<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51201">Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages</a></h2>
Marc Bronietzki1, Bahram Kasmapour1, Maximiliano Gabriel Gutierrez1,2
1Research Group Phagosome Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 2Division of Mycobacterial Research, National Institute for Medical Research
<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51281">Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans</a></h2>
Hisham Ziauddeen1,2,3, Naresh Subramaniam1, Victoria C. Cambridge4, Nenad Medic1,2, Ismaa Sadaf Farooqi2, Paul C. Fletcher1,2,3
1Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 2Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, 3Cambridgeshire &amp; Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, University of Cambridge, 4West Anglia Comprehensive Local Research Network, Addenbrooke's Hospital
This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.
<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/50929">Cell Patterning on Photolithographically Defined Parylene-C: SiO2 Substrates</a></h2>
Mark A. Hughes1, Paul M. Brennan2, Andrew S. Bunting3, Mike J. Shipston1, Alan F. Murray3
1Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 2Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, 3School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The University of Edinburgh
This protocol describes a microfabrication-compatible method for cell patterning on SiO2. A predefined parylene-C design is photolithographically printed on SiO2 wafers. Following incubation with serum (or other activation solution) cells adhere specifically to (and grow according to the conformity of) underlying parylene-C, whilst being repulsed by SiO2 regions.

march 2014: this month in jove - food-related motivation, pathogens in the deli, diagnosing als, and bioengineering cells into patterns

Here's a look at what's coming up in the <a href="http://www.jove.com/archive/85">March 2014 issue</a> of <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments</a>. 
This month, we have a special culinary focus with food-related articles from various JoVE sections. 
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/enviro">JoVE Environment</a>, we have a method for tracking the spread of the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. This foodborne pathogen contaminates all kinds of foods in the retail environment - including dairy, eggs, produce, meat, and fish. <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/listeria/">According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a>, Listeria sickens around 1,600 people in the United States every year, and is the 3rd leading cause of death related to food poisoning. Many cases of Listeria-related illness can be traced to contaminated deli meats, especially those sliced by retailers. To study how this potentially deadly pathogen spreads in retail environments, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51402">Sirsat et al.</a> simulate bacterial contamination of deli meat using a fluorescent compound that glows under black light, focusing on the deli slicer itself as a critical point of Listeria cross contamination. This method can be adapted to study other microbial pathogens in retail and industrial environments, and facilitate sanitary practices in multiple settings. 
In a culinary article from <a href="http://www.jove.com/behavior">JoVE's Behavior</a> section, we examine what drives us to eat. Besides the obvious impulse of hunger, the rewarding aspects of food can drive certain behaviors, especially overeating. <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51281">Ziauddeen et al.</a> use several methods to examine food-related motivation. In one experiment, subjects have to physically work to win food or non-food rewards. In another experiment, they test whether subliminal images of a food reward can affect an individual's willingness to work for it. In a third experiment, subjects assign monetary values on various foods, which yields quantitative measures of food-related rewards. These methods can be used to study the effectiveness of anti-obesity treatments that alter the reward value of food. 
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/ctm">JoVE Clinical and Translational Medicine</a>, we feature an article on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease). In this degenerative neuromuscular disease, muscles become paralyzed when motor neurons disconnect from muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). An early symptom that is specific to ALS is the split hand phenomenon, or the preferential weakness of a specific group of hand muscles, while other hand muscles are spared. <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51056">Menon and Vucic</a> demonstrate a novel method of obtaining split hand index scores. To do this, they record maximal motor responses from three hand muscles. By comparing the responses of various patients, our authors demonstrate how this index can distinguish ALS from other neuromuscular diseases. 
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/bioengineering">JoVE Bioengineering</a>, many applications involve growing cells on synthetic surfaces. Therefore, a common bioengineering research goal is to understand the mechanisms of cell adhesion and patterning on synthetic materials. <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/50929">Hughes et al.</a> have developed a method for photolithographically printing silicon dioxide chips with paralene-C. Cells specifically adhere to the paralene-C while being repelled by the silicon dioxide. This technique has allowed patterning of a broad range of cell types, including HEK 293 cells, primary human glioma-derived stem-like cells, and 3T3 L1 cells 
You've just had a sneak peek of the <a href="http://www.jove.com/archive/85">March 2014 issue</a> of JoVE. Visit the website to see the full-length articles, plus many more, in <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments</a>.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about March 2014: This Month in JoVE - Food-Related Motivation, Pathogens in the Deli, Diagnosing ALS, and Bioengineering Cells into Patterns at JoVE.com

March 2014: This Month in JoVE - Food-Related Motivation, Pathogens in the Deli, Diagnosing ALS, and Bioengineering Cells into Patterns

Here's a look at what's coming up in the <a href="http://www.jove.com/archive/85">March 2014</a> issue of JoVE.

Here's a look at what's coming up in the March 2014 issue of JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments. 
This month, we have a special culinary focus ...

march-2014-this-month-jove-food-related-motivation-pathogens-deli

Without Section

1.9K ビュー.  Massachusetts Eye and Ear. Here's a look at what's coming up in the March 2014 issue of JoVE.

ビデオ: March 2014: This Month in JoVE - Food-Related Motivation, Pathogens in the Deli, Diagnosing ALS, and Bioengineering Cells into Patterns

studying food reward and motivation in humans

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in...

identification of disease-related spatial covariance patterns using neuroimaging data

Identification of Disease-related Spatial Covariance Patterns using Neuroimaging Data

Multivariate techniques including principal component analysis (PCA) have been used to identify signature patterns of regional change in functional brain images. We have developed an algorithm to identify reproducible network biomarkers for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders, assessment of disease progression, and objective evaluation of treatment effects in patient...

bioengineering human microvascular networks in immunodeficient mice

Bioengineering Human Microvascular Networks in Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we describe a methodology to deliver human cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embedded in a collagen/fibronectin gel, subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. This cell/gel combination generates a human vascular network that connects with the mouse...

measuring and mapping patterns of soil erosion and deposition related to soil carbonate concentrations under agricultural management

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described...

quantifying social motivation in mice using operant conditioning

Quantifying Social Motivation in Mice Using Operant Conditioning

This article describes a new protocol for the quantitative measurement of social motivation in mice using operant conditioning for a social reward. The protocol is useful for the measurement of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

intraoperative assessment of resection margins in oral cavity cancer: this is the way

Intraoperative Assessment of Resection Margins in Oral Cavity Cancer: This is the Way

The goal of this protocol is to provide a clear overview of specimen-driven intraoperative assessment of resection margins. It is encouraged to implement this protocol to improve patient care at other...

bioengineering of humanized bone marrow microenvironments in mouse and their visualization by live imaging

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

A method to create and live-image different humanized bone-marrow niches in mice is presented. Based on the supportive niche created by human mesenchymal cells, the addition of human endothelial cells induces the formation of human vessels, while the addition of rhBMP-2 induces the formation of human-mouse chimeric mature bone...

measuring crop motility and food passaging in drosophila

Measuring Crop Motility and Food Passaging in Drosophila

The goal of this protocol is to measure crop contraction and quantify food distribution in the Drosophila...

Measuring Crop Motility and Food Passaging in Drosophila

a rapid food-preference assay in drosophila

A Rapid Food-Preference Assay in Drosophila

We present a protocol for a two-choice feeding assay for flies. This feeding assay is fast and easy to run and is suitable not only for small-scale laboratory research, but also for high-throughput behavioral screens in...

A Rapid Food-Preference Assay in Drosophila

converting phytoplankton images into vector graphics and creating phytoplankton patterns

Converting Phytoplankton Images into Vector Graphics and Creating Phytoplankton Patterns  

the motivation for alcohol reward: predictors of progressive-ratio intravenous alcohol self-administration in humans

The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans

This study aims to show that the Progressive-Ratio Computer-assisted Alcohol-Infusion System (CAIS) paradigm is a reliable and sensitive method that can be used to examine the motivating properties associated with alcohol self-administration in...

poplar adventitious roots induced by stem canker pathogens: an experimental system for studying roots biology and light response-related processes

Author Spotlight: Adventitious Root Formation in Poplars Induced by Fungal Pathogens and its Implications for Root Biology and Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Here, we present a protocol to induce the production of adventitious roots (ARs) through the phloem- or epidermis-girdle fungal pathogen inoculation pathway, which is suitable for the study of root biology and the light response-related physiological processes in...

Poplar Adventitious Roots Induced by Stem Canker Pathogens: An Experimental System for Studying Roots Biology and Light Response-Related Processes

identifying, diagnosing, and grading malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in genetically engineered mouse models

Author Spotlight: Genetically Engineered Mouse Models and Pathological Characterization of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Associated Tumors

We have developed a methodology for assessing whether nervous system neoplasms in genetically engineered mice accurately recapitulate the pathology of their human counterparts. Here, we apply these histologic techniques, defined pathologic criteria, and culture methodologies to neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors arising in the P0-GGF&#946;3 mouse...

Identifying, Diagnosing, and Grading Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors in Genetically Engineered Mouse Models

antimicrobial characterization of advanced materials for bioengineering applications

Antimicrobial Characterization of Advanced Materials for Bioengineering Applications

We present a protocol for the antimicrobial characterization of advanced materials. Here, the antimicrobial activity on material surfaces is measured by two methods that complement each other: one is based on the agar disk diffusion test, and the other is a standard procedure based on the ISO 22196:2007...

investigation into deep breathing through measurement of ventilatory parameters and observation of breathing patterns

Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns

Here, we present a protocol to assess two deep breathing patterns of natural and diaphragmatic breathing for their effectiveness and ease of execution. Fifteen participants were selected, utilizing an electrocardiograph and expired gas analyzer for measurement of the ventilatory parameters, together with visual assessment by video capture of thoracoabdominal...

in vitro differentiation of naive cd4+ t cells into pathogenic th17 cells in mouse

Author Spotlight: Achieving High-Purity In Vitro Differentiation of Th17 Cells Using Cytokine Concentration Modulation

This protocol describes the differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells into pathogenic Th17 cells in vitro. Specifically, when combined with a multi-parameter flow cytometry-based approach, 90% purity of pathogenic Th17 cells can be obtained from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells using this differentiation...

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

a catheter-related candida albicans infection model in mouse

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Candida albicans Detection in Catheter Infections Using Fluorescent Protein Tagging 

We establish a mouse model of C.albicans-associated catheter-related infection (CRI), in which biofilm forms on the catheter, and the interaction between C.albicans and host correlates well with the clinical CRI. This model helps screen therapies for C.albicans biofilm-associated CRI,  laying a foundation for clinical...

A Catheter-Related Candida albicans Infection Model in Mouse

establishing an octopus ecosystem for biomedical and bioengineering research

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research

Understanding the unique physiological and anatomical structures of octopuses can greatly impact biomedical research. This guide demonstrates how to set-up and maintain a marine environment to accommodate this species and includes state-of-the-art imaging and analytical approaches to visualize octopus' nervous system anatomy and...

visualizing motion patterns in acupuncture manipulation

Visualizing Motion Patterns in Acupuncture Manipulation

Here, we present a protocol for using the Acupuncture Manipulation Education System (AMES) in the training of acupuncture manipulation skills using phantom...

August 2012: This Month in JoVE

Traditional microscopy requires lens objectives to magnify specimens, and can involve numerous optical components like additional objectives, filters, and mirrors to refract and direct light to optical sensors. The August 2012 issue of JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) is marked by the third publication from the Ozcan Lab (University of California, Los Angeles) on their lens free lens-free "on-chip" microscopy platform, which they have pioneered.
Back in 2009, the Ozcan lab published their first article, which demonstrated the use of a lens-free imaging platform that could image cells within whole blood. This imaging technique involves placing a sample directly on an optoelectric sensor array, like the CCD or CMOS chips found in the standard camcorder. Then, LED illumination from above the sample casts shadows on the chip, which are recorded as digital holograms that can be subjected to image processing. Not only does this lensless imaging system allow for an extremely large field of view (FOV of 0.6-8 cm2), the lack of bulky optical components makes it excellent for microfluidic applications. The Ozcan group demonstrates this in their follow-up 2011 JoVE article, in which fluorescently labeled white blood cells are imaged within a microfluidic chip.
This August in JoVE, the Ozcan group demonstrates further advancements to their lens-free microscopy platform by applying it to tomographic imaging of the nematode, C. elegans. By changing the angle of illumination, using a motorized rotation stage, the Ozcan group shows how multiple holographic slices may be generated for a sample-which, following processing, can be combined into tomograms. The Ozcan group confirms that their 3D reconstruction of the worm is successful by citing that the pharyngeal tube, a 5-micron-thick structure, is only visible in a single slice and in a 3D reconstructed cross section.
The compact and inexpensive nature of the lens-free imaging systems - designed and assembled by the Ozcan group - make them well suited for point-of-care diagnostic applications, or even cell phone based microscopy that can be performed in the field.
At the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center at University of California, San Francisco JoVE learns how to visualize morphological changes in single cells using three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy and computer analysis. In this procedure, cells are given agonist, antagonist plus agonist, or no treatment, and prepared for immunofluorescence microscopy. Three-dimensional images are acquired with the help of a two-photon laser system, and the fluorescence data are processed on the computer using Imaris and Matlab.
To demonstrate the power of this technique, our authors quantify single-cell phenotypic changes in transfected HEK293 cells. Three-dimensional morphometric analysis shows dramatic changes in cells treated with agonist. These changes are not always apparent when using conventional 2D analysis. This technique allows morphological changes in single cells to be quantified and characterized in response to pharmacologic stimuli, offering a powerful new assessment tool to the arsenal of drug discovery research.
This month, in JoVE Applied Physics, we travel to South Carolina to visit the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Clemson University. Here, researchers show us how to construct lithium batteries for laboratory research.
The basic components of a lithium coin cell are the working electrode, the lithium electrolyte, and a lithium foil counter electrode. The different components of the coin cell are carefully assembled and sealed with a crimping machine. The finished coin cell can then be characterized in a battery tester. Using their homemade coin cells, our researchers can experiment with using different materials to make the cathodes of lithium coin cells.
This month in JoVE Immunology and Infection, we head to Basel, Switzerland to witness two techniques for diagnosing helminth infections. We also see how investigators perform the shuttle run test in children, in order to assess the effects of these infections on physical fitness.
Helminths are parasitic worms that can live inside humans and animals. Many species infect the intestinal tract, and may be transmitted through soil. Our authors demonstrate the Kato-Katz technique, which is used for diagnosing several common soil-transmitted helminths. They also demonstrate the Baermann technique, which uses light to stimulate the migration of certain types of phototactic helminths out of sample preparations. The various types of helminth species can subsequently be determined based on morphology.
Our authors then demonstrate how to set up and perform a 20-meter shuttle run test for children, and to measure the impact of helminth infections on physical fitness. This method can help determine the true burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections on overall health.
This brief summary highlights but a few notable video-articles that will be released in August. We'll also feature articles that demonstrate how to express genes in the midbrain of the chick embryo, study neutrophil transmigration in parallel flow chambers lined with endothelial cells, and precisely measure proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix.

Traditional microscopy requires lens objectives to magnify specimens, and can involve numerous optical components like additional objectives, filters, and mirrors to refract and direct light to optical sensors. The August 2012 issue of JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) is marked by the third publication from the Ozcan Lab (University of California, Los Angeles) on their lens-free "on-chip" microscopy platform, which they have pioneered.

Traditional microscopy requires lens objectives to magnify specimens, and can involve numerous optical components like additional objectives, filters, and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

2012: A Year In Review

Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).
At the start of 2012, JoVE reached a major milestone by publishing our 1500th article. In this publication, in JoVE Bioengineering, Yu et al. described a method for analyzing the free radical composition of cigarette smoke. This method simulated cigarette puffing with a single-port smoking device, and combined it with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to measure the degree to which antioxidant compounds can scavenge free radicals in cigarette smoke. A possible outcome of this research is the creation of less harmful cigarettes.
JoVE Bioengineering also contained the most-viewed article of 2012. Owczarczak et al. described a method for hacking a standard inkjet printer, loading ink cartridges with a cell-suspension "bioink," and printing lines of live cells onto glass slides. The thermal inkjet printing process creates temporary pores in the cell membrane, visualized by the incorporation of fluorescently labeled actin monomers. This concept, called "bioprinting," has many potential applications in cell and tissue engineering.
Also in 2012, JoVE Bioengineering featured a protocol by Hsia et al. for isolating and purifying spider silk protein, spinning it into fibers, and assessing the fiber strength. This protocol for laboratory-scale production of spider silk, which is stronger than tensile steel, can potentially be extended to large-scale manufacturing.
In JoVE Clinical and Translational Medicine, we featured a number of articles related to stroke, one of which. In one article, M&ouml;bius-Winkler et al. demonstrated placement of the WATCHMAN left atrial appendage occlusion device from Boston Scientific. This device is designed to prevent strokes by trapping clots within the left atrial appendage of the heart before they exit. Our authors demonstrated how to insert the guide wire through the femoral artery into the heart, advance the device into the left atrium, and deploy the device in the left atrial appendage.
Another article focused on stroke, Hamel et al. described the use of a driving simulator to study how patients compensate for visual field defects following stroke. By analyzing the compensatory gaze behavior of patients as they navigated through virtual driving courses with varying degrees of complexity, our authors see great potential for the use of driving simulators in stroke rehabilitation.
In JoVE Immunology and Infection, we published an article by Keyel et al. describing the real-time kinetics of immune cell responses to bacterial toxins using live cell microscopy. Combined with high-speed 3D confocal microscopy, this technique can also visualize the cellular repair response.
Also in JoVE Immunology and Infection, we featured an article by Yap et al. describing methods for diagnosing helminth infections in children. Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect the intestinal tract of humans and animals, and may be distinguished based on their morphology. The same article demonstrated how to measure the impact of helminth infections on physical fitness in children, which is a measure of overall health.
In JoVE Neuroscience, we featured a method by Hoffmann et al., who used tiny headphones to alter the auditory feedback in songbirds, and analyzed the computational and neurophysiological basis of vocal learning in birds when they adjust their singing in response to altered acoustic signals.
Also in JoVE Neuroscience, we moved from birds to bees with a method that assesses associative and non-associative tactile learning in honeybees. This method, by Mujagi&#263; et al., allowed bees to scan different metal surfaces with their antennae, then conditioned them to expect sugar water when their antennae touched particular surfaces, and analyzed the corresponding changes in antennal movement.
In 2012, we launched a brand-new section: JoVE Applied Physics, which features articles on subjects ranging from plasma physics to material science. The Applied Physics section also contained JoVE's 2000th video article, filmed in a synchrotron radiation facility, where Borisenko et al. showed how to determine the electronic structure of complex materials using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
In the JoVE General section, we published an article by Artioli et al. demonstrating the use of a portable gas analyzer to measure oxygen consumption during complex exercise - such as judo. By analyzing oxygen consumption and collecting blood for measuring plasma lactate concentration, this method can determine the relative contributions of different energy systems to specific aspects of complex exercise.
Finally, JoVE followed Dolhi et al. to a permanently ice-covered saline lake in Antarctica. There, scientists drilled through the ice to study single-celled microorganisms called protists that live in the harsh conditions of Antarctica.
This Year in Review was just a brief glimpse of a few of over 600 video articles that JoVE offered in 2012. Browse the JoVE archives to see thousands of other videos, and stay tuned for what's coming up this year in JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments.

Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).

 
 
Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).
At the start of 2012, JoVE ...