We thank Anne Gibson, Katherine Jones, Chris Kolodziejczyk, Alicia Naranjo, Kyle Tiner, and numerous students and temporary technicians for operating the LYCOG facility, conducting sampling, and data processing. L.G.R. acknowledges USDA-NIFA (2010-65615-20632).

1. Lysimeters計量として使用する土壌モノリスを収集<ol><li>厚さ8mmの鋼から深い1.5メートルによってメートルの正方形の1×1オープンエンドスチールボックスを構築します。 </li><li>螺旋状のアンカーに取り付けられた油圧プレスを使用して押して上下に土壌へのオープンエンドボックスは、土壌への深い3メートルを掘削。 </li><li>バックホーまたは同様の装置を用いて包まれたモノリスを掘削。 </li><li>モノリスの基部に土壌に接触するガラス繊維の芯を配置します。モノリスを排出する10 Lのリザーバに鋼ベースを芯を渡し、その後、ボックスの底部に鋼製のベースを溶接。 </li><li>このようなグリホサートとして、非残留除草剤を適用することにより、モノリス上の既存の植生を殺します。 </li></ol> 2.土壌モノリス上の植物群落を確立<ol><li> 1m 2当たり56植物の総密度のためのプラント8苗トールグラス草原の草やforbsの7種のそれぞれとモノリス、。 <ol><li&gt;プラント以下草：Boutelouaのcurtipendula（サイドオート麦グラマ）、Schizachyriumのscoparium（少しウシクサ）、Sorghastrumのnutans（Indiangrass）、Tridens albescens（白tridens）]。 </li><li>次Forbs工場： サルビアazurea（ピッチャーセージ）、 セイタカアワダチソウ （カナダアキノキリンソウ）、 ハイクサネム （イリノイbundleflower、マメ科）。 </li></ol></li><li>ラテン方陣設計における植物の苗は、各モノリスのために再無作為化。 </li><li>植え付け後約2ヶ月の移植を水です。目標は、最初の確立中に水ストレスを最小限に抑えることです。このような手の杖や庭の散水などの任意の便利な方法を使用します。水やりの頻度は、地域の気候や天候、周囲の降雨の特に発生に依存しています。 </li><li>最初の移植確立フェーズに続いて、必要な限り、周囲降雨下での移植性を維持しながら室（セクション3）構成されています。手除草によって確立中にモノリスに出てくる不要な種を削除します。 </li></ol> 3.室内デザイン<ol><li>各1.2メートル、幅1.5メートル背の高い二つのチャンバーを構築し、10 5メートルの長いセクションに分かれ、60メートル長いです。寸法1.5メートルに埋められた深い5 MX 1.2 MX 1.6メートルの重い鋼からセクションを作成します。 <ol><li>ランダムな順序で各セクションの4つのモノリス、2モノリス土壌タイプの2のそれぞれを、インストールしてください。 4540キロの容量バランスの上に、各モノリスをインストールします。 </li><li>偶数番号のセクションのペアリングにBastsilモノリスを含めます。 </li></ol></li><li>空気の流れのための経路を提供するために、長さ1 m×1メートル、幅X 0.3メートル背の高いシートメタルダクトと地上隣接するセクションに参加。 <ol><li>各ダクト内部の冷却コイルへの161.4キロワットの冷凍ユニットから10℃の供給クーラント。 </li><li>他に使用されるような明確な温室フィルムと植生（厚さ0.006 &quot;/ 15 mm）を、囲み気候操作実験23。 </li><li>サンプリングのためのモノリスへのアクセスを許可するようにドラフトフラップに裏打ちされたジッパー式の開口部がそれぞれカバーを取り付けます。 </li><li>ポリエチレンは、成長期の終わりにカバーを取り外します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4. CO 2と空気の温度測定。温度制御<ol><li>両室でのサンプルの入口と出口のC A 2分毎superambientと準大室の入口と出口に位置濾過空気サンプルラインを通して。これらのデータは、CO 2注入及びファン速度制御を知らせます。 <ol><li>サンプルC A及び水蒸気含有量、および20分間隔で各5メートル部の入口と出口の空気温度（T A）を測定します 。 </li><li>製造業者のプロトコルに従って赤外線ガス分析計を使用して、リアルタイムですべてのCO 2空気サンプル及び水蒸気含有量を測定します。 </li><li>エントリーでT A を測定し 、中間点、シールドされた細線熱電対と各セクションのD出口。 </li></ol></li><li>周囲TのA部に近い部分から一貫した平均（中間部）T Aを維持するために、各セクションの入口の冷却コイルを通して冷却液の流れを調節します。 </li><li>空の遮るもののない眺めを持っており、製造業者のプロトコルに従って、光合成光量子束密度を測定するために、量子センサーを配置します。光レベルは、ブロワ制御アルゴリズムに入力されます。 </li></ol> 5. C A治療応用<ol><li>昼間<ol><li> superambient脚の入口ダクト内にマスフローコントローラを用いて、500μlのL -1 C Aに入ってくる周囲の空気と純粋な二酸化炭素（CO 2）を混合します。 C、A測定の詳細は第4章を参照してください。 </li><li>セクション1の入り口に送風ファンを使用してチャンバーを通過して下流のセクションで濃縮空気を運びます。 </li><li> M送風機速度を調整することにより、390μlのL -1（外気）の所望の出口のC Aにaintain。 <ol><li>出口C Aがセットポイントを下回っている場合は、ブロワーの速度を上げます。これは、より高い出口C Aで、その結果、CO 2の植物の取り込みに時間が少ないことができます。 </li><li>出口C、Aはセットポイントを超えている場合は、ブロワー速度を下げます。 </li></ol></li><li> 250μlのLの出口C、Aを達成するために -1外気と制御を導入除く周囲以下室で同じアプローチを使用してください。 </li></ol></li><li>夜間<ol><li>空気の流れの方向を逆にします。 </li><li> 640μlのLを維持するために、-1夜間出口（昼間入口で530μlのL -1 C A、及び制御移流速度を達成するためにsuperambient室の昼間の出口端にCO 2を注入します 。 </li><li>夜間入り口に〜390μlのL-CO 2で外気を導入530μlのL -1夜間出口を維持するために、周囲以下室と制御移流速度の（昼間の出口）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6.降水入力<ol><li>各モノリスに平均生育期の降雨量を適用します。 <ol><li>点滴灌漑システムを通じて国内の水源から各モノリスに水を供給してください。実験場所の季節の降雨パターンに近似するように灌漑イベントとアプリケーション量をスケジュールします。正確なスケジュールは、地域の気候に依存します。 </li></ol></li><li>データロガーを使用してアプリケーションのタイミングを制御し、流量計を使用してアプリケーションのボリュームを測定します。 </li></ol> 7.サンプリング<ol><li>中性子減衰ゲージまたは他の適切なプローブを用いて、CO 2の制御期間中に体積土壌水分量（VSWC）毎週の鉛直分布を測定します。 <ol><li>推奨プロファイル増分は1、m個のデに20センチメートルの深さの増分でありますPTH、および1メートル下の1 50センチメートル増分。 </li></ol></li><li>メジャーモノリスは、成長期の終わりにすべて立って地上部バイオマスを収穫することにより正味の一次生産（ANPP）を地上。 <ol><li>すべての地上部バイオマスは、結果として、バイオマスが現在の一次生産を表して立って、毎年削除されます。 </li><li>一定の質量に乾燥種によってサンプリングバイオマスをソートし、重量を量ります。 </li><li> ANPPの植物種の寄与を定量化するために個々の種のバイオマスを使用してください。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

LYCOG施設は3土壌型に確立された実験草原のコミュニティ上のC A濃度の250〜500μlのL -1連続的な勾配を維持し、その運用目標を達成しています。 C、Aの変化が所定の範囲にわたって直線です。気温は、各セクション内で増加したが、ほとんどのセクションで間の区間冷却コイルによってリセットされました。その結果、セクションのセクションから一貫した平均温度を?...

大気中の二酸化炭素濃度（C A）は最近、約270μlのL -1産業革命前にから過去400μlのLを-1増加しています。 C Aは 2100年1によって少なくとも550μlのLを-1に達すると予測されています。増加のこのレートは最後50万年間に観測され、任意のC Aの変更を凌駕しています。 C、Aの変化の前例のない率は、C、Aの増加に生態系の非線形または閾値応答の可能性を高めます。ほとんどの生態系規模Cが濃縮実験は2つだけの治療法、濃縮C Aと単一の制御レベルを適用します。これらの実験は、大幅にCの生態系への影響濃縮の我々の理解を拡大しています。しかし、CのAの増加に非線形生態系応答の存在を明らかにすることができる別の方法は、周囲以下の連続した範囲に渡って生態系を研究することですsuperambient C、A。準周囲C Aは、フィールドに維持することは困難であり、ほとんどの場合、成長チャンバー2を用いて研究されてきました。 Superambient C Aは、成長室、オープントップチャンバー、およびフリーエア濃縮技術3、4を用いて研究されています 。 C、Aの濃縮は、多くの土壌タイプを含む風景を横切って発生します。土壌の性質が強く、C、Aの濃縮に生態系の応答に影響を与えることができます。例えば、土壌のテクスチャは、土壌断面5内の水と栄養素の保持、植物6への可用性、有機物7-9の量と質を決定します。土壌水分の可用性は、Cへの生態系の応答最も草原10を含む水限らシステムにおける濃縮の重要なメディエーターです。濃縮実験C過去のフィールドは、一般的に唯一の土壌の種類を検討し、継続的にVのテストを制御していますarying C、Aの濃縮に比べていくつかの土壌タイプが不足しています。生態系プロセス上のC、Aの濃縮の効果は、土壌の種類と異なる場合は、空間Cに生態系の応答の変動濃縮および気候11、12におけるその後の変化を期待する強い理由があります。 ライシメータ二酸化炭素グラデーション（LYCOG）施設は〜250から500μlのLの範囲のC Aレベル -1に生態系の非線形及び閾値応答の空間的変動の問題に対処するために設計されました。 LYCOGは、米国中央平原の南の部分の草原の質感、NおよびC内容、および水文特性の広い範囲を表す土壌で成長する多年生草原植物群落上のC Aの所定の勾配を作成します。施設で使用される具体的な土壌シリーズは、低地の典型的なヒューストンブラッククレイ（32モノリス）、Vertisol（Udic Haplustert）です。オースティン（32モノリス）、高炭ネイト、高地の典型的なシルト質粘土モリソル（Udorthentic Haplustol）。そして、Bastsil（16モノリス）、沖積砂壌土アルフィゾル（Udic Paleustalf）。 LYCOGに用いられる動作原理は、空気の小包囲まれた部屋を通って一方向に移動するから、CのAを枯渇させるために植物の光合成能力を活用することです。治療目的は、500から250μlのL -1にC Aの一定の線昼間勾配を維持することです。これを達成するために、LYCOGは、2つの線形室で構成され、L-C、Aμlの500から390（周囲）へのグラデーションの部分を維持superambient室、および390〜250μlのL -1部分を維持周囲以下室勾配。二つの部屋は、南北軸上に配向、並んで配置されています。 Cは勾配が植生光合成能力が十分である年の部分の間に維持されています。典型的には、11月上旬に月下旬。 チャンバーは、C、Aの傾きを調整する周囲の値に近い空気の温度（T A）を制御し、すべての土壌に均一な降水量を適用するために必要なセンサや計測器が含まれています。土壌は、水収支のすべてのコンポーネントを決定するために、インストルメント水文学的に分離された計量lysimetersにインストール近くBlacklandの草原から収集そのままモノリスあります。水は降雨の季節に近似し、平均降水量の年の間、金額量とタイミングのイベントに適用されます。したがって、LYCOGは水と炭素収支などの草原生態系の機能上のC、Aを superambientする準大気と土壌の種類の長期的な影響を評価することが可能です。 LYCOGはUSDA ARS草原の土壌と水研究所が実施し、C、A勾配実験の第三世代です。第一世代はにプロトタイプの周囲以下でした勾配法13の実行可能性を確立し、C、A 14-20の変化を周囲以下する植物のリーフレベルの生理学的応答の我々の理解を進めて周囲勾配。第二世代は、コンセプトのフィールドスケールのアプリケーションは200 L -1 21μL550にまで延長勾配で、C 4草地を多年生することでした。このフィールドスケールの実験は、最初の証拠を提供し、そのCと草地の生産性が上昇濃縮よいです窒素可用性がsuperambient C A 22で植物の生産性を制限する可能性があるため、部分的には、現在の周囲濃度20付近で飽和します。 LYCOGは草原のコミュニティのC、A応答の土壌の相互作用効果のための堅牢なテストを可能にする、様々なテクスチャの複製された土壌を組み込むことにより、この第二世代の実験を拡張します。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dataloggers, multiplexers</td>
			<td>Campell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA</td>
			<td>CR-7, CR-10, CR-21X, SDM-A04, SDM-CD16AC, AM25T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouples: Copper-constantan</td>
			<td>Omega Engineering, Inc., Stamford, CT, USA</td>
			<td>TT-T-40-SLE, TT-T-24-SLE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quantum sensor</td>
			<td>Li-Cor Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA</td>
			<td>LI-190SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2/H2O analyzer</td>
			<td>Li-Cor Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA</td>
			<td>LI-7000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysimeter scales</td>
			<td>Avery Weigh-Tronix, Houston, TX, USA</td>
			<td>DSL-3636-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air sampling pump</td>
			<td>Grace Air Components, Houston, TX, USA</td>
			<td>VP 0660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dew-point generator</td>
			<td>Li-Cor Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA</td>
			<td>LI-610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cold water chiller</td>
			<td>AEC Application Engineering, Wood Dale, IL, USA</td>
			<td>CCOA-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chilled water flow control values</td>
			<td>Belimo Air Controls, Danbury, CT, USA</td>
			<td>LRB24-SR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chilled-water cooling coils</td>
			<td>Coil Company, Paoli, PA, USA</td>
			<td>WC12-C14-329-SCA-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide refrigerated liquid</td>
			<td>Temple Welding Supply, Temple, TX, USA</td>
			<td>UN2187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene film</td>
			<td>AT Plastics, Toronto, ON, Canada</td>
			<td>Dura-film Super Dura 4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blower motor/controller</td>
			<td>Dayton Electric, Lake Forest, IL, USA</td>
			<td>2M168C/4Z829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solenoids</td>
			<td>Industrial Automation, Cornelius, NC, USA</td>
			<td>U8256B046V-12/DC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leachate collection pump</td>
			<td>Gast Manufacturing, Benton Harbor, MI, USA</td>
			<td>0523-V191Q-G588DX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a co2 concentration gradient facility for testing co2 enrichment and soil effects on grassland ecosystem function

陸上生態系への影響を調べるための大気中の二酸化炭素濃度（C A）委任技術の継続的な増加。ほとんどの実験は2つだけまたはC濃度とシングル土壌の種類のいくつかのレベルを調べるが、C Aは 、複数の土壌の濃度をsuperambientする周囲以下の勾配として変化させることができるならば、我々は過去の生態系の応答が直線的に継続することができるかどうかを見分けることができます未来と応答が風景全体で変化してもよいかどうか。ライシメータ二酸化炭素グラデーション施設は、250〜500μlのL -1勾配C粘土、シルト質粘土、および砂質土を含むlysimetersに設立Blackland草原の植物群落に適用されます。勾配は温度制御室にで囲まれた植物により光合成として作成され、次第に室を通って一方向に流れる空気から二酸化炭素を枯渇させます。適切な空気流量を維持し、十分なphotosynthetic容量、および温度制御は、夏の間、光合成速度と水ストレスの増加を減少しているシステムの主な限界を克服するために重要です。施設は、C、Aの濃縮の他の技術への経済的な代替である、成功したC濃縮をsuperambientする周囲以下にする生態系の応答の形を見分ける、およびメタンやオゾンなどの他の温室効果ガスと二酸化炭素の相互作用をテストするために適合させることができます。

勾配のsuperambientと準大部分は、別個のチャンバ（ 図1）に維持されています。しかし、操作の7年間（2007 - 2013）の上に、チャンバは、濃縮室の出口との間に、C Aの唯一の小さな不連続とCに250μlのL -1（ 図2）への500の濃度を直線勾配を維持しました（モノリス40）と勾配の準大部分の入り口（モノリス41）。 気温と蒸気圧赤字はsuper...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function at JoVE.com

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

ライシメータ二酸化炭素グラデーション施設は、250〜500μlのL -1粘土、シルト質粘土、および砂質土壌モノリスの温度制御室ハウジング草原植物群落における線形二酸化炭素勾配を作成します。施設は、過去と未来の二酸化炭素濃度は、草原の炭素循環にどのように影響するかを決定するために使用されます。

CO<sub&gt; 2</subテスト用のCO&gt;濃度勾配施設<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;濃縮および草地生態系の機能に及ぼす土壌の影響

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

a-co2-concentration-gradient-facility-for-testing-co2-enrichment-soil

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

11.3K ビュー.  Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory. ライシメータ二酸化炭素グラデーション施設は、250〜500μlのL -1粘土、シルト質粘土、および砂質土壌モノリスの温度制御室ハウジング草原植物群落における線形二酸化炭素勾配を作成します。施設は、過去と未来の二酸化炭素濃度は、草原の炭素循環にどのように影響するかを決定するために使用されます。 

ビデオ: A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes and soil organic matter formation to small-scale stable-isotope biomarker probing. Coupling multiple stable isotopes such as 13C with 15N, 18O or&#160;2H has the potential to reveal even more information about complex stoichiometric relationships during biogeochemical transformations. Isotope labeled plant material has been used in various studies of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation1-4. From these and other studies, however, it has become apparent that structural components of plant material behave differently than metabolic components (i.e. leachable low molecular weight compounds) in terms of microbial utilization and long-term carbon storage5-7. The ability to study structural and metabolic components separately provides a powerful new tool for advancing the forefront of ecosystem biogeochemical studies. Here we describe a method for producing 13C and 15N labeled plant material that is either uniformly labeled throughout the plant or differentially labeled in structural and metabolic plant components.
Here, we present the construction and operation of a continuous 13C and 15N labeling chamber that can be modified to meet various research needs. Uniformly labeled plant material is produced by continuous labeling from seedling to harvest, while differential labeling is achieved by removing the growing plants from the chamber weeks prior to harvest. Representative results from growing Andropogon gerardii Kaw demonstrate the system&#39;s ability to efficiently label plant material at the targeted levels. Through this method we have produced plant material with a 4.4 atom%13C and 6.7 atom%15N uniform plant label, or material that is differentially labeled by up to 1.29 atom%13C and 0.56 atom%15N in its metabolic and structural components (hot water extractable and hot water residual components, respectively). Challenges lie in maintaining proper temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration,&#160;and light levels in an airtight 13C-CO2 atmosphere for successful plant production. This chamber description represents a useful research tool to effectively produce uniformly or differentially multi-isotope labeled plant material for use in experiments on ecosystem biogeochemical cycling.

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

This method explains how to build and operate a continuous 13C and 15N isotope labeling chamber for uniform or differential plant tissue labeling. Representative results from metabolic and structural labeling of Andropogon gerardii are discussed.

連続の設計および動作<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; Cと<sup&gt; 15</sup均一または差動、代謝および構造·&gt; N標識化会議所、工場同位体ラベル化

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

環境学

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

アーバン流出研究施設の設計と建設

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

A method is described which uses the absence of radiocarbon in industrial chemicals and fuels made from petroleum feedstocks which frequently contaminate the environment. This radiocarbon signal &#8212; or rather the absence of signal &#8212; is evenly distributed throughout a contaminant source pool (unlike an added tracer) and is not impacted by biological, chemical or physical processes (e.g., the 14C radioactive decay rate is immutable). If the fossil-derived contaminant is fully degraded to CO2, a harmless end-product, that CO2 will contain no radiocarbon. CO2 derived from natural organic matter (NOM) degradation will reflect the NOM radiocarbon content (usually &#60;30,000 years old). Given a known radiocarbon content for NOM (a site background), a two end-member mixing model can be used to determine the CO2 derived from a fossil source in a given soil gas or groundwater sample. Coupling the percent CO2 derived from the contaminant with the CO2 respiration rate provides an estimate for the total amount of contaminant degraded per unit time. Finally, determining a zone of influence (ZOI) representing the volume from which site CO2 is collected allows determining the contaminant degradation per unit time and volume. Along with estimates for total contaminant mass, this can ultimately be used to calculate time-to-remediate or otherwise used by site managers for decision-making.

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

A protocol is described wherein CO2 mineralized from organic contaminant (derived from petroleum feedstocks) biodegradation is trapped, quantified, and analyzed for 14C content. A model is developed to determine CO2 capture zone's spatial extent. Spatial and temporal measurements allow integrating contaminant mineralization rates for predicting remediation extent and time.

複合COを用いたカーボンベースの汚染鉱化作用を測定します<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;フラックスと放射性炭素分析

A method is described which uses the absence of radiocarbon in industrial chemicals and fuels made from petroleum feedstocks which frequently contaminate ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the landscape has complex and varied soil morphology, an accompanying disparity in flow paths for leachate through the soil macropore and matrix structure is present. The rate of flow through these paths is further affected by antecedent soil moisture. Lysimeters are used to quantify flow rate, volume of water and concentration of nutrients leaching downward through soils. While many lysimeter designs exist, accurately determining the volume of water and mass balance of nutrients is best accomplished with bounded lysimeters that leave the natural soil structure intact. 
Here we present a detailed method for the extraction and construction of soil core lysimeters equipped with soil moisture sensors at 5 cm and 25 cm depths. Lysimeters from four different Coastal Plain soils (Bojac, Evesboro, Quindocqua and Sassafras) were collected on the Delmarva Peninsula and moved to an indoor climate controlled facility. Soils were irrigated once weekly with the equivalent of 2 cm of rainfall to draw down soil nitrate-N concentrations. At the end of the draw down period, poultry litter was applied (162 kg TN ha-1) and leaching was resumed for an additional five weeks. Total recovery of applied irrigation water varied from 71% to 85%. Nitrate-N concentration varied over the course of the study from an average of 27.1 mg L-1 before litter application to 40.3 mg L-1 following litter application. While greatest flux of nutrients was measured in soils dominated by coarse sand (Sassafras) the greatest immediate flux occurred from the finest textured soil with pronounced macropore development (Quindocqua).

A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

土壌コアLysimetersを収集し、構築するためのプロトコル

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

結合水文学、地球化学、および微生物学的調査のための土壌ライシメータ発掘

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The system comprises a high-pressure rheometer which is connected to a circulation loop. The rheometer has a rotational flow-through measurement cell with two alternative geometries: coaxial cylinder and double gap. The circulation loop contains a mixer, to bring the crude oil sample into equilibrium with CO2, and a gear pump that transports the mixture from the mixer to the rheometer and recycles it back to the mixer. The CO2 and crude oil are brought to equilibrium by stirring and circulation and the rheology of the saturated mixture is measured by the rheometer. The system is used to measure the rheological properties of Zuata crude oil (and its toluene dilution) in equilibrium with CO2 at elevated pressures up to 220 bar and a temperature of 50 &#176;C. The results show that CO2 addition changes the oil rheology significantly, initially reducing the viscosity as the CO2 pressure is increased and then increasing the viscosity above a threshold pressure. The non-Newtonian response of the crude is also seen to change with the addition of CO2.

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A method for measuring the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide at reservoir conditions is presented.

COとの平衡状態における原油のレオロジーの測定<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;貯水池の条件で

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

測定と土壌侵食と堆積土炭酸濃度農業経営に関連のパターンのマッピング

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

土壌透水排水灌漑への影響: 結合フィールド サンプリングと飽和透水係数の実験室測定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Evaluating Dryocosmus Kuriphilus-induced Damage on Castanea Sativa

Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu has become a major pest for Castaneasativa since its arrival in Europe. Its galling activity results in the formation of different gall types and prevents the development of normal shoots. Repeated and uncontrolled attacks cause, besides the production of galls and the attendant gall-related reduction in leaf area, progressive corruption of the branch architecture, including the death of branch parts, and an increase in dormant bud activation. Thus far, there have been few attempts to quantify branch architecture damage. Further, the different methods for assessing infestation degree (MAID) that have been developed focus only on the galls' presence and abundance.
Using the leaf area to sapwood area relationship as a green biomass indicator, we developed in a previous study a damage composite index (DCI) that takes into account the most important branch architectural features, allowing for realistic damage assessment during the entire epidemic process. 
The aim of this study is to present this novel method and highlight differences in the damage description with respect to other broadly used indices. Results show how the DCI depicts branch damage better, especially during the epidemic peak, compared to MAID, which tend to underestimate it. We conclude by suggesting how to properly evaluate the overall impact of the pest by means of our composite damage index, the infestation degree using classic methods, and crown transparency evaluations.

Evaluating Dryocosmus Kuriphilus-induced Damage on Castanea Sativa

It is common practice to assess the damage caused by Dryocosmus kuriphilus by considering the abundance of galls alone rather than by also taking related branch corruption into consideration. We propose a composite damage index that takes into account the most important branch features, thus enabling more realistic damage assessment.

クリタマバチの評価-ヨーロッパグリを照射

Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu has become a major pest for Castaneasativa since its arrival in Europe. Its galling activity results in the formation of ...

A Uniaxial Compression Experiment with CO2-Bearing Coal Using a Visualized and Constant-Volume Gas-Solid Coupling Test System

Injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) into a deep coal seam is of great significance for reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increasing the recovery of coalbed methane. A visualized and constant-volume gas-solid coupling system is introduced here to investigate the influence of CO2 sorption on the physical and mechanical properties of coal. Being able to keep a constant volume and monitor the sample using a camera, this system offers the potential to improve instrument accuracy and analyze fracture evolution with a fractal geometry method. This paper provides all steps to perform a uniaxial compression experiment with a briquette sample in different CO2 pressures with the gas-solid coupling test system. A briquette, cold-pressed by raw coal and sodium humate cement, is loaded in high-pressure CO2, and its surface is monitored in real-time using a camera. However, the similarity between the briquette and the raw coal still needs improvement, and a flammable gas such as methane (CH4) cannot be injected for the test. The results show that CO2 sorption leads to peak strength and elastic modulus reduction of the briquette, and the fracture evolution of the briquette in a failure state indicates fractal characteristics. The strength, elastic modulus, and fractal dimension are all correlated with CO2 pressure but not with a linear correlation. The visualized and constant-volume gas-solid coupling test system can serve as a platform for experimental research about rock mechanics considering the multifield coupling effect.

A Uniaxial Compression Experiment with CO2-Bearing Coal Using a Visualized and Constant-Volume Gas-Solid Coupling Test System

This protocol demonstrates how to prepare a briquette sample and conduct a uniaxial compression experiment with a briquette in different CO2 pressures using a visualized and constant-volume gas-solid coupling test system. It also aims to investigate changes in terms of coal&#8217;s physical and mechanical properties induced by CO2 adsorption.

可視化・定量ガス固体結合試験システムを用いたCO2-ベアリング石炭を用いた単軸圧縮実験

Injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) into a deep coal seam is of great significance for reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and ...