Name: a versatile murine model of subcortical white matter stroke for the study of axonal degeneration and white matter neurobiology
Uploaded: 2016-03-17T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 36 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology at JoVE.com

SNとMDDは、NIH K08 NS083740と神経のUCLA省から支援を受けました。 AJG博士ミリアムとシェルドン・G・アデルソン医学研究財団とラリーL. Hillblom基金による支援を認めます。 KLNは感謝アメリカ心臓協会14BFSC17760005 ASA-Bugher脳卒中センターから支援を認めています。 ILL、EGSとSTCは、NIH R01 NS071481によってサポートされていました。 JDHは、NIH K08 NS083740からの支援を認めています。

このプロトコルでの動物の使用は、カリフォルニア州ロサンゼルス動物実験委員会の大学によって承認された手順に従って行われています。 注：ターゲットマウスの人口を識別することによって開始します。以前の研究では、唯一の雄の野生型C57 / BL6マウスが使用されている、しかし、様々なトランスジェニックまたはノックアウトマウスを使用することもできます。定位座標はC57 / BL6の解剖学に基づいていることに注意してください。各ユーザーが最初に白質へのストロークの局在を確認することをお勧めします。 1.白質ストロークの誘導 - 内側側斜めのアプローチ<ol><li>先端径が15~25ミクロン11との間にあるようには0.5mmのキャピラリーチューブを用いて引っ張らガラスピペットを調製することによって開始します。 </li><li> 0.9％滅菌生理食塩水中27.4 mg / mlで（130μM）で - L-仁王の滅菌10μlのアリコート（（1）-iminoethyl-L-オルニチン塩酸N（5））を準備します。 </li><li>引っ張られたガラスピペットをプレフィルガラスピペットを固定することによりL-仁王（2-5μL）の小容量の真空ラインに接続されたチューブにします。作業台の上に平らにピペットを置き、L-仁王溶液中に引き込まの端を挿入します。 <ol><li>ピペットの0.5ミリメートル部の少なくとも2ミリメートルが満たされるまで真空を適用します。真空の電源をオフにし、ピペットを撤回。ステップ1.12になるまでそれを脇に置きます。 </li></ol></li><li>誘導チャンバー内にマウスを置き、標準の32％イソフルランを用いてマウスの麻酔を誘導し、1分間または深く麻酔されるまで（5 L /分5リットル/分の酸素と0.5 L / minのN 2と吸入）気化器を通って流れます。定位顕微鏡を備えた定位装置にマウスを転送します。気化器を通って流れ32％イソフルランを使用して、メンテナンス麻酔を提供し、ノーズコーン（2 L /分5リットル/分の酸素と0.5 L / minのN 2と吸入しました）。つま先のピンチで麻酔の深さを確認してください。 </li><li> 36°に注入アームを調整します。 </li><li>アッフィXAは、低容量の圧力噴射システムの先端にガラスピペットホルダーを引っ張り、定位セットアップの射出アームに取り付けます。 </li><li>コー​​ト両目の上にワセリンと場所人工涙軟膏で麻酔動物のウィスカー。頭の上に5〜10センチメートル開口部と、動物の頭の上に滅菌ドレープを配置することにより、無菌手術野を準備します。頭蓋骨を覆う毛を剃ることによってaspetic手術用表面を準備します。ベタジンおよび70％アルコール綿棒を交互に頭皮をきれいにしてください。 </li><li>頭蓋骨の表面を露出させる滅菌細かいハサミ1.5センチ正中頭皮切開を行います。滅菌綿棒で頭蓋骨を乾燥さ1-3X倍率で定位顕微鏡を用いて、滅菌マイクロポイントツールを使用して、任意の上に重なる骨膜組織を除去します。 </li><li>細かい点マーカーを使用して、基準点としてマークブレグマ。 </li><li>滅菌細かいSTIP手術用ドリルビットを使用して、2ミリメートルellipitical開頭術をドリル0;ブレグマで後方に始まり、ちょうど正中線の左前方に延びています。骨片を取り外し、大脳皮質を可視化することができるように、軟組織の上に重なります。 </li><li>断続的に滅菌生理食塩水の滴を適用することによって、手術野と湿った皮質表面を保管してください。 </li><li>定位装置のインジェクタアームに引っ張らガラスピペットを貼り付けます。ブレグマとピペットの先端の位置を合わせ、定位座標をゼロ。 </li><li>最初の前方/後方（A / P）にピペットを進め、（M / L）内側/外側の表1に調整します。 </li><li>皮質表面にピペットを進め、背/腹側（D / V）測定をゼロ。 </li><li>ゆっくりと第1のD / V、表1の座標に達するまで脳内にピペットを渡します。 </li><li> 20ミリ秒パルスの20 psiで設定された低容量圧力噴射システムを使用して、脳内にL-仁王の100 NLを注入し、逆流を防止するために、5分を待ちますピペットトラックアップ。 <ol><li>定位顕微鏡の接眼レンズと3Xの倍率で校正レチクルを使用してください。 </li><li>したがって、座標のセットごとに引っ張らガラスピペットから（100 NLに対応し、直径0.5mmのピペットで0.5ミリメートルの長さ）0.100ミリメートル3の合計を変位。レチクルを使用することにより、それぞれが使用倍率とスケールに依存して変化する設定以来測定し、標準化します。 </li><li>空気流体メニスカスがサジタルビューを持っているように、各注入時の正確な体積測定のために、側から顕微鏡で角度の付いたピペットに近づきます。メニスカスは、ピペットの内側と外側の壁の両方の同じ焦点面に表示されます。 </li></ol></li><li>ゆっくりピペットを撤回し、手順を繰り返し1.13-1.16.3 表1に提供された座標の2番目と3番目のセットで。 </li><li>最後の注射の後、ピペットを削除し、開頭術部位を満たすのに十分な骨ワックスを配置します。 A頭皮の傷の縁をpproximateと皮膚接着剤で結合します。 </li><li>頭皮切開に関連した局所疼痛を防止するために予防するために無菌の30 G針を使用して、創傷縁に0.5％マーカインを0.1mlを注入。 </li><li> 5日間飲料水中ハウジングと供給術後の抗生物質（0.48 mg / mlでトリメトプリム・スルファメトキサゾール、または0.5 mg / mlとレボフロキサシン）に動物を返します。 </li></ol> 2.白質ストロークの誘導 - 後方斜めアプローチ<ol><li>後部に前方を指向45度に定位セットアップの注入アームを調整する以外は、内側斜めのアプローチプロトコルのように、手順1.1から1.12を実行します。 </li><li>第1のA / Pにピペットを進め、M / Lは、 表2に提供さ座標。 </li><li>横方向の角度の付いたアプローチプロトコルのように、残りのステップ1.14から1.20までは完了。 </li></ol> 3.逆行性神経ラベリング<ol><li>滅菌10を準備します0.9％の生理食塩水で54.8 mg / mlでのL-仁王μlのアリコート。 </li><li> 0.9％の生理食塩水で20％Fluororuby（または20％ビオチン化デキストランアミンまたは2％フルオロゴールド）の無菌アリコートを準備します。 </li><li> 27.4 mg / mlでL-NiO及び10％Fluororubyの最終濃度のために1：一緒に1を希釈します。 </li><li>ステップ1.3から1.23に上記のようにストロークプロトコルを実行します。 </li><li>以前に8を説明したように灌流固定、凍結切片および顕微鏡により組織切片でネイティブに蛍光トレーサーを可視化します。 </li></ol>免疫蛍光4.組織処理<ol><li>脳卒中後の14日に3時間の範囲の適切な脳卒中後の間隔で、イソフルラン過剰摂取またはローカルIACUC承認手続きを経て、マウスを安楽死させます。 </li><li>角度のついたハサミを使用して胸腔を開き、左心室に23 Gの翼状針を挿入します。 </li><li>灌流液のための流出トラックを可能にするために、微細なハサミを使用して右心房に小さなカットを配置します。 </li><li>経RTで10 ml /分の速度で冷4％パラホルムアルデヒド30〜40 MLにより、その後の冷リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水30〜40 mlの灌流。 </li><li>マウスを刎ねると後方頭蓋骨を開くために、滅菌ハサミを使って脳を除去した後、静かに24時間の冷4％PFAに脳を、スパチュラで覆って頭蓋骨を削除置き、その後、48時間、PBS中30％スクロースに転送。 </li><li>クライオスタットを用いて、40ミクロンの浮遊切片を作製し、以前6-8に記載されているように 、抗体処理を行います。本研究では、以下の抗体を使用します：ウサギ抗ニューロフィラメント200（1：500希釈）。ウサギ抗ビメンチン（1：500）。ヤギ抗GFAP（1：500）。ウサギ抗伊庭-1（1：1,000）。 </li></ol>タンパク質またはRNA分析5.組織処理<ol><li>脳卒中後の14日に3時間の範囲の適切な脳卒中後の間隔で、イソフルラン過剰摂取またはローカルIACUC承認手続きを経て安楽死させます。 </li><li>首をはねます後方頭蓋骨を開き、静かにスパチュラで上層の頭蓋骨を削除するには、滅菌ハサミを使って脳をマウスおよび削除します。 </li><li>嗅球と視神経を切断するために、脳の前部に滅菌4ミリメートルのへらを挿入します。ゆっくり頭蓋冠から脳を持ち上げ、氷冷解剖バッファー（1×ハンクス液、25mMのHEPES-KOH、pHが7.4、35 mMグルコース、4 mMの重炭酸ナトリウム、および0.01 mg / mlでシクロヘキ）に配置します。 </li><li>脳ブロックおよび滅菌新しいかみそりの刃を使用して、冷たい解剖バッファにストロークと場所を含む2〜3ミリメートルのスラブを準備します。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡下で、注入された半球に運動皮質の基礎となる白質を識別します。長い脳卒中後の間隔で、領域を視覚的巣状壊死およびミエリン蒼白によって同定することができます。 注：以前の脳卒中後の間隔で、10％ファストグリーン1μlのと混合し、L-仁王の注射は、脳卒中の視覚的な識別を可能にすることができます（ <strong&gt;図4A）。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡の指導の下、新鮮なメスを使用して、慎重にファストグリーンラベル付けや組織損失のいずれかによって識別さストロークを含む白質領域を解剖。所望のように上に重なる皮質と下にある線条体を削除します。 </li></ol>

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皮質下脳卒中の前モデルの数は、ラット12-14とマウス6,15における内部のカプセルへのエンドセリン-1の焦点注射、皮質下白質と線条体を含む、記載されています。小焦点脳卒中のより最近のモデルは、頸動脈16と、単一の貫通動脈17の光血栓閉塞中のコレステロール微小塞栓注射を利用してきました。これらのモデルのそれぞれが長所と短所5の両方を?...

Stroke affecting the subcortical white matter is a common clinical entity, accounting for up to 25% of clinical strokes annually in the US 1. Ischemic damage to white matter also occurs silently at a significantly higher rate and contributes to the development of vascular dementia 2,3. Presently, patients with this form of cerebral ischemia have few, if any treatment choices. Despite the clinical importance of this disease, few clinically relevant animal models exist 4,5. 
The goal of this protocol is to produce a focal ischemic lesion within the murine white matter. This murine model of human disease allows the specific study of axonal injury response to stroke and how the cellular elements of white matter, namely oligodendrocytes and astrocytes along with axons, respond to and repair after stroke.
Previous reports have described a model of subcortical white matter stroke using endothelin-1 (ET-1) 6 that is similar to the one described here. Several key changes to the experimental protocol have been made thereby the potential uses of this model have expanded 7,8. This protocol provides a reliable and modifiable strategy to produce a focal stroke within mouse brain white matter. 
The major advantages of this model are the use of a chemical endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor N(5)-(1)-iminoethyl-L-ornithine HCl (L-Nio) 9 with no known paracrine effects on cellular elements of white matter which had been a complication of models using endothelin-1 10. In addition, the stereotactic targeting of white matter in the mouse allows the use of any variety of transgenic or knockout strains, greatly expanding the available tools to determine the effect of stroke on brain white matter. Here, two variations on this technique are described and demonstrate some of the additional variations that can be utilized to enhance the understanding of axonal and white matter damage and repair after stroke.

<table><tbody><tr><td>L-N5-(1-Iminoethyl)ornithine, Dihydrochloride</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>400600-20MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Phoenix Pharmaceutical, Inc.</td><td>NDC 57319-559-06</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Capillary tubes</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>50-821-807</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picospritzer</td><td>Parker Instrumentation</td><td>Picospritzer II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereotactic setup</td><td>Kent Scientific</td><td>KSC51725</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipette puller</td><td>KOPF</td><td>Model 720</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope SZ51</td><td>Olympus</td><td>88-124</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine scissors</td><td>Fine Scientific Tools</td><td>14084-08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>PY2 72-8547</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Curved Forceps</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>PY2 72-8598</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blunt dissection tool</td><td>Fine Scientific Tools</td><td>10066-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drill</td><td>Dremel</td><td>8220-1/28</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drill bits</td><td>Fine Scientific Tools</td><td>19007-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vetbond</td><td>3M</td><td>1469SB&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Marcaine</td><td>HOSPIRA</td><td>NDC 0409-1610-50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trimethoprim-Sulfamethaxole</td><td>STI Pharmacy</td><td>NDC 54879-007-16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluororuby</td><td>Fluorochrome Inc</td><td>30 mg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Fisher</td><td>O4042-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP220-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cryostat</td><td>Leica CM3050 S</td><td>14047033518</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass slides</td><td>Fisher</td><td>12-544-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fast Green&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F7252-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissection microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ1500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>23 G butterfly needle</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-840-35</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10x Hank&#039;s Balanced Salt Solution</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14065056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 M HEPES-KOH, pH 7.4</td><td>Affymetrix</td><td>16924</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D-Glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G8270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5761</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cyclohexamide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>01810</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a versatile murine model of subcortical white matter stroke for the study of axonal degeneration and white matter neurobiology

ストローク臨床ストロークプレゼンテーションの最大25％を白質アカウントに影響を与え、5〜10倍大きくすることができる速度で静かに発生し、血管性認知症の発展に大きく貢献しています。焦点白質ストロークのいくつかのモデルが存在し、適切なモデルの欠如は、脳卒中のこのタイプの後に損傷応答と修復に関与する神経生物学のメカニズムの理解を妨げています。他の皮質下脳卒中モデルの主な制限は、彼らが限局的に白質に梗塞を制限しないか、主に非マウス種で確認されていることです。これは、白質ストロークの神経生物学を研究するために、マウス研究ツールを幅広く適用する能力を制限します。ここでは、不可逆的なeNOSの阻害剤の局所注射を使用して、マウスの白質における焦点脳卒中の信頼性の高い生産のための方法論を提示します。また、2つのユニークな定位を含む一般的なプロトコルにいくつかのバリエーションを提示しますバリエーション、大幅にこの技術の潜在的な用途を拡大する逆行性神経のトレースだけでなく、新鮮な組織標識および解剖。これらの変化は、脳卒中のこの共通とunderstudied形の神経生物学的効果を分析するための複数のアプローチを可能にします。

提示されたモデルを用いて、白質下地前肢感覚皮質を確実に標的とすることができます。典型的にはヒトラクナ梗塞に見られるように、この化学的に誘発された脳卒中モデルは、焦点軸索およびミエリン損失、星状細胞、および小膠（ 図1）を生成します。 3回の注射を使用することにより、臨床的に有用なモデルは、前肢の運動課題7</sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology at JoVE.com

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

軸索変性と白質神経生物学の研究のための皮質下白質ストロークの多彩なマウスモデル

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and ...

a-versatile-murine-model-subcortical-white-matter-stroke-for-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

8.0K ビュー.  University of California, Los Angeles. Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

ビデオ: A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

We describe a protocol for establishing mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). PVL is the predominant form of brain injury in premature infants and the most common antecedent of cerebral palsy. PVL is characterized by periventricular white matter damage with prominent oligodendroglial injury. Hypoxia/ischemia with or without systemic infection/inflammation are the primary causes of PVL. We use P6 mice to create models of neonatal brain injury by the induction of hypoxia/ischemia with or without systemic infection/inflammation with unilateral carotid ligation followed by exposure to hypoxia with or without injection of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immunohistochemistry of myelin basic protein (MBP) or O1 and electron microscopic examination show prominent myelin loss in cerebral white matter with additional damage to the hippocampus and thalamus. Establishment of mouse models of PVL will greatly facilitate the study of disease pathogenesis using available transgenic mouse strains, conduction of drug trials in a relatively high throughput manner to identify candidate therapeutic agents, and testing of stem cell transplantation using immunodeficiency mouse strains.

We established mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the predominant brain injury in premature infants characterized by periventricular white matter lesions. Hypoxia/ischemia with/without systemic infection are the primary causes of PVL. Unilateral carotid ligation and hypoxia exposure with/without lipopolysaccharide injection creates PVL-like lesions in P6 mice.

脳室周囲白質軟化症のマウスモデル

We describe a protocol for establishing mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). PVL is the predominant form of brain injury in premature ...

神経科学

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical options are available for a small proportion of stroke patients in the acute phase. Current research is intensively searching for novel therapeutic strategies and is increasingly focusing on the sub-acute and chronic phase after stroke because more patients might be eligible for therapeutic interventions in a prolonged time window. These delayed mechanisms include important pathophysiological pathways such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity and regeneration. In order to analyze these mechanisms and to subsequently evaluate novel drug targets, experimental stroke models with clinical relevance, low mortality and high reproducibility are sought after. Moreover, mice are the smallest mammals in which a focal stroke lesion can be induced and for which a broad spectrum of transgenic models are available. Therefore, we describe here the mouse model of transcranial, permanent coagulation of the middle cerebral artery via electrocoagulation distal of the lenticulostriatal arteries, the so-called &#8220;coagulation model&#8221;. The resulting infarct in this model is located mainly in the cortex; the relative infarct volume in relation to brain size corresponds to the majority of human strokes. Moreover, the model fulfills the above-mentioned criteria of reproducibility and low mortality. In this video we demonstrate the surgical methods of stroke induction in the &#8220;coagulation model&#8221; and report histological and functional analysis tools.

Various murine models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) are widely used in experimental brain research. Here, we demonstrate the model of transcranial permanent distal MCAO which produces consistent cortical infarction of a size corresponding to damage imposed by the majority of human ischemic strokes.

マウスにおけるモデリングのストローク：遠位中大脳動脈の永久的な凝固

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical ...

医学

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Focal cerebral ischemia (i.e., ischemic stroke) may cause major brain injury, leading to a severe loss of neuronal function and consequently to a host of motor and cognitive disabilities. Its high prevalence poses a serious health burden, as stroke is among the principal causes of long-term disability and death worldwide1. Recovery of neuronal function is, in most cases, only partial. So far, treatment options are very limited, in particular due to the narrow time window for thrombolysis2,3. Determining methods to accelerate recovery from stroke remains a prime medical goal; however, this has been hampered by insufficient mechanistic insights into the recovery process. Experimental stroke researchers frequently employ rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia. Beyond the acute phase, stroke research is increasingly focused on the sub-acute and chronic phase following cerebral ischemia. Most stroke researchers apply permanent or transient occlusion of the MCA in mice or rats. In patients, occlusions of the MCA are among the most frequent causes of ischemic stroke4. Besides proximal occlusion of the MCA using the filament model, surgical occlusion of the distal MCA is probably the most frequently used model in experimental stroke research5. Occlusion of a distal (to the branching of the lenticulo-striate arteries) MCA branch typically spares the striatum and primarily affects the neocortex. Vessel occlusion can be permanent or transient. High reproducibility of lesion volume and very low mortality rates with respect to the long-term outcome are the main advantages of this model. Here, we demonstrate how to perform a chronic cranial window (CW) preparation lateral to the sagittal sinus, and afterwards how to surgically induce a distal stroke underneath the window using a craniotomy approach. This approach can be applied for sequential imaging of acute and chronic changes following ischemia via epi-illuminating, confocal laser scanning, and two-photon intravital microscopy.

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Surgical occlusion of a distal middle cerebral artery branch (MCAo) is a frequently used model in experimental stroke research. This manuscript describes the basic technique of permanent MCAo, combined with the insertion of a lateral cranial window, which offers the opportunity for longitudinal intravital microscopy in mice.

横慢性頭蓋窓の準備を有効<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;マウスの遠位中大脳動脈閉塞後に観測

Focal cerebral ischemia (i.e., ischemic stroke) may cause major brain injury, leading to a severe loss of neuronal function and consequently to a host of ...

Surgical Approach for Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion Induced Stroke in Mice

Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and continues to be one of the major causes of long-term adult disabilities. About 87% of strokes are ischemic in origin and occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Currently the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for the treatment of this devastating disease is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). However, tPA has a small therapeutic window for administration (3 - 6 hr), and is only effective in 4% of the patients who actually receive it. Current research focuses on understanding the pathophysiology of stroke in order to find potential therapeutic targets. Thus, reliable models are crucial, and the MCA occlusion (MCAo) model (also termed the intraluminal filament or suture model) is deemed to be the most clinically relevant surgical model of ischemic stroke, and is fairly non-invasive and easily reproducible. Typically the MCAo model is used with rodents, especially with mice due to all the genetic variations available for this species. Here we describe (and present in the video) how to successfully perform the MCAo model (with reperfusion) in mice to generate reliable and reproducible data.

In order to understand the pathophysiology of stroke, it is important to use reliable models. This paper will describe one of the most frequently used stroke models in mice, termed the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model (also termed the intraluminal filament or suture model) with reperfusion.

マウスの中大脳動脈閉塞再灌流誘発性の脳卒中のための外科的アプローチ

Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and continues to be one of the major causes of long-term adult disabilities. About 87% of strokes are ...

Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and progressively leads to physical disability and death, caused by white matter lesions in the spinal cord and cerebellum, as well as by demyelination in grey matter. Whilst conventional models of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis are suitable for the investigation of the cell-mediated inflammation in the spinal and cerebellar white matter, they fail to address grey matter pathologies. Here, we present the experimental protocol for a novel rat model of cortical demyelination allowing the investigation of the pathological and molecular mechanisms leading to cortical lesions. The demyelination is induced by an immunization with low-dose myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in an incomplete Freund&#39;s adjuvant followed by a catheter-mediated intracerebral delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The catheter, moreover, enables multiple rounds of demyelination without causing injection-induced trauma, as well as the intracerebral delivery of potential therapeutic drugs undergoing a preclinical investigation. The method is also ethically favorable as animal pain and distress or disability are controlled and relatively minimal. The expected timeframe for the implementation of the entire protocol is around 8 - 10 weeks.

The protocol presented here allows the reproduction of a widespread grey matter demyelination of both cortical hemispheres in adult male Dark Agouti rats. The method comprises of intracerebral implantation of a catheter, subclinical immunization against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and intracerebral injection of a pro-inflammatory cytokine mixture through the implanted catheter.

炎症性サイトカインの脳内注射による広範囲にわたる大脳皮質脱髄のラットモデル

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and progressively leads to physical disability and ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Focal Cortical Lesions by Photothrombosis

Stroke is a leading cause of death and acquired adult disability in developed countries. Despite extensive investigation for novel therapeutic strategies, there remain limited therapeutic options for stroke patients. Therefore, more research is needed for pathophysiological pathways such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity, and regeneration. Given the inability of in vitro models to reproduce the complexity of the brain, experimental stroke models are essential for the analysis and subsequent evaluation of novel drug targets for these mechanisms. In addition, detailed standardized models for all procedures are urgently needed to overcome the so-called replication crisis. As an effort within the ImmunoStroke research consortium, a standardized photothrombotic mouse model using an intraperitoneal injection of Rose Bengal and the illumination of the intact skull with a 561 nm laser is described. This model allows the performance of stroke in mice with allocation to any cortical region of the brain without invasive surgery; thus, enabling the study of stroke in various areas of the brain. In this video, the surgical methods of stroke induction in the photothrombotic model along with&#160;histological analysis are demonstrated.

Described here is the photothrombotic stroke model, where a stroke is produced through the intact skull by inducing permanent microvascular occlusion using laser illumination after administration of a photosensitive dye.

マウスにおける脳卒中のモデリング:光血栓症による焦点性皮質病変

Stroke is a leading cause of death and acquired adult disability in developed countries. Despite extensive investigation for novel therapeutic strategies, ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion via the External Carotid Artery

Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality and the leading cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. To date, therapeutic options are limited to a small proportion of stroke patients within the first hours after stroke. Novel therapeutic strategies are being extensively investigated, especially to prolong the therapeutic time window. These current investigations include the study of important pathophysiological pathways after stroke, such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity, and regeneration. Over the last decade, there has been increasing concern about the poor reproducibility of experimental results and scientific findings among independent research groups. To overcome the so-called &#8220;replication crisis&#8221;, detailed standardized models for all procedures are urgently needed. As an effort within the &#8220;ImmunoStroke&#8221; research consortium (https://immunostroke.de/), a standardized mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) is proposed. This model allows the complete restoration of the blood flow upon removal of the filament, simulating the therapeutic or spontaneous clot lysis that occurs in a large proportion of human strokes. The surgical procedure of this &#8220;filament&#8221; stroke model and tools for its functional analysis are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Different models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) are used in experimental stroke research. Here, an experimental stroke model of transient MCAo via the external carotid artery (ECA) is described, which aims to mimic human stroke, in which the cerebrovascular thrombus is removed due to spontaneous clot lysis or therapy.

マウスにおける脳卒中のモデリング:外頸動脈を介した過渡中脳動脈閉塞

Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality and the leading cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. To date, therapeutic options ...

経頭蓋中大脳動脈閉塞マウスモデルの確立

A Modified Transcranial Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model to Study Stroke Outcomes in Aged Mice

In experimental stroke research, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with an intraluminal filament is widely used to model ischemic stroke in mice. The filament MCAO model typically exhibits a massive cerebral infarction in C57Bl/6 mice that sometimes includes brain tissue in the territory supplied by the posterior cerebral artery, which is largely due to a high incidence of posterior communicating artery atresia. This phenomenon is considered a major contributor to the high mortality rate observed in C57Bl/6 mice during long-term stroke recovery after filament MCAO. Thus, many chronic stroke studies exploit distal MCAO models. However, these models usually produce infarction only in the cortex area, and consequently, the assessment of post-stroke neurologic deficits could be a challenge. This study has established a modified transcranial MCAO model in which the MCA at the trunk is partially occluded either permanently or transiently via a small cranial window. Since the occlusion location is relatively proximal to the origin of the MCA, this model generates brain damage in both the cortex and striatum. Extensive characterization of this model has demonstrated an excellent long-term survival rate, even in aged mice, as well as readily detectable neurologic deficits. Therefore, the MCAO mouse model described here represents a valuable tool for experimental stroke research.

著者スポットライト:脳卒中研究における革新的な技術と将来の方向性 

This protocol demonstrates a unique mouse stroke model with a medium-sized infarct and an excellent survival rate. This model allows preclinical stroke researchers to extend the ischemia duration, use aged mice, and assess long-term functional outcomes.

高齢マウスの脳卒中転帰を研究するための修正経頭蓋中大脳動脈閉塞モデル

In experimental stroke research, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with an intraluminal filament is widely used to model ischemic stroke in mice. ...

軸索変性と白質神経生物学の研究のための皮質下白質ストロークの多彩なマウスモデル

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脳室周囲白質軟化症のマウスモデル

マウスにおけるモデリングのストローク：遠位中大脳動脈の永久的な凝固

横慢性頭蓋窓の準備を有効

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炎症性サイトカインの脳内注射による広範囲にわたる大脳皮質脱髄のラットモデル

マウスにおける脳卒中のモデリング:光血栓症による焦点性皮質病変

マウスにおける脳卒中のモデリング:外頸動脈を介した過渡中脳動脈閉塞

高齢マウスの脳卒中転帰を研究するための修正経頭蓋中大脳動脈閉塞モデル

高齢マウスの脳卒中転帰を研究するための修正経頭蓋中大脳動脈閉塞モデル

高齢マウスの脳卒中転帰を研究するための修正経頭蓋中大脳動脈閉塞モデル