が活発に増殖している場合に発生する凍結温度は、植物がほとんど、あるいは全く凍結耐性を持っている場合は特に、致死することができます。このような霜のイベントは、多くの場合、農業生産に壊滅的な影響を持っていると、特に高山、サブ北極および北極の生態系1-6に、植物の自然集団におけるコミュニティ構造を形成する上で重要な役割を果たすことができます。深刻な春の霜のエピソードは、近年7-9でアメリカと南アメリカの果実生産に大きな影響を持っていた、より一般的な平均低温が続く暖かい天候の早期発症によって悪化されています。初期の暖かい天気がない霜耐性1,3,10-12にはほとんど持っているすべてのそれらの新芽、葉、花の成長を活性化し、破壊するために芽を誘導します。このような不安定な天候パターンは、進行中の気候変動の直接的反映であることが報告されており、foresための一般的な天候パターンであることが予想されますeeable今後13。増加霜耐性を提供することができ、経済的で効果的、かつ環境に配慮した経営手法や農薬を提供する努力は、理由のホストのための限られた成功を収めているが、これは、部分的に凍結耐性植物に回避メカニズムを凍結の複雑な性質に起因することができます。 14 植物における霜の生存に関連する適応メカニズムは、伝統的に凍結耐性と回避を凍結、2つのカテゴリに分類されています。前者は、植物が存在し、その組織中の氷の脱水効果に関連する応力を許容することができ、遺伝子の特定のセットで規制生化学的機構に関連しています。後者は、典型的であるが、単独で、プラント14であれば、氷の形を決定し、植物の構造的側面 ​​と関連しないが。広告としての凍結回避の有病率にもかかわらず、aptive機構は、少し研究は、基礎となるメカニズム、凍結回避の調節を理解する最近で専念してきました。読者は、この問題に関するより詳細のための最近の総説15と呼ばれています。 低温での氷の形成は簡単なプロセスのように見えるかもしれないが、多くの要因が植物組織中での氷の核形成温度を決定することに寄与し、それが工場内に広がりますか。このような外因性および内因性の核の氷の存在などのパラメータ、不均一な対均一核イベント、熱ヒステリシス（不凍液）タンパク質、特定の糖および他のオスモライトの存在、および植物の構造的側面のホストがすべての重要なを再生することができます植物における凍結過程における役割。まとめると、これらのパラメータは、氷が開始され、それがどのように成長される植物は、凍結する温度に影響を与えます。また、得られた氷結晶の形態に影響を与えることができます。種々の方法は、磁気共鳴イメージング（MRI）17、低温顕微鏡18-19、低温走査型電子顕微鏡（LTSEM、核磁気共鳴分光法（NMR）16を含む実験室条件下で植物における凍結過程を研究するために使用されています）。実験室とフィールドの設定で、植物全体の20凍結は、しかし、主に熱電対を用いて監視されています。凍結を研究するための熱電対の使用は、水が液体から固体への相転移を受ける熱の放出（融解エンタルピー）に基づいています。凍結次に、発熱事象として記録される。21-23を熱電対は、植物中で凍結研究において選択される典型的な方法であるにもかかわらず、その使用は、凍結事象の間に得 ​​られた情報の量を制限する多くの制限を有します。例えば、熱電対とそれがどのように伝播するか、氷が植物で開始されている場所を特定することはほぼ不可能に困難であり、それも速度で伝播している場合、一部の組織は、氷のない残っている場合。 高解像度の赤外線サーモグラフィ（HRIT）24-27の進歩は、しかし、差動撮影モードで使用する場合は特に、植物全体で凍結プロセスに関する情報を取得する能力を大幅に増加している。28-33本報告書では、凍結プロセスの様々な態様およびどこで、どのような温度で氷植物において開始される様々なパラメータに影響を研究するためのこの技術の使用を記載しています。プロトコルは高い、零下の温度での草本植物での凍結開始外因性核剤として作用する氷核活性（INA）細菌、 シュードモナスシリン （CIT-7）の能力を実証することが発表されます。 高解像度赤外線カメラこのレポートに記載されたプロトコルおよび実施例は、高解像度の赤外線を利用しますビデオ放射計。放射計（ 図1）は、赤外線および可視スペクトル画像と温度データの組合せを供給する。カメラのスペクトル応答は、7.5から13.5ミクロンの範囲であり、640×480ピクセルの解像度を提供します。内蔵カメラで生成された可視スペクトルの画像が複雑な、熱画像の解釈を容易にする、リアルタイムでのIR画像と融合させることができます。カメラ用レンズの範囲は、クローズアップ、顕微鏡観察を行うために使用することができます。カメラは、スタンドアロンモードで使用、またはpropietaryソフトウェアを使用してラップトップコンピュータとインターフェースし、制御することができます。ソフトウェアが記録されたビデオに埋め込まれた温度データの様々な得るために使用することができます。これは、赤外線放射計の多種多様な商業的に入手可能であることに注意することが重要です。したがって、研究者が知識豊富な製品エンジニアとの意図された用途を議論していることと、研究者は、任意の仕の能力をテストすることが不可欠ですC放射計は、必要な情報を提供します。記載されているプロトコルで使用される撮像放射計は、アクリルボックスに発泡スチロールI N温暖化と冷却のプロトコルの間に結露への暴露を抑止するためで絶縁（ 図2）が配置されています。この保護は、すべてのカメラやアプリケーションのために必要とされません。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared Camera</td>
			<td>FLIR</td>
			<td>SC-660</td>
			<td>Many models available depending on application</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared Analytical Software</td>
			<td>FLIR</td>
			<td>ResearchIR 4.10.2.5</td>
			<td align="right">$3,500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Pseudomonas syringae (strain Cit-7)</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2"><a href="mailto:icelab@berkeley.edu">Kindly provided by Dr. Steven Lindow, University of California&#160; Berkeley icelab@berkeley.edu</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pseudomonas Agar F</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>DF0448-17-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the use of high-resolution infrared thermography (hrit) for the study of ice nucleation and ice propagation in plants

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events often have devastating effects on agricultural production and can also play an important role in shaping community structure in natural populations of plants, especially in alpine, sub-arctic, and arctic ecosystems. Therefore, a better understanding of the freezing process in plants can play an important role in the development of methods of frost protection and understanding mechanisms of freeze avoidance. Here, we describe a protocol to visualize the freezing process in plants using high-resolution infrared thermography (HRIT). The use of this technology allows one to determine the primary sites of ice formation in plants, how ice propagates, and the presence of ice barriers. Furthermore, it allows one to examine the role of extrinsic and intrinsic nucleators in determining the temperature at which plants freeze and evaluate the ability of various compounds to either affect the freezing process or increase freezing tolerance. The use of HRIT allows one to visualize the many adaptations that have evolved in plants, which directly or indirectly impact the freezing process and ultimately enables plants to survive frost events.

アイス+細菌の氷核形成活性を、 シュードモナスシリン （株CIT-7） 10μlの水の低下とPを含む水10μl syringaeの （CIT-7）ギボウシの葉の背軸面上に置いた（ ギボウシ属 ）（ 図4）。図示のように、INA菌を含む水の低下は最初凍結し、葉の表面に水滴が凍結されていないままフリーズする葉の誘導を担当していました。 <p class="jove_cont...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants at JoVE.com

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Here we present a protocol that allows one to visualize sites of ice formation and avenues of ice propagation in plants utilizing high resolution infrared thermography (HRIT).

植物の氷核と氷伝播の研究のための高解像度赤外線サーモグラフィ（HRIT）の使用

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events ...

the-use-high-resolution-infrared-thermography-hrit-for-study-ice

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

9.5K ビュー.  Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kearneysville, WV. Here we present a protocol that allows one to visualize sites of ice formation and avenues of ice propagation in plants utilizing high resolution infrared thermography (HRIT).

ビデオ: The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture organisms, such as hyphae-building fungi and anaerobic bacteria, has hastened the use of recombinant technologies in this field. Plant expression methods are a desirable system for large-scale production of enzymes and other industrially useful proteins. Herein, methods for the transient expression of a fungal endoglucanase, Trichoderma reesei Cel5A, in Nicotiana tabacum are demonstrated. Successful protein expression is shown, monitored by fluorescence using an mCherry-enzyme fusion protein. Additionally, a set of basic tests are used to examine the activity of transiently expressed T. reesei Cel5A, including SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, zymography, as well as&#160;fluorescence and dye-based substrate degradation assays. The system described here can be used to produce an active cellulase in a short time period, so as to assess the potential for further production in plants through constitutive or inducible expression systems.

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Tobacco plants were used to produce a fungal cellulase, TrCel5A, via a transient expression system. The expression could be monitored using a fluorescent fusion protein, and the protein activity was characterized post-expression.

組換えセルラーゼCEL5Aの式から<em&gt;トリコデルマ·</em&gt;タバコ植物における

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture ...

環境学

Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing seeds of Garden Balsam (Impatiens balsamina), Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. japonica), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis), and Mescluns (Lepidium sativum). We applied magnets under the culture dish. During the 4 days of application, we observed that the stem and root length increased. The group subjected to magnetic field treatment (n = 10) showed a 1.4 times faster rate of growth compared with the control group (n = 11) in a total of 8 days (p &#60;0.0005). This rate is 20% higher than that reported in previous studies. The tubulin complex lines did not have connecting points, but connecting points occur upon the application of magnets. This shows complete difference from the control, which means abnormal arrangements. However, the exact cause remains unclear. These results of growth enhancement of applying magnets suggest that it is possible to enhance the growth rate, increase productivity, or control the speed of germination of plants by applying static magnetic fields. Also, magnetic fields can cause physiological changes in plant cells and can induce growth. Therefore, stimulation with a magnetic field can have possible effects that are similar to those of chemical fertilizers, which means that the use of fertilizers can be avoided.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

静磁場を利用した農業植物の初期の成長率の向上

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing ...

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in a watch list of environmental pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. Much of the estrogenic potency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can be attributed to the discharge of steroid estrogens including estradiol (E2), EE2 and E1 due to incomplete removal of these substances at the treatment plant. An evaluation of the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes requires the quantitative determination of individual substances most often undertaken using chemical analysis methods. Most frequently used methods include Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Although very useful for regulatory purposes, targeted chemical analysis can only provide data on the compounds (and specific metabolites) monitored. Ecotoxicology methods additionally ensure that any by-products produced or unknown estrogenic compounds present are also assessed via measurement of their biological activity. A number of in vitro bioassays including the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) are available to measure the estrogenic activity of wastewater samples. Chemical analysis in conjunction with in vivo and in vitro bioassays provides a useful toolbox for assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper utilizes a battery of chemical and ecotoxicology tests to assess conventional, advanced and emerging wastewater treatment processes in laboratory and field studies.

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC) pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. The methodology provided in this paper allows for an assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to EDC removal.

排水処理プロセスの有効性の評価のための化学的および生態毒性メソッドのバッテリーの使用は、エストロゲン効力を削除します

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in ...

Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered &#34;bee-safe,&#34; there is mounting evidence that fungicide residues in pollen are associated with bee declines (for both honey and bumble bee species). While the mechanisms remain relatively unknown, researchers have speculated that bee-microbe symbioses are involved. Microbes play a pivotal role in the preservation and/or processing of pollen, which serves as nutrition for larval bees. By altering the microbial community, it is likely that fungicides disrupt these microbe-mediated services, and thereby compromise bee health. This manuscript describes the protocols used to investigate the indirect mechanism(s) by which fungicides may be causing colony decline. Cage experiments exposing bees to fungicide-treated flowers have already provided the first evidence that fungicides cause profound colony losses in a native bumble bee (Bombus impatiens). Using field-relevant doses of fungicides, a series of experiments have been developed to provide a finer description of microbial community dynamics of fungicide-exposed pollen. Shifts in the structural composition of fungal and bacterial assemblages within the pollen microbiome are investigated by next-generation sequencing and metagenomic analysis. Experiments developed herein have been designed to provide a mechanistic understanding of how fungicides affect the microbiome of pollen-provisions. Ultimately, these findings should shed light on the indirect pathway through which fungicides may be causing colony declines.

Microbial consortia within bumble bee hives enrich and preserve pollen for bee larvae. Using next generation sequencing, along with laboratory and field-based experiments, this manuscript describes protocols used to test the hypothesis that fungicide residues alter the pollen microbiome, and colony demographics, ultimately leading to colony loss.

実証、メタゲノムと計算手法を照らす殺菌剤妥協ミツバチ健康メカニズム

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered ...

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are a family of atmospheric trace gases that have great impact on the environment. NOx concentrations directly influence the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere through interactions with ozone and hydroxyl radicals. The main sink of NOx is the formation and deposition of nitric acid, a component of acid rain and a bioavailable nutrient. NOx is emitted from a mixture of natural and anthropogenic sources, which vary in space and time. The collocation of multiple sources and the short lifetime of NOx make it challenging to quantitatively constrain the influence of different emission sources and their impacts on the environment. Nitrogen isotopes of NOx have been suggested to vary amongst different sources, representing a potentially powerful tool to understand the sources and transport of NOx. However, previous methods of collecting atmospheric NOx integrate over long (week to month) time spans and are not validated for the efficient collection of NOx in relevant, diverse field conditions. We report on a new, highly efficient field-based system that collects atmospheric NOx for isotope analysis at a time resolution between 30 min and 2 hr. This method collects gaseous NOx in solution as nitrate with 100% efficiency under a variety of conditions. Protocols are presented for collecting air in urban settings under both stationary and mobile conditions. We detail the advantages and limitations of the method and demonstrate its application in the field. Data from several deployments are shown to 1) evaluate field-based collection efficiency by comparisons with in situ NOx concentration measurements, 2) test the stability of stored solutions before processing, 3) quantify in situ reproducibility in a variety of urban settings, and 4) demonstrate the range of N isotopes of NOx detected in ambient urban air and on heavily traveled roadways.

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Previous work suggests that the nitrogen isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen oxides might distinguish the influence of different sources in the environment. We report on an automated, mobile, field-based method for the high collection efficiency of atmospheric NOx for N isotopic analysis at an hourly time resolution.

NOの窒素同位体分析のための自動化、高解像度モバイル収集システム<sub&gt; X</sub

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are a family of atmospheric trace gases that have great impact on the environment. NOx concentrations directly influence ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

木の幹の水分量を監視するための校正と静電容量センサーの使用

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

We report detailed procedures for performing compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus (D-DIA) coupled with synchrotron X-radiation. A cube-shaped sample assembly is prepared and compressed, at room temperature, by a set of four X-ray transparent sintered diamond anvils and two tungsten carbide anvils, in the lateral and the vertical planes, respectively. All six anvils are housed within a 250-ton hydraulic press and driven inward simultaneously by two wedged guide blocks. A horizontal energy dispersive X-ray beam is projected through and diffracted by the sample assembly. The beam is commonly in the mode of either white or monochromatic X-ray. In the case of white X-ray, the diffracted X-rays are detected by a solid-state detector array that collects the resulting energy dispersive diffraction pattern. In the case of monochromatic X-ray, the diffracted pattern is recorded using a two-dimensional (2-D) detector, such as an imaging plate or a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. The 2-D diffraction patterns are analyzed to derive lattice spacings. The elastic strains of the sample are derived from the atomic lattice spacing within grains. The stress is then calculated using the predetermined elastic modulus and the elastic strain. Furthermore, the stress distribution in two-dimensions allow for understanding how stress is distributed in different orientations. In addition, a scintillator in the X-ray path yields a visible light image of the sample environment, which allows for the precise measurement of sample length changes during the experiment, yielding a direct measurement of volume strain on the sample. This type of experiment can quantify the stress distribution within geomaterials, which can ultimately shed light on the mechanism responsible for compaction. Such knowledge has the potential to significantly improve our understanding of key processes in rock mechanics, geotechnical engineering, mineral physics, and material science applications where compactive processes are important.

We report detailed procedures for compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus coupled with synchrotron X-radiation. Such experiments allow quantification of the stress distribution within samples, that ultimately sheds light on compaction processes in geomaterials.

岩や放射光 x 線回折を用いた鉱物骨材の冷間圧縮時の応力分布

We report detailed procedures for performing compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus (D-DIA) ...

Protocol for Producing Three-Dimensional Infrared Video of Freezing in Plants

Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast make 2-dimensions (2D) infrared images somewhat difficult to interpret. Viewing an IR image or the video of plants freezing in 3 dimensions (3D) would allow a more accurate identification of sites for ice nucleation as well as the progression of freezing. In this paper, we demonstrate a relatively simple means to produce a 3D infrared video of a strawberry plant freezing. Strawberry is an economically important crop that is subjected to unexpected spring freeze events in many areas of the world. An accurate understanding of the freezing in strawberry will provide both breeders and growers with more economical ways to prevent any damage to plants during freezing conditions.
The technique involves a positioning of two IR cameras at slightly different angles to film the strawberry freezing. The two video streams will be precisely synchronized using a screen capture software that records both cameras simultaneously. The recordings will then be imported into the imaging software and processed using an anaglyph technique. Using red-blue glasses, the 3D video will make it easier to determine the precise site of ice nucleation on leaf surfaces.

Here, we present a protocol to image a strawberry plant freezing in 3 dimensions. Two infrared cameras positioned at slightly different angles are used to produce a red-blue anaglyph video to observe the freezing of the plant in 3 dimensions.

植物の凍結の三次元赤外線ビデオを制作するためのプロトコル

Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast ...

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus)

We present a protocol related to a video-tracking technique based on the background subtraction and image thresholding that makes it possible to individually track cohoused animals. We tested the tracking routine with four cohoused Norway lobsters (Nephrops norvegicus) under light-darkness conditions for 5 days. The lobsters had been individually tagged. The experimental setup and the tracking techniques used are entirely based on the open source software. The comparison of the tracking output with a manual detection indicates that the lobsters were correctly detected 69% of the times. Among the correctly detected lobsters, their individual tags were correctly identified 89.5% of the times. Considering the frame rate used in the protocol and the movement rate of lobsters, the performance of the video tracking has a good quality, and the representative results support the validity of the protocol in producing valuable data for research needs (individual space occupancy or locomotor activity patterns). The protocol presented here can be easily customized and is, hence, transferable to other species where the individual tracking of specimens in a group can be valuable for answering research questions.

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster Nephrops norvegicus

Here we present a protocol to individually track animals over a long period of time. It uses computer vision methods to identify a set of manually constructed tags by using a group of lobsters as case study, simultaneously providing information on how to house, manipulate, and mark the lobsters.

Cohoused 水生動物の長期のビデオ追跡: ノルウェー オマール海老 (アカザエビ norvegicus) の毎日の歩行活動の事例

We present a protocol related to a video-tracking technique based on the background subtraction and image thresholding that makes it possible to ...

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Natural organic matter (NOM) is composed of a highly complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds which, historically, proved difficult to characterize. However, to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic controls on greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide [CO2] and methane [CH4]) production resulting from the decomposition of NOM, a molecular-level characterization coupled with microbial proteome analyses is necessary. Further, climate and environmental changes are expected to perturb natural ecosystems, potentially upsetting complex interactions that influence both the supply of organic matter substrates and the microorganisms performing the transformations. A detailed molecular characterization of the organic matter, microbial proteomics, and the pathways and transformations by which organic matter is decomposed will be necessary to predict the direction and magnitude of the effects of environmental changes. This article describes a methodological throughput for comprehensive metabolite characterization in a single sample by direct injection Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and proteomics analysis. This approach results in a fully-paired dataset which improves statistical confidence for inferring pathways of organic matter decomposition, the resulting CO2 and CH4 production rates, and their responses to environmental perturbation. Herein we present results of applying this method to NOM samples collected from peatlands; however, the protocol is applicable to any NOM sample (e.g., peat, forested soils, marine sediments, etc.).

This protocol describes a single throughput for complementary analytical and omics techniques culminating in a fully-paired characterization of natural organic matter and microbial proteomics in different ecosystems. This approach permits robust comparisons for identifying metabolic pathways and transformations important for describing greenhouse gas production and predicting responses to environmental change.