SNとMDDは、NIH K08 NS083740と神経のUCLA省から支援を受けました。 AJG博士ミリアムとシェルドン・G・アデルソン医学研究財団とラリーL. Hillblom基金による支援を認めます。 KLNは感謝アメリカ心臓協会14BFSC17760005 ASA-Bugher脳卒中センターから支援を認めています。 ILL、EGSとSTCは、NIH R01 NS071481によってサポートされていました。 JDHは、NIH K08 NS083740からの支援を認めています。

このプロトコルでの動物の使用は、カリフォルニア州ロサンゼルス動物実験委員会の大学によって承認された手順に従って行われています。 注：ターゲットマウスの人口を識別することによって開始します。以前の研究では、唯一の雄の野生型C57 / BL6マウスが使用されている、しかし、様々なトランスジェニックまたはノックアウトマウスを使用することもできます。定位座標はC57 / BL6の解剖学に基づいていることに注意してください。各ユーザーが最初に白質へのストロークの局在を確認することをお勧めします。 1.白質ストロークの誘導 - 内側側斜めのアプローチ<ol><li>先端径が15~25ミクロン11との間にあるようには0.5mmのキャピラリーチューブを用いて引っ張らガラスピペットを調製することによって開始します。 </li><li> 0.9％滅菌生理食塩水中27.4 mg / mlで（130μM）で - L-仁王の滅菌10μlのアリコート（（1）-iminoethyl-L-オルニチン塩酸N（5））を準備します。 </li><li>引っ張られたガラスピペットをプレフィルガラスピペットを固定することによりL-仁王（2-5μL）の小容量の真空ラインに接続されたチューブにします。作業台の上に平らにピペットを置き、L-仁王溶液中に引き込まの端を挿入します。 <ol><li>ピペットの0.5ミリメートル部の少なくとも2ミリメートルが満たされるまで真空を適用します。真空の電源をオフにし、ピペットを撤回。ステップ1.12になるまでそれを脇に置きます。 </li></ol></li><li>誘導チャンバー内にマウスを置き、標準の32％イソフルランを用いてマウスの麻酔を誘導し、1分間または深く麻酔されるまで（5 L /分5リットル/分の酸素と0.5 L / minのN 2と吸入）気化器を通って流れます。定位顕微鏡を備えた定位装置にマウスを転送します。気化器を通って流れ32％イソフルランを使用して、メンテナンス麻酔を提供し、ノーズコーン（2 L /分5リットル/分の酸素と0.5 L / minのN 2と吸入しました）。つま先のピンチで麻酔の深さを確認してください。 </li><li> 36°に注入アームを調整します。 </li><li>アッフィXAは、低容量の圧力噴射システムの先端にガラスピペットホルダーを引っ張り、定位セットアップの射出アームに取り付けます。 </li><li>コー​​ト両目の上にワセリンと場所人工涙軟膏で麻酔動物のウィスカー。頭の上に5〜10センチメートル開口部と、動物の頭の上に滅菌ドレープを配置することにより、無菌手術野を準備します。頭蓋骨を覆う毛を剃ることによってaspetic手術用表面を準備します。ベタジンおよび70％アルコール綿棒を交互に頭皮をきれいにしてください。 </li><li>頭蓋骨の表面を露出させる滅菌細かいハサミ1.5センチ正中頭皮切開を行います。滅菌綿棒で頭蓋骨を乾燥さ1-3X倍率で定位顕微鏡を用いて、滅菌マイクロポイントツールを使用して、任意の上に重なる骨膜組織を除去します。 </li><li>細かい点マーカーを使用して、基準点としてマークブレグマ。 </li><li>滅菌細かいSTIP手術用ドリルビットを使用して、2ミリメートルellipitical開頭術をドリル0;ブレグマで後方に始まり、ちょうど正中線の左前方に延びています。骨片を取り外し、大脳皮質を可視化することができるように、軟組織の上に重なります。 </li><li>断続的に滅菌生理食塩水の滴を適用することによって、手術野と湿った皮質表面を保管してください。 </li><li>定位装置のインジェクタアームに引っ張らガラスピペットを貼り付けます。ブレグマとピペットの先端の位置を合わせ、定位座標をゼロ。 </li><li>最初の前方/後方（A / P）にピペットを進め、（M / L）内側/外側の表1に調整します。 </li><li>皮質表面にピペットを進め、背/腹側（D / V）測定をゼロ。 </li><li>ゆっくりと第1のD / V、表1の座標に達するまで脳内にピペットを渡します。 </li><li> 20ミリ秒パルスの20 psiで設定された低容量圧力噴射システムを使用して、脳内にL-仁王の100 NLを注入し、逆流を防止するために、5分を待ちますピペットトラックアップ。 <ol><li>定位顕微鏡の接眼レンズと3Xの倍率で校正レチクルを使用してください。 </li><li>したがって、座標のセットごとに引っ張らガラスピペットから（100 NLに対応し、直径0.5mmのピペットで0.5ミリメートルの長さ）0.100ミリメートル3の合計を変位。レチクルを使用することにより、それぞれが使用倍率とスケールに依存して変化する設定以来測定し、標準化します。 </li><li>空気流体メニスカスがサジタルビューを持っているように、各注入時の正確な体積測定のために、側から顕微鏡で角度の付いたピペットに近づきます。メニスカスは、ピペットの内側と外側の壁の両方の同じ焦点面に表示されます。 </li></ol></li><li>ゆっくりピペットを撤回し、手順を繰り返し1.13-1.16.3 表1に提供された座標の2番目と3番目のセットで。 </li><li>最後の注射の後、ピペットを削除し、開頭術部位を満たすのに十分な骨ワックスを配置します。 A頭皮の傷の縁をpproximateと皮膚接着剤で結合します。 </li><li>頭皮切開に関連した局所疼痛を防止するために予防するために無菌の30 G針を使用して、創傷縁に0.5％マーカインを0.1mlを注入。 </li><li> 5日間飲料水中ハウジングと供給術後の抗生物質（0.48 mg / mlでトリメトプリム・スルファメトキサゾール、または0.5 mg / mlとレボフロキサシン）に動物を返します。 </li></ol> 2.白質ストロークの誘導 - 後方斜めアプローチ<ol><li>後部に前方を指向45度に定位セットアップの注入アームを調整する以外は、内側斜めのアプローチプロトコルのように、手順1.1から1.12を実行します。 </li><li>第1のA / Pにピペットを進め、M / Lは、 表2に提供さ座標。 </li><li>横方向の角度の付いたアプローチプロトコルのように、残りのステップ1.14から1.20までは完了。 </li></ol> 3.逆行性神経ラベリング<ol><li>滅菌10を準備します0.9％の生理食塩水で54.8 mg / mlでのL-仁王μlのアリコート。 </li><li> 0.9％の生理食塩水で20％Fluororuby（または20％ビオチン化デキストランアミンまたは2％フルオロゴールド）の無菌アリコートを準備します。 </li><li> 27.4 mg / mlでL-NiO及び10％Fluororubyの最終濃度のために1：一緒に1を希釈します。 </li><li>ステップ1.3から1.23に上記のようにストロークプロトコルを実行します。 </li><li>以前に8を説明したように灌流固定、凍結切片および顕微鏡により組織切片でネイティブに蛍光トレーサーを可視化します。 </li></ol>免疫蛍光4.組織処理<ol><li>脳卒中後の14日に3時間の範囲の適切な脳卒中後の間隔で、イソフルラン過剰摂取またはローカルIACUC承認手続きを経て、マウスを安楽死させます。 </li><li>角度のついたハサミを使用して胸腔を開き、左心室に23 Gの翼状針を挿入します。 </li><li>灌流液のための流出トラックを可能にするために、微細なハサミを使用して右心房に小さなカットを配置します。 </li><li>経RTで10 ml /分の速度で冷4％パラホルムアルデヒド30〜40 MLにより、その後の冷リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水30〜40 mlの灌流。 </li><li>マウスを刎ねると後方頭蓋骨を開くために、滅菌ハサミを使って脳を除去した後、静かに24時間の冷4％PFAに脳を、スパチュラで覆って頭蓋骨を削除置き、その後、48時間、PBS中30％スクロースに転送。 </li><li>クライオスタットを用いて、40ミクロンの浮遊切片を作製し、以前6-8に記載されているように 、抗体処理を行います。本研究では、以下の抗体を使用します：ウサギ抗ニューロフィラメント200（1：500希釈）。ウサギ抗ビメンチン（1：500）。ヤギ抗GFAP（1：500）。ウサギ抗伊庭-1（1：1,000）。 </li></ol>タンパク質またはRNA分析5.組織処理<ol><li>脳卒中後の14日に3時間の範囲の適切な脳卒中後の間隔で、イソフルラン過剰摂取またはローカルIACUC承認手続きを経て安楽死させます。 </li><li>首をはねます後方頭蓋骨を開き、静かにスパチュラで上層の頭蓋骨を削除するには、滅菌ハサミを使って脳をマウスおよび削除します。 </li><li>嗅球と視神経を切断するために、脳の前部に滅菌4ミリメートルのへらを挿入します。ゆっくり頭蓋冠から脳を持ち上げ、氷冷解剖バッファー（1×ハンクス液、25mMのHEPES-KOH、pHが7.4、35 mMグルコース、4 mMの重炭酸ナトリウム、および0.01 mg / mlでシクロヘキ）に配置します。 </li><li>脳ブロックおよび滅菌新しいかみそりの刃を使用して、冷たい解剖バッファにストロークと場所を含む2〜3ミリメートルのスラブを準備します。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡下で、注入された半球に運動皮質の基礎となる白質を識別します。長い脳卒中後の間隔で、領域を視覚的巣状壊死およびミエリン蒼白によって同定することができます。 注：以前の脳卒中後の間隔で、10％ファストグリーン1μlのと混合し、L-仁王の注射は、脳卒中の視覚的な識別を可能にすることができます（ <strong&gt;図4A）。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡の指導の下、新鮮なメスを使用して、慎重にファストグリーンラベル付けや組織損失のいずれかによって識別さストロークを含む白質領域を解剖。所望のように上に重なる皮質と下にある線条体を削除します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Go, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+disease+and+stroke+statistics--2014+update:+a+report+from+the+American+Heart+Association.">Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 129, 28-292 (2014).</li><li>Saini, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silent+stroke:+not+listened+to+rather+than+silent.">Silent stroke: not listened to rather than silent.</a> Stroke. 43, 3102-3104 (2012).</li><li>Koton, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burden+and+outcome+of+prevalent+ischemic+brain+disease+in+a+national+acute+stroke+registry.">Burden and outcome of prevalent ischemic brain disease in a national acute stroke registry.</a> Stroke. 44, 3293-3297 (2013).</li><li>Jiwa, N. S., Garrard, P., Hainsworth, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+models+of+vascular+dementia+and+vascular+cognitive+impairment:+a+systematic+review.">Experimental models of vascular dementia and vascular cognitive impairment: a systematic review.</a> J Neurochem. 115, 814-828 (2010).</li><li>Sozmen, E. G., Hinman, J. D., Carmichael, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+that+matter:+white+matter+stroke+models.">Models that matter: white matter stroke models.</a> Neurotherapeutics. 9, 349-358 (2012).</li><li>Sozmen, E. G., Kolekar, A., Havton, L. A., Carmichael, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+white+matter+stroke+model+in+the+mouse:+axonal+damage,+progenitor+responses+and+MRI+correlates.">A white matter stroke model in the mouse: axonal damage, progenitor responses and MRI correlates.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 180, 261-272 (2009).</li><li>Rosenzweig, S., Carmichael, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-dependent+exacerbation+of+white+matter+stroke+outcomes:+a+role+for+oxidative+damage+and+inflammatory+mediators.">Age-dependent exacerbation of white matter stroke outcomes: a role for oxidative damage and inflammatory mediators.</a> Stroke. 44, 2579-2586 (2013).</li><li>Hinman, J. D., Rasband, M. N., Carmichael, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remodeling+of+the+axon+initial+segment+after+focal+cortical+and+white+matter+stroke.">Remodeling of the axon initial segment after focal cortical and white matter stroke.</a> Stroke. 44, 182-189 (2013).</li><li>McCall, T. B., Feelisch, M., Palmer, R. M., Moncada, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+N-iminoethyl-L-ornithine+as+an+irreversible+inhibitor+of+nitric+oxide+synthase+in+phagocytic+cells.">Identification of N-iminoethyl-L-ornithine as an irreversible inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase in phagocytic cells.</a> Brit j pharmacol. 102, 234-238 (1991).</li><li>Gadea, A., Aguirre, A., Haydar, T. F., Gallo, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelin-1+regulates+oligodendrocyte+development.">Endothelin-1 regulates oligodendrocyte development.</a> J Neurosci. 29, 10047-10062 (2009).</li><li>Dean, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+(pulling)+of+needles+for+gene+delivery+by+microinjection.">Preparation (pulling) of needles for gene delivery by microinjection.</a> CSH prot. , (2006).</li><li>Hughes, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Focal+lesions+in+the+rat+central+nervous+system+induced+by+endothelin-1.">Focal lesions in the rat central nervous system induced by endothelin-1.</a> J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 62, 1276-1286 (2003).</li><li>Whitehead, S. N., Hachinski, V. C., Cechetto, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+a+rat+model+of+cerebral+ischemia+and+beta-amyloid+toxicity:+inflammatory+responses.">Interaction between a rat model of cerebral ischemia and beta-amyloid toxicity: inflammatory responses.</a> Stroke. 36, 107-112 (2005).</li><li>Frost, S. B., Barbay, S., Mumert, M. L., Stowe, A. M., Nudo, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+animal+model+of+capsular+infarct:+endothelin-1+injections+in+the+rat.">An animal model of capsular infarct: endothelin-1 injections in the rat.</a> Behav Brain Res. 169, 206-211 (2006).</li><li>Horie, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+model+of+focal+cerebral+ischemia+using+endothelin-1.">Mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia using endothelin-1.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 173, 286-290 (2008).</li><li>Wang, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+deficits+and+delayed+neuronal+loss+in+a+mouse+model+of+multiple+microinfarcts.">Cognitive deficits and delayed neuronal loss in a mouse model of multiple microinfarcts.</a> Neuroscience. 32, 17948-17960 (2012).</li><li>Shih, A. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+smallest+stroke:+occlusion+of+one+penetrating+vessel+leads+to+infarction+and+a+cognitive+deficit.">The smallest stroke: occlusion of one penetrating vessel leads to infarction and a cognitive deficit.</a> Nat Neurosci. 16, 55-63 (2013).</li><li>Jung, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+endothelin+receptor+A+during+myelination+of+developing+oligodendrocytes.">The role of endothelin receptor A during myelination of developing oligodendrocytes.</a> J Korean Med Sci. 26, 92-99 (2011).</li></ol>

皮質下脳卒中の前モデルの数は、ラット12-14とマウス6,15における内部のカプセルへのエンドセリン-1の焦点注射、皮質下白質と線条体を含む、記載されています。小焦点脳卒中のより最近のモデルは、頸動脈16と、単一の貫通動脈17の光血栓閉塞中のコレステロール微小塞栓注射を利用してきました。これらのモデルのそれぞれが長所と短所5の両方を?...

Stroke affecting the subcortical white matter is a common clinical entity, accounting for up to 25% of clinical strokes annually in the US 1. Ischemic damage to white matter also occurs silently at a significantly higher rate and contributes to the development of vascular dementia 2,3. Presently, patients with this form of cerebral ischemia have few, if any treatment choices. Despite the clinical importance of this disease, few clinically relevant animal models exist 4,5. 
The goal of this protocol is to produce a focal ischemic lesion within the murine white matter. This murine model of human disease allows the specific study of axonal injury response to stroke and how the cellular elements of white matter, namely oligodendrocytes and astrocytes along with axons, respond to and repair after stroke.
Previous reports have described a model of subcortical white matter stroke using endothelin-1 (ET-1) 6 that is similar to the one described here. Several key changes to the experimental protocol have been made thereby the potential uses of this model have expanded 7,8. This protocol provides a reliable and modifiable strategy to produce a focal stroke within mouse brain white matter. 
The major advantages of this model are the use of a chemical endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor N(5)-(1)-iminoethyl-L-ornithine HCl (L-Nio) 9 with no known paracrine effects on cellular elements of white matter which had been a complication of models using endothelin-1 10. In addition, the stereotactic targeting of white matter in the mouse allows the use of any variety of transgenic or knockout strains, greatly expanding the available tools to determine the effect of stroke on brain white matter. Here, two variations on this technique are described and demonstrate some of the additional variations that can be utilized to enhance the understanding of axonal and white matter damage and repair after stroke.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="725">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">L-N5-(1-Iminoethyl)ornithine, Dihydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">400600-20MG</td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Phoenix Pharmaceutical, Inc.</td>
			<td>NDC 57319-559-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Capillary tubes</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>50-821-807</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Picospritzer</td>
			<td>Parker Instrumentation</td>
			<td>Picospritzer II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereotactic setup</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>KSC51725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pipette puller</td>
			<td>KOPF</td>
			<td>Model 720</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereomicroscope SZ51</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>88-124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fine scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>14084-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>PY2 72-8547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Curved Forceps</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>PY2 72-8598</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blunt dissection tool</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>10066-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Drill</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>8220-1/28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Drill bits</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>19007-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vetbond</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1469SB&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Marcaine</td>
			<td>HOSPIRA</td>
			<td>NDC 0409-1610-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trimethoprim-Sulfamethaxole</td>
			<td>STI Pharmacy</td>
			<td>NDC 54879-007-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluororuby</td>
			<td>Fluorochrome Inc</td>
			<td>30mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>O4042-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP220-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica CM3050 S</td>
			<td>14047033518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass slides</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-544-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fast Green&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F7252-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissection microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">23 gauge butterfly needle</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-840-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10X Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14065056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1M HEPES-KOH, pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>16924</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cyclohexamide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>01810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a versatile murine model of subcortical white matter stroke for the study of axonal degeneration and white matter neurobiology

ストローク臨床ストロークプレゼンテーションの最大25％を白質アカウントに影響を与え、5〜10倍大きくすることができる速度で静かに発生し、血管性認知症の発展に大きく貢献しています。焦点白質ストロークのいくつかのモデルが存在し、適切なモデルの欠如は、脳卒中のこのタイプの後に損傷応答と修復に関与する神経生物学のメカニズムの理解を妨げています。他の皮質下脳卒中モデルの主な制限は、彼らが限局的に白質に梗塞を制限しないか、主に非マウス種で確認されていることです。これは、白質ストロークの神経生物学を研究するために、マウス研究ツールを幅広く適用する能力を制限します。ここでは、不可逆的なeNOSの阻害剤の局所注射を使用して、マウスの白質における焦点脳卒中の信頼性の高い生産のための方法論を提示します。また、2つのユニークな定位を含む一般的なプロトコルにいくつかのバリエーションを提示しますバリエーション、大幅にこの技術の潜在的な用途を拡大する逆行性神経のトレースだけでなく、新鮮な組織標識および解剖。これらの変化は、脳卒中のこの共通とunderstudied形の神経生物学的効果を分析するための複数のアプローチを可能にします。

提示されたモデルを用いて、白質下地前肢感覚皮質を確実に標的とすることができます。典型的にはヒトラクナ梗塞に見られるように、この化学的に誘発された脳卒中モデルは、焦点軸索およびミエリン損失、星状細胞、および小膠（ 図1）を生成します。 3回の注射を使用することにより、臨床的に有用なモデルは、前肢の運動課題7</sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology at JoVE.com

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

軸索変性と白質神経生物学の研究のための皮質下白質ストロークの多彩なマウスモデル

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and ...

a-versatile-murine-model-subcortical-white-matter-stroke-for-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

8.0K ビュー.  University of California, Los Angeles. Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

ビデオ: A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation

Since the early pioneering work of Ballinger and Reckard demonstrating that transplantation of islets of Langerhans into diabetic rodents could normalize their blood glucose levels, islet transplantation has been proposed to be a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes 1,2. More recently, advances in human islet transplantation have further strengthened this view 1,3. However, two major limitations prevent islet transplantation from being a widespread clinical reality: (a) the requirement for large numbers of islets per patient, which severely reduces the number of potential recipients, and (b) the need for heavy immunosuppression, which significantly affects the pediatric population of patients due to their vulnerability to long-term immunosuppression. Strategies that can overcome these limitations have the potential to enhance the therapeutic utility of islet transplantation.
Islet transplantation under the mouse kidney capsule is a widely accepted model to investigate various strategies to improve islet transplantation. This experiment requires the isolation of high quality islets and implantation of islets to the diabetic recipients. Both procedures require surgical steps that can be better demonstrated by video than by text. Here, we document the detailed steps for these procedures by both video and written protocol. We also briefly discuss different transplantation models: syngeneic, allogeneic, syngeneic autoimmune, and allogeneic autoimmune.

Transplantation of isolated islets has been proposed to be a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes. Here we describe a method to isolate islets from mouse pancreata and transplant them to the subcapsular space of the kidney.

マウス膵島の単離と被膜下腎移植のための方法

Since the early pioneering work of Ballinger and Reckard demonstrating that transplantation of islets of Langerhans into diabetic rodents could normalize ...

医学

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

PTSDの、ニューラル血液学的および行動的相関関係を明らかにするための動物モデルにおけるバイオマーカー

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.

A model of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery is described. Compared to other similar methods, this procedure is very rapid, simple and accessible, offering the possibility to study in a convenient way the vascular wall reaction to different drug-eluting stents and the molecular mechanisms of restenosis.

再狭窄の研究のための頸動脈内ステント留置のマウスモデル

Despite  the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades,  cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

くも膜下出血のマウスモデル

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

脳Microslicesの興奮毒性刺激<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;脳卒中のモデル

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

DTI is a technique that identifies white matter tracts (WMT) non-invasively in healthy and non-healthy patients using diffusion measurements. Similar to visual pathways (VP), WMT are not visible with classical MRI or intra-operatively with microscope. DTI will help neurosurgeons to prevent destruction of the VP while removing lesions adjacent to this WMT. We have performed DTI on fifty patients before and after surgery between March 2012 to January 2014. To navigate we used a 3DT1-weighted sequence. Additionally, we performed a T2-weighted and DTI-sequences. The parameters used were, FOV: 200 x 200 mm, slice thickness: 2 mm, and acquisition matrix: 96 x 96 yielding nearly isotropic voxels of 2 x 2 x 2 mm. Axial MRI was carried out using a 32 gradient direction and one b0-image. We used Echo-Planar-Imaging (EPI) and ASSET parallel imaging with an acceleration factor of 2 and b-value of 800 s/mm&#178;. The scanning time was less than 9 min.
The DTI-data obtained were processed using a FDA approved surgical navigation system program which uses a straightforward fiber-tracking approach known as fiber assignment by continuous tracking (FACT). This is based on the propagation of lines between regions of interest (ROI) which is defined by a physician. A maximum angle of 50, FA start value of 0.10 and ADC stop value of 0.20 mm&#178;/s were the parameters used for tractography.
There are some limitations to this technique. The limited acquisition time frame enforces trade-offs in the image quality. Another important point not to be neglected is the brain shift during surgery. As for the latter intra-operative MRI might be helpful. Furthermore the risk of false positive or false negative tracts needs to be taken into account which might compromise the final results.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed to try to depict the major parts of the visual pathway. The goal was to use an FDA approved standard commercial workstation which could be used for everyday routine in order to try to reduce postoperative damage of the visual pathway in the patients.

視覚路のDTI  - 白質地帯と大​​脳病変

DTI is a technique that identifies white matter tracts (WMT) non-invasively in healthy and non-healthy patients using diffusion measurements. Similar to ...

Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated blood is the aorta. The aorta may become affected in diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysm. Researchers investigating these diseases would benefit from direct observation of the aorta to characterize disease progression as well as to evaluate efficacy of potential therapeutics. The goal of this protocol is to describe proper isolation and excision of the aorta to aid investigators researching cardiovascular disease. Isolation and excision of the aorta allows investigators to look at gross morphometric changes as wells as allowing them to preserve and stain the tissue to look at histologic changes if desired. The aorta may be used for molecular studies to evaluate protein and gene expression to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to imaging modalities as they have inherent limitations in technology and cost. Additionally, primary isolated cells from a freshly isolated and excised aorta can allowing researchers to perform further in situ and in vitro assays. The isolation and excision of the aorta has the limitation of having to sacrifice the animal however, in this case the benefits outweigh the harm as it is the most versatile technique in the study of aortic disease.

Pathology of the aorta can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, therefore research of disease progression and potential therapies is warranted. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and excise the murine aorta to aid researchers in their investigation of cardiovascular disease.

単離とマウス大動脈の切除。心血管疾患の研究で多彩なテクニック

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated ...

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all limb bone fractures fail to heal completely due to the extent of the trauma, disease, or age of the patient. Our ability to improve bone regenerative strategies is critically dependent on the ability to mimic serious bone trauma in test animals, but the generation and stabilization of large bone lesions is technically challenging. In most cases, serious long bone trauma is mimicked experimentally by establishing a defect that will not naturally heal. This is achieved by complete removal of a bone segment that is larger than 1.5 times the diameter of the bone cross-section. The bone is then stabilized with a metal implant to maintain proper orientation of the fracture edges and allow for mobility. 
Due to their small size and the fragility of their long bones, establishment of such lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. As such, long bone defect models are confined to rats and larger animals. Nevertheless, mice afford significant research advantages in that they can be genetically modified and bred as immune-compromised strains that do not reject human cells and tissue.
Herein, we demonstrate a technique that facilitates the generation of a segmental defect in mouse femora using standard laboratory and veterinary equipment. With practice, fabrication of the fixation device and surgical implantation is feasible for the majority of trained veterinarians and animal research personnel. Using example data, we also provide methodologies for the quantitative analysis of bone healing for the model.

Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice.

マウスの簡単な重要なサイズの大腿欠陥モデル

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents account for 80% of all strokes. A common cause of IR injury is the rapid inflow of fluids following an acute/chronic occlusion of blood, nutrients, oxygen to the tissue triggering the formation of free radicals.
Ischemic stroke is followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. Structurally, tight junctions (TJs) between the endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). IR injury is an early secondary injury leading to a non-specific, inflammatory response. Oxidative and metabolic stress following inflammation triggers secondary brain damage including BBB permeability and disruption of tight junction (TJ) integrity.
Our protocol presents an in vitro example of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) on rat brain endothelial cell TJ integrity and stress fiber formation. Currently, several experimental in vivo models are used to study the effects of IR injury; however they have several limitations, such as the technical challenges in performing surgeries, gene dependent molecular influences and difficulty in studying mechanistic relationships. However, in vitro models may aid in overcoming many of those limitations. The presented protocol can be used to study the various molecular mechanisms and mechanistic relationships to provide potential therapeutic strategies. However, the results of in vitro studies may differ from standard in vivo studies and should be interpreted with caution.

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) described here is to assess the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on a variety of cells, particularly in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells.

などの酸素グルコース欠乏および再酸素化<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;虚血再灌流傷害モデル血液脳関門の機能障害を研究するための

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic ...

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle screws after spinal surgery, which is a serious concern. To address this problem, diverse types of pedicle screws have been examined to identify those with good fixation strength and osseointegration in spine bone. The porcine spine is a good alternative for the human spine in the evaluation of pedicle screws due to the anatomical size, mechanical characteristics, and cost. Although several studies have reported that pedicle screws are efficient in the porcine model, no study has described detailed protocols for the evaluation of a pedicle screw using the porcine model. Here, we describe a detailed method for evaluating transpedicular screws using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model. The technical details for anesthesia, spine surgery, and harvest provided here will facilitate with the evaluation of the transpedicular screw fixation model.

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Here, we introduce a method to evaluate transpedicular screws by using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model.

麻酔、手術および収縮法を用いた経肛門用ねじの評価<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;豚の腰椎モデル

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle ...