Use of the Advanced Photon Source and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Office of Science User Facilities operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We acknowledge Dr. Han Wen, NHLBI / National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, for many helpful suggestions during the data processing.

<ol>
	<li>Als-Nielsen, J., McMorrow, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Elements of Modern X-ray Physics. , (2011).</li><li>Born, M., Wolf, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Principle of Optics. , (1999).</li><li>Lin, J. J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+the+Spatial+Coherence+Function+of+Undulator+Radiation+using+a+Phase+Mask.">Measurement of the Spatial Coherence Function of Undulator Radiation using a Phase Mask.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (7), 074801 (2003).</li><li>Cloetens, P., Guigay, J. P., De Martino, C., Baruchel, J., Schlenker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fractional+Talbot+imaging+of+phase+gratings+with+hard+X-rays.">Fractional Talbot imaging of phase gratings with hard X-rays.</a> Opt. Lett. 22 (14), 1059-1061 (1997).</li><li>Guigay, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+partial+Talbot+effect+and+its+use+in+measuring+the+coherence+of+synchrotron+X-rays.">The partial Talbot effect and its use in measuring the coherence of synchrotron X-rays.</a> J. Synchrotron Rad. 11, 476-482 (2004).</li><li>Kluender, R., Masiello, F., Vaerenbergh, P. V., H&#228;rtwig, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+the+spatial+coherence+of+synchrotron+beams+using+the+Talbot+effect.">Measurement of the spatial coherence of synchrotron beams using the Talbot effect.</a> Phys. Status Solidi A. 206 (8), 1842-1845 (2009).</li><li>Pfeiffer, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shearing+Interferometer+for+Quantifying+the+Coherence+of+Hard+X-Ray+Beams.">Shearing Interferometer for Quantifying the Coherence of Hard X-Ray Beams.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (1-4), 164801 (2005).</li><li>Marathe, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+transverse+coherence+of+x-ray+beam+with+2-D+phase+grating+interferometer.">Probing transverse coherence of x-ray beam with 2-D phase grating interferometer.</a> Opt. Express. 22 (12), 14041-14053 (2014).</li><li>Shi, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circular+grating+interferometer+for+mapping+transverse+coherence+area+of+X-ray+beams.">Circular grating interferometer for mapping transverse coherence area of X-ray beams.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 (1-6), 041116 (2014).</li><li>Zanette, I., David, C., Rutishauser, S., Weitkamp, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2D+grating+simulation+for+X-ray+phase-contrast+and+dark-field+imaging+with+a+Talbot+interferometer.">2D grating simulation for X-ray phase-contrast and dark-field imaging with a Talbot interferometer.</a> , 73-79 (2010).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

図5は、4つのすべての方向に沿った推定横コヒーレンス長を示しています。明らかに、90°方向を0°方向に比べてθ高いξを持っています。ビームライン光学格子の相対位置でのビームの干渉性にほとんど影響を有するので、測定されたコヒーレンス領域は、ソースサイズ面積に反比例します。提示されたX線ビームのコヒーレンス測定技術は、垂直方向（参照...

このようなANL、レモント、IL、USA（http://www.aps.anl.gov）でAPSなどの第三世代の硬X線シンクロトロン放射源は、X線科学の発展に多大な影響を与えています。シンクロトロン放射源は、電子のような荷電粒子は、円軌道に光速近くに移動させるX線の波長、赤外線から、電磁放射のスペクトルを生成します。これらのソースは、高輝度、パルス及びピコ秒のタイミング構造、大きな空間的及び時間的コヒーレンスのような非常に独特の特性を有しています。 X線ビームの空間的コヒーレンスは、第3および第4の世代のシンクロトロン源の重要なパラメータであり、このプロパティを利用した実験の数は劇的に過去20年間1上に増加しています。このようなAPS蓄積リングのために計画されたマルチベンドアクロマート（MBA）格子としてこれらのソースの将来のアップグレードは、劇的に光コヒーレントフラックス（HTTPを増加します：//www.aps.anl.gov/Upgrade/）。 X線ビームは、より高い時間的コヒーレンスを達成するために、結晶モノクロメーターを使用して調整することができます。シンクロトロン光源の横方向コヒーレンスが低いため、電子ビームのエミッタンスおよび実験局へのソースからの長い伝搬距離の実験室ベースのX線源のそれよりも有意に高いです。 通常は、ヤングのピンホール二重または二重スリット実験は、干渉縞2の視認性の検査を通ったビームの空間的コヒーレンスを測定するために使用されます。完全な複雑なコヒーレンス関数（CCF）を得るためには、体系的な測定は、特に硬X線のため、面倒であり、現実的ではない、様々な分離と異なる位置に配置された2つのスリットで必要とされています。均一冗長アレイ（URA）は、位相シフトマスク3として用いることにより、ビームのコヒーレンス測定にも使用することができます。技術は完全なCCFを提供することができるが、それはモデルフリーではありません。さらに最近では、タルボ効果に基づく干渉技術は、定期的なオブジェクトの自己イメージングプロパティを使用して開発されました。これらの干渉計は、ビームの横方向のコヒーレンス4-9を得るための格子の下流少数自己像の距離で測定されたインターフェログラムの可視性を利用します。 2格子システムを使用して横方向コヒーレンスの測定も7が報告されています。 同時に垂直方向と水平方向に沿って、横方向のビームコヒーレンスのマッピングは、最初JP Guigay らによって報告された。5。最近では、APSの光学グループ、X線科学部門（XSD）、中の科学者は、ビームを測定するために、2つの新しい技術を報告している二つの方法用いて同時に二つ以上の方向に沿ってコヒーレンスを横切る：8格子市松相と1、および他の円形相は9格子付き。 本論文ではmeasurementおよびデータ分析手順が、0°に沿って同時に、水平方向に対して45°、90°、135°方向を、ビームの横方向の一貫性を得るために記載されています。測定は、格子市松π/ 2相とAPSの1-BMビームラインで行いました。プロトコルセクションに記載されているこの技術の詳細は、次のとおりです。実験の1）計画。 2）格子2次元市松相の調製。シンクロトロン施設で3）実験のセットアップとアライメント; 4）コヒーレンス測定を行います。 5）データ解析。また、代表的な結果は、技術を説明するために示されています。これらの手順は、格子の設計に最小限の変更で多くの放射光ビームラインで行うことができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="628">
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">1-BM-B bending magnet x-ray source</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Advanced photon Source/ Argonne National Lab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"><a href="http://www.aps.anl.gov/Xray_Science_Division/Optics/Beamline/">http://www.aps.anl.gov/Xray_Science_Division/Optics/Beamline/</a></td>
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			<td>Proteus Inc</td>
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			<td><a href="http://www.apace-science.com/proteus/lyso.htm#top">http://www.apace-science.com/proteus/lyso.htm#top</a></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Coolsnap HQ2 CCD detector</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Photometrics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.photometrics.com/products/ccdcams/coolsnap_hq2.php">http://www.photometrics.com/products/ccdcams/coolsnap_hq2.php</a></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">ATC 2000 UHV sputtering deposition system</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AJA International Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.ajaint.com/systems_atc.htm">http://www.ajaint.com/systems_atc.htm</a></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MICROPOSIT S1800 photoresist</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Dow&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MICROPOSIT 351 developer</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Dow&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">MA/BA6 lithography system</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">SUSS MicroTec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.suss.com/en/products-solutions/products/mask-aligner/maba6/overview.html">http://www.suss.com/en/products-solutions/products/mask-aligner/maba6/overview.html</a></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Spin coater WS-400-6NPPB</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Laurell Technologies Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.laurell.com/spin-coater/?model=WS-400-6NPP-LITE">http://www.laurell.com/spin-coater/?model=WS-400-6NPP-LITE</a></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">JBX-9300FS electron beam lithography system</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">JEOL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.jeolusa.com/PRODUCTS/PhotomaskDirectWriteLithography/ElectronBeamLithography/JBX-9500FS/tabid/245/Default.aspx">http://www.jeolusa.com/PRODUCTS/PhotomaskDirectWriteLithography/ElectronBeamLithography/JBX-9500FS/tabid/245/Default.aspx</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">CS-1701 RIE system</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Nordson March</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.nordson.com/EN-US/DIVISIONS/MARCH/PRODUCTS/LEGACY/Pages/CS-1701-Anisotropic-RIE-Plasma-System.aspx">http://www.nordson.com/EN-US/DIVISIONS/MARCH/PRODUCTS/LEGACY/Pages/CS-1701-Anisotropic-RIE-Plasma-System.aspx</a></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Techni Gold 25E</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Technic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.technic.com/eu/applications/industrial/industrial-chemistry/plating-chemistry">http://www.technic.com/eu/applications/industrial/industrial-chemistry/plating-chemistry</a></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Dektak-8 surface profiler</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="http://brukersupport.com/ProductDetail/1136">http://brukersupport.com/ProductDetail/1136</a></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">MICROPOSIT 1165 remover</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Dow&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of x-ray beam coherence along multiple directions using 2-d checkerboard phase grating

技術のための手順は、格子干渉計が報告されている単相を用いた放射光X線源の横方向コヒーレンスを測定します。測定は、アルゴンヌ国立研究所（ANL）で光量子ソース（APS）の1-BM偏向電磁石ビームラインで実証されました。 2-Dの市松π/ 2位相シフト回折格子を使用することによって、横方向コヒーレンス長は、垂直方向及び水平方向に沿って同様に水平方向に45°、135°方向に沿って得られました。本稿で指定された技術的な詳細に続いて、インターフェログラムは、ビーム伝搬方向に沿って位相格子の下流の異なる位置で測定しました。各インターフェログラムの可視性の値は、そのフーリエ変換像における高調波のピークを分析から抽出しました。従って、各方向に沿ったコヒーレンス長は、回折格子対detecの関数としての視認性の進化から抽出することができますTORの距離。四方向におけるコヒーレンス長の同時測定は、ガウス状のX線源のコヒーレンス領域の楕円形状を特定する助け。複数方向のコヒーレンス特性評価のための報告された技術は、適切なサンプルサイズと向きを選択するだけでなく、一貫性の散乱実験での部分的なコヒーレンス効果を補正するために重要です。この技術は、X線光学系の一貫性維持能力を評価するために適用することができます。

詳細な実験とシミュレーションの結果は、上記の測定とデータ解析の手順を説明するために、結果を選択した他の場所8、このセクションは唯一のショーを見ることができるが。 図1 APS 1-BM-Bのビームラインでの実験のセットアップを表します。ビームサイズは、二結晶モノクロメーター（DCM）及び偏向電磁石電源25メートル上流に配置された1×1 mm 2のスリットによ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating at JoVE.com

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

測定プロトコル及びデータ解析手順は、同時に格子単一2次元チェッカーボード相を使用して、4つの方向に沿って放射光X線源の横方向コヒーレンスを得るために与えられます。この単純な技術は、X線源及びX線光学系の完全な横方向コヒーレンス特性評価に適用することができます。

2次元チェッカーボード位相格子を使用して複数の方向に沿ってX線ビームコヒーレンスの測定

A procedure for a technique to measure the transverse coherence of synchrotron radiation X-ray sources using a single phase grating interferometer is ...

measurement-x-ray-beam-coherence-along-multiple-directions-using-2-d

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.5K ビュー.  Argonne National Laboratory. 測定プロトコル及びデータ解析手順は、同時に格子単一2次元チェッカーボード相を使用して、4つの方向に沿って放射光X線源の横方向コヒーレンスを得るために与えられます。この単純な技術は、X線源及びX線光学系の完全な横方向コヒーレンス特性評価に適用することができます。 

ビデオ: Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Measurement of Coherence Decay in GaMnAs Using Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing

The application of femtosecond four-wave mixing to the study of fundamental properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors ((s,p)-d hybridization, spin-flip scattering) is described, using experiments on GaMnAs as a prototype III-Mn-V system.&#160; Spectrally-resolved and time-resolved experimental configurations are described, including the use of zero-background autocorrelation techniques for pulse optimization.&#160; The etching process used to prepare GaMnAs samples for four-wave mixing experiments is also highlighted.&#160; The high temporal resolution of this technique, afforded by the use of short (20 fsec) optical pulses, permits the rapid spin-flip scattering process in this system to be studied directly in the time domain, providing new insight into the strong exchange coupling responsible for carrier-mediated ferromagnetism.&#160; We also show that spectral resolution of the four-wave mixing signal allows one to extract clear signatures of (s,p)-d hybridization in this system, unlike linear spectroscopy techniques.&#160;&#160; This increased sensitivity is due to the nonlinearity of the technique, which suppresses defect-related contributions to the optical response. This method may be used to measure the time scale for coherence decay (tied to the fastest scattering processes) in a wide variety of semiconductor systems of interest for next generation electronics and optoelectronics.

The technique of femtosecond four-wave mixing is described, including spectrally-resolved and time-resolved configurations. We illustrate the utility of this technique for the investigation of crucial physical properties in the III-V diluted magnetic semiconductors, afforded by its nonlinearity and high temporal resolution.

フェムト秒四光波混合を用いてのGaMnAsコヒーレンス崩壊の測定

The application of femtosecond four-wave mixing to the study of fundamental properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors ((s,p)-d hybridization, ...

工学

Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space of a carbonate rock at pressures and temperatures representative of typical formations used for CO2 storage. Chemical equilibrium between the CO2, brine and rock phases was maintained using a high pressure high temperature reactor, replicating conditions far away from the injection site. Fluid flow was controlled using high pressure high temperature syringe pumps. To maintain representative in-situ conditions within the micro-CT scanner a carbon fiber high pressure micro-CT coreholder was used. Diffusive CO2 exchange across the confining sleeve from the pore-space of the rock to the confining fluid was prevented by surrounding the core with a triple wrap of aluminum foil. Reconstructed brine contrast was modeled using a polychromatic x-ray source, and brine composition was chosen to maximize the three phase contrast between the two fluids and the rock. Flexible flow lines were used to reduce forces on the sample during image acquisition, potentially causing unwanted sample motion, a major shortcoming in previous techniques. An internal thermocouple, placed directly adjacent to the rock core, coupled with an external flexible heating wrap and a PID controller was used to maintain a constant temperature within the flow cell. Substantial amounts of CO2 were trapped, with a residual saturation of 0.203 &#177; 0.013, and the sizes of larger volume ganglia obey power law distributions, consistent with percolation theory.

We present a methodology for the imaging of multiple fluid phases at reservoir conditions by the use of x-ray microtomography. We show some representative results of capillary trapping in a carbonate rock sample.

X線マイクロトモグラフィーを使用した複数の流体相の貯水池条件ポアスケールのイメージング

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space ...

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial resolution, and is even capable of providing atomically resolved elemental maps. In this technique, a highly focused electron beam is incident upon a thin sample and the energy of emitted X-rays is measured in order to determine the atomic species of material within the beam path. This elementally sensitive spectroscopy technique can be extended to three dimensional tomographic imaging by acquiring multiple spectrum images with the sample tilted along an axis perpendicular to the electron beam direction.
Elemental distributions within single nanoparticles are often important for determining their optical, catalytic and magnetic properties. Techniques such as X-ray tomography and slice and view energy dispersive X-ray mapping in the scanning electron microscope provide elementally sensitive three dimensional imaging but are typically limited to spatial resolutions of &gt; 20 nm. Atom probe tomography provides near atomic resolution but preparing nanoparticle samples for atom probe analysis is often challenging. Thus, elementally sensitive techniques applied within the scanning transmission electron microscope are uniquely placed to study elemental distributions within nanoparticles of dimensions 10-100 nm.
Here, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy within the STEM is applied to investigate the distribution of elements in single AgAu nanoparticles. The surface segregation of both Ag and Au, at different nanoparticle compositions, has been observed.

The use of energy dispersive X-ray tomography in the scanning transmission electron microscope to characterize elemental distributions within single nanoparticles in three dimensions is described.

個々のナノ粒子の3次元元素マッピングのためのエネルギー分散型X線トモグラフィー

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial ...

Failure Analysis of Batteries Using Synchrotron-based Hard X-ray Microtomography

Imaging morphological changes that occur during the lifetime of rechargeable batteries is necessary to understand how these devices fail. Since the advent of lithium-ion batteries, researchers have known that the lithium metal anode has the highest theoretical energy density of any anode material. However, rechargeable batteries containing a lithium metal anode are not widely used in consumer products because the growth of lithium dendrites from the anode upon charging of the battery causes premature cell failure by short circuit. Lithium dendrites can also form in commercial lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes if they are improperly charged. We demonstrate that lithium dendrite growth can be studied using synchrotron-based hard X-ray microtomography. This non-destructive imaging technique allows researchers to study the growth of lithium dendrites, in addition to other morphological changes inside batteries, and subsequently develop methods to extend battery life.

Synchrotron-based hard X-ray microtomography is used to image the electrochemical growth of dendrites from a lithium metal electrode through a solid polymer electrolyte membrane.

シンクロトロンベースのハードX線マイクロトモグラフィーを用いて電池の故障解析

Imaging morphological changes that occur during the lifetime of rechargeable batteries is necessary to understand how these devices fail. Since the advent ...

Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films

The biological uptake of plutonium (Pu) in aquatic ecosystems is of particular concern since it is an alpha-particle emitter with long half-life which can potentially contribute to the exposure of biota and humans. The diffusive gradients in thin films technique is introduced here for in-situ measurements of Pu bioavailability and speciation. A diffusion cell constructed for laboratory experiments with Pu and the newly developed protocol make it possible to simulate the environmental behavior of Pu in model solutions of various chemical compositions. Adjustment of the oxidation states to Pu(IV) and Pu(V) described in this protocol is essential in order to investigate the complex redox chemistry of plutonium in the environment. The calibration of this technique and the results obtained in the laboratory experiments enable to develop a specific DGT device for in-situ Pu measurements in freshwaters. Accelerator-based mass-spectrometry measurements of Pu accumulated by DGTs in a karst spring allowed determining the bioavailability of Pu in a mineral freshwater environment. Application of this protocol for Pu measurements using DGT devices has a large potential to improve our understanding of the speciation and the biological transfer of Pu in aquatic ecosystems.

The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) is proposed for speciation studies of plutonium. This protocol describes diffusion experiments probing the behavior of Pu(IV) and Pu(V) in presence of organic matter. DGTs deployed in a karstic spring allow assessment of the bioavailability of Pu.

薄膜における拡散を用いた環境プルトニウムのスペシエーションと生物学的利用能の測定

The biological uptake of plutonium (Pu) in aquatic ecosystems is of particular concern since it is an alpha-particle emitter with long half-life which can ...

Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery

We demonstrate a method for electrochemical testing of an aprotic Li-O2 battery. An aprotic Li-O2 battery is made of a Li-metal anode, an aprotic electrolyte, and an O2-breathing cathode. The aprotic electrolyte is a solution of lithium salt with aprotic solvent; and porous carbon is commonly used as the cathode substrate. To improve the performance, an electrocatalyst is deposited onto the porous carbon substrate by certain deposition methods, such as atomic layer deposition (ALD) and wet-chemistry reaction. The as-prepared cathode materials are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). A Swagelok-type cell, sealed in a glass chamber filled with pure O2, is used for the electrochemical test on a battery test system. The cells are tested under either capacity-controlled mode or voltage controlled mode. The reaction products are investigated by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy to study the possible pathway of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This protocol demonstrates a systematic and efficient arrangement of routine tests of the aprotic Li-O2 battery, including the electrochemical test and characterization of battery materials.

Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery

A protocol for the electrochemical testing of an aprotic Li-O2 battery with the preparation of electrodes and electrolytes and an introduction of the frequently used methods of characterization is presented here.

非プロトン性のLi-Oの電気化学的試験のプロトコルとキャラクタリゼーション<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;バッテリー

We demonstrate a method for electrochemical testing of an aprotic Li-O2 battery. An aprotic Li-O2 battery is made of a Li-metal anode, an aprotic ...

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve geologic seals and allow CO2 to escape. However, the dissolution processes at reservoir conditions are poorly understood. Thus, time-resolved experiments are needed to observe and predict the nature and rate of dissolution at the pore scale. Synchrotron fast tomography is a method of taking high-resolution time-resolved images of complex pore structures much more quickly than traditional &#181;-CT. The Diamond Lightsource Pink Beam was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 hours. The images were segmented and the porosity and permeability were measured using image analysis and network extraction. Porosity increased uniformly along the length of the sample; however, the rate of increase of both porosity and permeability slowed at later times.

Synchrotron fast tomography was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 h.

シンクロトロン高速断層撮影法を使用した炭酸における反応の動的細孔スケール貯水池条件イメージング

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve ...

Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic

X-ray spectra provide a wealth of information on high temperature plasmas; for example electron temperature and density can be inferred from line intensity ratios. By using a Johann spectrometer viewing the plasma, it is possible to construct profiles of plasma parameters such as density, temperature, and velocity with good spatial and time resolution. However, benchmarking atomic code modeling of X-ray spectra obtained from well-diagnosed laboratory plasmas is important to justify use of such spectra to determine plasma parameters when other independent diagnostics are not available. This manuscript presents the operation of the High Resolution X-ray Crystal Imaging Spectrometer with Spatial Resolution (HIREXSR), a high wavelength resolution spatially imaging X-ray spectrometer used to view hydrogen- and helium-like ions of medium atomic number elements in a tokamak plasma. In addition, this manuscript covers a laser blow-off system that can introduce such ions to the plasma with precise timing to allow for perturbative studies of transport in the plasma.

X-ray spectra provide a wealth of information on high temperature plasmas. This manuscript presents the operation of a high wavelength resolution spatially imaging X-ray spectrometer used to view hydrogen- and helium-like ions of medium atomic number elements in a tokamak plasma.

高温プラズマ診断として使用するためのX線イメージングクリスタル分光法を適用します

X-ray spectra provide a wealth of information on high temperature plasmas; for example electron temperature and density can be inferred from line ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

空気中の誘電体微粒子の光学トラップのロード

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

In this report, we describe a detailed procedure for acquiring and processing&#160;x-ray microfluorescence (&#956;XRF), and Laue and powder microdiffraction two-dimensional (2D) maps at beamline 12.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Measurements can be performed on any sample that is less than 10 cm x 10 cm x 5 cm, with a flat exposed surface. The experimental geometry is calibrated using standard materials (elemental standards for XRF, and crystalline samples such as Si, quartz, or Al2O3 for diffraction). Samples are aligned to the focal point of the x-ray microbeam, and raster scans are performed, where each pixel of a map corresponds to one measurement, e.g., one XRF spectrum or one diffraction pattern. The data are then processed using the in-house developed software XMAS, which outputs text files, where each row corresponds to a pixel position. Representative data from moissanite and an olive snail shell are presented to demonstrate data quality, collection, and analysis strategies.

We describe a beamline setup meant to carry out rapid two-dimensional x-ray fluorescence and x-ray microdiffraction mapping of single crystal or powder samples using either Laue (polychromatic radiation) or powder (monochromatic radiation) diffraction. The resulting maps give information about strain, orientation, phase distribution, and plastic deformation.