Preparation of this manuscript was supported in part by grant R01DA029100 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

プロトコルは、ユタ州立大学の施設内倫理委員会によって承認されました。以下の手順は、プログラミングと遅延割引のタスクを行うためのガイドとして機能する必要があります。 1.遅延割引タスクの設定<ol><li>割引が評価されるため、遅延の範囲を選択します。 注：例えば、典型的なシナリオは1週間から25年の範囲で遅延を使用します。選択された遅延は、慣例により、およそ指数関数的な進行に従ってください（ 例えば、1週間、2週間、1ヶ月、2ヶ月、6ヶ月、1年、5年、25年） </li><li>タスクで使用されるお金の最大量を選択してください。たとえば、タスクで使用される資金の典型的な量は$ 100または$ 1,000です。 </li><li>各遅延で無関心点を決定するために完了しなければならない試行回数を選択してください。 注：例えば、各遅延のための試験の典型的な数は6〜8トンの間でなければなりませんデータ解像度と参加者の疲労のバランスをとるためにリアル。 </li></ol> 2.インフォームドコンセントやログインの参加を入手<ol><li>参加者は、コンピュータの前に分離された部屋に座っています。自分の携帯電話および/または任意の他の電子機器の電源をオフにするために参加して下さい。 </li><li>見直し、彼らが作業に参加することに同意した場合に署名するためのインフォームドコンセントフォームで参加者を提供します。 </li><li>コンピュータ上のタスクに関連付けられたアイコンをクリックしてプログラムを起動します。 </li><li>ダイアログボックスを確認し、参加者のデータに添付されますユニークな参加者IDタグを入力してください。 注：タスクは実験者によってプログラムされなければならないため、このステップでは、プログラムが自動的に参加者のタグを割り当てたことにより、自動化することができました。 </li></ol> 3.手順と実践トライアルを提供<ol><li>彼または彼女はタスクに経験するかについて参加者の指示を与えます。 </li><li>提供しデータ分析には含まれません電子の練習試行。 注：実際の試験は、タスク設計に参加者を理解し、参加者には、タスクの開始時に収集されたデータの整合性を脅かすことなく、彼らが期待されているかを理解するために失敗した場合に質問をする機会を提供するように設計されています。練習試験は以下の通り調整の手順を使用しないでください。その代わりに、実際の試験では、単純に即時の結果と遅延の結果との間に選択の一連で構成する必要があります。 <ol><li>例えば、コンピュータ画面上の質問を示し、すぐに利用できる$ 10と1ヶ月で利用できる$ 100との間で選択するよう参加者に依頼することによって練習試行を開始します。画面上で行った選択を確認します。 </li><li> immediaまで（関係なく、選択肢の参加者によって行われた）次の画面ではなく、その後の選択肢は、各裁判に$ 10の増加によって即時選択肢を増やすために同じ質問をしますTEおよび遅延の選択肢は$ 100と等しいです。 </li></ol></li><li>参加者がタスクに順応できるようにするために10練習試行を行ってください。 </li></ol> 4.シングル無関心ポイントを評価します注：無関心ポイントは、遅延割引タスクからの主要な従属変数として機能し、遅延代替の現在価値は、即時代替のものと同じである点を表します。 <ol><li>参加者に遅延し、即座に代替するための出発量を表示します。最初の試験では、遅延の代替のための量と最大量を表示します。同時に最大量の1/2として即時の量を表示します。試験の開始時に画面（選択の選択肢のそれぞれから等距離）の中央にマウスカーソルを設定します。 注意：代替が提示された側（画面の右側または左側）は、ランダムにそれぞれに決定されるべきです裁判。 </li><li>参加者の選択を確認します。 </li><li>参加者の選択に基づいて、第2の試験のための最大の1/4によって即時代替の量を調整します。 <ol><li>参加者は、最初の試験にすぐに代替手段を選択した場合に、第2の試験のための即時代替の量を減らします。即時の量は$ 50であり、それは、最初の試験で選択された場合たとえば、その後、二審で$ 25と即時の量を表示します。 </li><li>参加者は最初の試験に遅れ代替案を選択した場合に、第2の試験のための即時代替の量を増やします。即時の量は$ 50だったが、遅延量が最初の試験で選択された場合たとえば、その後、二審で$ 75即時量を表示します。 </li></ol></li><li>参加者に即座に代替し、一定の遅延代替の新量を表示し、それらが彼らの次の選択を行うことができます。 </li><li> Pを観察articipantの選択と前の調整の1/2によって即時代替の量を調整します。 <ol><li>参加者は、現在の裁判にすぐに代替手段を選択した場合は、次の試験のための即時代替の量を減らします。即時の量が第2裁判に$ 25であり、それが選択された場合たとえば、3番目の裁判に$ 12.50のように即時の量を表示します。 </li><li>参加者は、現在の裁判に遅れた選択肢を選択した場合は、次の試験のための即時代替の量を増やします。即時の量が第2裁判に$ 25であり、それが選択された場合たとえば、3番目の裁判に$ 37.50のように即時の量を表示します。 </li></ol></li><li>参加者は選択肢の必要数をした繰り返して、4.4と4.5のステップ 注：選択肢の数は、実験者の裁量に任されて、さらに詳細のための議論を参照してください。 注：ALWA必要があり、今後の裁判のための調整nは、電流調整のための試行回数である2 -n、乗じた最大量に等しくなるようYS（ 図1を参照）。 </li><li>参加者の選択に基づいて即時量に最終調整を行います。その遅延の無関心点として、この新しい金額を使用してください。 </li></ol> 5.各遅延で無関心ポイントを決定します<ol><li>完全に即時結果の量と各遅延で最初の試験のための調整量をリセットし、選択された遅延のそれぞれについて、ステップ4を繰り返します。 </li></ol> 6.質的に異なるアウトカム（オプション）の遅延割引を評価します<ol><li>選択した結果の一例を提供するために、参加者を確認して下さい。選択した結果が食品である場合たとえば、その後、「あなたの好きな食べ物は何ですか？」の参加者に尋ねます</li><li>参加者の反応を観察し、結果コスト（ 例えば 、どのくらいの単位参加者に尋ねる。「何好適な食品のコストですか？」）。 注：実験者が商品全体で割引くの違いを評価することに興味がある場合は割引の違いが割引されている量の違いによるものではないように、このステップは、値の面で商品を等しくなります。 </li><li>参加者によって報告された価格に基づいて、即時および遅延開始値の値を表示します。参加者によって提供され、その量の1/2に即座に代替を設定した単位当たりの価格で除した最大値に等しくなるように、結果の遅延量を設定します。 注：アイスクリームの1食分は$ 5のコストと最大$ 100の場合たとえば、その後$ 100アイスクリームの20人前があります。即時の代替（ 例えば 、「今アイスクリームの10人前」）として、遅延の代替（ 例えば 、「1週間でアイスクリームの20人前」）と、その量の1/2として計算された値を使用してください。 </li><li> REPEそれぞれの結果の再計算値とステップ4および5のすべてで。 </li></ol><img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584fig1.jpg" /> 調整額タスクの図1.試用構造 。遅延代替、Yの開始値は、最大値を同じにする必要があります。即時の代替の開始値、Xは、.5Yを同じにする必要があります。 Xは選択された場合、Xの値は、次の裁判に減少させるべきです。 Yを選択した場合、Xの値は、次の裁判に増やす必要があります。調整量は、試験1に.25Yであり、各その後の裁判の前の調整の0.5である。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> 7.データ解析<ol><li>任意の好適なデータANALYへのデータのインポートSISプログラム。各参加者の各遅延のための無関心ポイントを分離します。各グループの各遅延の中央無関心ポイントを計算します。 注：グループの設計が使用される場合、中央値無関心ポイントの計算にのみ必要です。 </li><li>曲線回帰モデルを選択してください（例については、代表的な結果を参照してください）​​。 （中央値）無関心点にモデルに合わせて曲線回帰を使用してください。これは、選択されたモデル（パラメータの説明については以下を参照）に関連するパラメータ推定値を生成します。 注：私たちは、ステップ7で読者を支援するための統計プログラムRについて補足資料に曲線回帰を実施するためのコードを提供してきました。 </li></ol>

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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting+of+real+and+hypothetical+rewards.">Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 11 (2), 139-145 (2003).</li><li>Beck, R. C., Triplett, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Test-retest+reliability+of+a+group-administered+paper-pencil+measure+of+delay+discounting.">Test-retest reliability of a group-administered paper-pencil measure of delay discounting.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 17 (5), 345-355 (2009).</li><li>Chapman, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+discounting+and+utility+for+health+and+money.">Temporal discounting and utility for health and money.</a> J EXP Psychol Learn. 22 (3), 771-791 (1996).</li><li>Du, W., Green, L., Myerson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-cultural+comparisons+of+discounting+delayed+and+probabilistic+rewards.">Cross-cultural comparisons of discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards.</a> Psychol Rec. 52 (4), 479-492 (2002).</li><li>Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., Bickel, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heroin+addicts+have+higher+discount+rates+for+delayed+rewards+than+non-drug-using+controls.">Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls.</a> J Exp.Psychol Gen. 128 (1), 78-87 (1999).</li><li>Myerson, J., Green, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discounting+of+delayed+rewards:+Models+of+individual+choice.">Discounting of delayed rewards: Models of individual choice.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 64 (3), 263-276 (1995).</li><li>Rachlin, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notes+on+discounting.">Notes on discounting.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 85 (3), 425-435 (2006).</li><li>Odum, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting:+Trait+variable.">Delay discounting: Trait variable.</a> Behav Process. 87 (1), 1-9 (2011).</li><li>Koffarnus, M. N., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Bickel, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changing+delay+discounting+in+the+light+of+the+competing+neurobehavioral+decision+systems+theory:+a+review.">Changing delay discounting in the light of the competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory: a review.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 99 (1), 32-57 (2013).</li><li>Green, L., Myerson, J., Ostaszewski, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amount+of+reward+has+opposite+effects+on+the+discounting+of+delayed+and+probabilistic+outcomes.">Amount of reward has opposite effects on the discounting of delayed and probabilistic outcomes.</a> J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 25 (2), 418-427 (1999).</li><li>Myerson, J., Green, L., Warusawitharana, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Area+under+the+curve+as+a+measure+of+discounting.">Area under the curve as a measure of discounting.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 76 (2), 235-243 (2001).</li><li>Reynolds, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+delay-discounting+research+with+humans:+relations+to+drug+use+and+gambling.">A review of delay-discounting research with humans: relations to drug use and gambling.</a> Behav Pharmacol. 17 (8), 651-667 (2006).</li><li>Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., Grant, J. D., Heath, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heritability+of+delay+discounting+in+adolescence:+A+longitudinal+twin+study.">Heritability of delay discounting in adolescence: A longitudinal twin study.</a> Behav Gen. 41 (2), 175-183 (2011).</li><li>Morrison, K. L., Madden, G. J., Odum, A. L., Friedel, J. E., Twohig, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altering+impulsive+decision+making+with+an+acceptance-based+procedure.">Altering impulsive decision making with an acceptance-based procedure.</a> Behav Ther. 45 (5), 630-639 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

このビデオでは、調整量のタスクを用いた実験を割り引く遅延を実施するために取るべき手順について説明します。調整量のタスクが実施する比較的迅速である（10 - 参加者あたり15分）し、信頼性の高いデータを生成します。タスクの調整性質は割引の個々の参加者の程度の微調整分析を提供します。タスクは、コンピュータベースのデータ収集であるため、データ収集プロセスの間に人?...

遅延割引は、人々が遅延割引が時間的近位報酬がより高度に一時的に遠位の報酬よりも評価されているという事実を指す遭遇する多くの状況に影響を与える行動の現象です。つまり、遅延の報酬の減少の値です。人々が作る多くの選択肢が即時低品質の結果との間のトレードオフを伴うので、これは重要なプロセスである（ 例えば 、夕食後のチーズケーキの一部）と、高品質の結果を遅延（ 例えば 、長期的な健康）。遅延割引もサル4,5、ラット6,7、およびハト8を含む 、人間2,3に加えて、様々な種で観察されています。 割引の程度の個人差は、様々な不適応行動9にリンクされています。報酬の値は双曲線減衰関数8に応じた遅延の関数として減少します。双曲線崩壊で、値が減少比較的短い遅延で広範囲だが、比較的長い遅延を越え比例それほど減少しています。値は、遅延の関数として双曲線劣化することがメーザーの発見は、双曲​​線関数が選好逆転を予測することができるので、重要である他の理論機能することはできません追加の前提条件なし。好みの反転はある共通の遅延は、両方の選択肢に追加された場合は逆になります10-12未来（LLR）で比較的遠位の時点で入手可能な、より大きな報酬上で利用可能な小型の報酬は比較的早く（SSR）のためにその好みを見つける十分に文書化。仕事から家に運転している間、空腹感が突然ヒットし、たとえば、人が待っているとは対照的に、彼らはの作品のために家を出るまで比較的不健康な軽食のための目の前で最初のファーストフードレストランで停止するように傾斜させてもよいです果物や他のいくつかの高品質のスナック。人はまだに歩く必要があるときは、しかし、飢餓は、仕事でしばらくまだヒットした場合自分の車やファーストフード店に接近する前に、道を車で、彼らは果物のために家に帰るまで待つことにした可能性が高くなります。 遅延の関数としての価値の下落に報いるれる急峻性は、生物の選択の衝動性の尺度とみなすことができます。選択肢の衝動は、衝動的選択の.Higher度を使用するようにリンクされているLLR 13,14の上に、SSRのためのプリファレンスとして定義され、アルコール15,16、タバコ17,18、コカイン19、ヘロイン20,21、など様々な薬物の乱用することができます及びメタンフェタミン22。衝動的な選択肢の高い度も問題ギャンブル23、肥満24,25、および貧しい人々の健康と個人の安全の選択肢26にリンクされています。 様々なタスクは、ヒトにおける割引遅延を評価することができます。例えば、参加者が代替と経験間の意思決定の一部または全部を行うことを求められることができました彼らの選択（実際の報酬タスク27,28）に関連するか、彼らが実際に彼らの選択（仮想的な報酬タスク1-3,9に関連した結果を経験しないであろう、その場合には、彼らは、仮想的な選択肢の間で決定を下すことを求められることができた結果の、15-19,25,29）。割引の類似度は、一般的にかかわらず、報酬や遅延が本物か30仮説的であるかどうかの観察されました。遅延割引のタスクを投与する方法は、研究間で異なっています。例えば、様々な研究所が穴埋めアンケート31、複数の選択肢の質問票32、調整量手順33、および通貨の選択アンケート34を使用してタスクを管理してきました。もともとデュ、緑、Myerson氏33によって開発され、我々の研究室で広く使用さ調整量のタスクは、いくつかの利点を提供します。タスクは、プログラムされたデータ収集が自動化されると、制限プロセス全体を通じて人的エラー。タスクの調整性質上、無関心ポイントは、参加者が、実験と制限退屈であることが要求されている時間を最小限に抑えることが比較的少ない質問で達成されています。重要なことは、タスクが詳細かつ信頼性の高いデータを提供します。調整量タスクは以下に詳述します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Computer</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>Mac or Windows</td></tr><tr><td>Programming Software</td><td>Visual Studios</td><td></td><td>https://www.visualstudio.com</td></tr><tr><td>Data Analysis Software</td><td>The R Foundation</td><td></td><td>http://www.r-project.org</td></tr><tr><td>Informed Consent Form</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring delay discounting in humans using an adjusting amount task

遅延割引は、それがすぐに利用可能であるときに比べて遅れている報酬の価値の下落を指します。遅延割引タスクは遅延と大きさの両方が異なる2つ二分報酬の代替のための同等の好みを反映無関心ポイントを識別するために使用されます。彼らは私たちが値上の遅延の影響を分離することを可能にするため、無関心ポイントは、遅延割引勾配の形状を評価するための鍵となります。たとえば、1週間の遅延と$ 1,000、最大であれば、無関心点は、私たちはその参加者に対して、1週間の遅延が値で30％の削減に相当し、ことを知っている$ 700からです。このビデオでは、比較的迅速に無関心ポイントを識別し、安価で管理が容易である調整量の遅延割引タスクの概要を説明します。データが収集された後、非線形回帰法は、典型的には、割引曲線を生成するために使用されます。割引曲線の勾配は、IMPの程度を反映グループまたは個々のulsive選択。これらの技術は、商品の広い範囲で使用されており、比較的衝動的である集団を同定しました。例えば、薬物乱用問題の割引を持つ人々は、制御の参加者よりも急激に報酬を延期​​しました。割引の度合いを調べ、商品の関数として変化するが、1商品の割引は、割引が行動1の永続的なパターンであることを示唆している他の商品の割引、と相関します。

遅延割引の結果は、一般的にそれぞれの結果のために個々の参加者からのグループと無関心点からの中央値無関心ポイントの両方に曲線回帰モデルを当てはめることによって分析されます。サンプルについて無関心点は、通常、一般には配布されませんので、中央値、グループ無関心ポイントが使用されています。 3つの非線形回帰モデルは、一般的に使用されます?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task at JoVE.com

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. We outline a computer-based delay discounting task that is easy to implement and allows for the quantification of the degree of delay discounting in human participants.

遅延測定は、調整量のタスクを使用した人間で割引します

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks ...

measuring-delay-discounting-in-humans-using-an-adjusting-amount-task

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

15.2K ビュー.  Utah State University. Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. We outline a computer-based delay discounting task that is easy to implement and allows for the quantification of the degree of delay discounting in human participants.

ビデオ: Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

注意のセットシフトタスク：マウスにおける認知の柔軟性の測定

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

行動学

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this domain has focused almost exclusively on adult participants, completely ignoring the topic of threat detection over the course of development. One of the biggest reasons for the lack of developmental work in this area is likely the absence of a reliable paradigm that can measure perceptual biases for threat in children. To address this issue, we recently designed a modified visual search paradigm similar to the standard adult paradigm that is appropriate for studying threat detection in preschool-aged participants. Here we describe this new procedure. In the general paradigm, we present participants with matrices of color photographs, and ask them to find and touch a target on the screen. Latency to touch the target is recorded. Using a touch-screen monitor makes the procedure simple and easy, allowing us to collect data in participants ranging from 3 years of age to adults. Thus far, the paradigm has consistently shown that both adults and children detect threatening stimuli (e.g., snakes, spiders, angry/fearful faces) more quickly than neutral stimuli (e.g., flowers, mushrooms, happy/neutral faces). Altogether, this procedure provides an important new tool for researchers interested in studying the development of attentional biases for threat.

Here we describe a touch-screen visual search paradigm that can be used to study threat detection across the lifespan. The paradigm has already been used in various studies demonstrating that both children and adults detect threatening stimuli like snakes, spiders, and angry faces faster than non-threatening stimuli.

子どもと成人の脅威のための注意のバイアスを測定

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

インパルス食品の選択を減少させる手段としてのエラー

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

時間的順序の判決のモデルベース分析により注目し、視覚処理速度を測定します

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First,&#160;rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.

This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.

ラットにおける試合のサンプル テストを延期臭ベースを使用してメタ認知的応答のテスト

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

自動化における遅延および努力ベース無料移動齧歯動物における意思決定を分析するための装置およびプロトコルのベース

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

アルツハイマー病、IntelliCage を使用しての複数の遺伝モデルにおける認知機能の長期的な行動のアッセイの自動化

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of intervals within the range of milliseconds of visual, acoustic, and audiovisual aperiodic trains of six pulses. In this task, each of the trials consists of two consecutive intramodal intervals where the participants press the upward arrow key to report that the second stimulus lasted longer than the reference, or the downward arrow key to indicate otherwise. The analysis of the behavior results in psychometric functions of the probability of estimating the comparison stimulus to be longer than the reference, as a function of the comparison intervals. In conclusion, we advance a way of implementing standard programming software to create visual, acoustic, and audiovisual stimuli, and to generate a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) task by delivering stimuli through noise-blocking headphones and a computer&#39;s monitor.

Psychophysics is essential for studying perception phenomena through sensory information. Here we present a protocol to perform a two-interval forced-choice task as implemented in a previous report on human psychophysics where participants estimated the duration of visual, auditory, or audiovisual intervals of aperiodic trains of pulses.

多感覚の比較のため 2 区間強制選択課題

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of ...

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is a meaningful concept because it is associated with psychiatric conditions in humans and with maladaptive behavior in non-human animals. It is believed that impulsivity is composed of separate factors. There are laboratory protocols devised to assess each of these factors using standardized automated equipment. Delay discounting is associated with the incapacity to be motivated by delayed outcomes. This factor is evaluated through intertemporal choice protocols, which consist&#160;of presenting the individual with a choice situation involving an immediate reward and a larger but delayed reward. Response inhibition deficit is associated with the incapacity to withhold prepotent responses. Differential reinforcement of low rates (DLR) and feature-negative discrimination protocols assess the response inhibition deficit factor of impulsivity. The former imposes a condition to a motivated individual in which most wait a minimum period of time for a response to be rewarded. The latter evaluates the capacity of individuals to refrain from food seeking responses when a signal of the absence of food is presented. The purpose of these protocols is to construct an objective quantitative measure of impulsivity, which serves to make cross-species comparisons, allowing the possibility of translational research. The advantages of these particular protocols include their easy set-up and application, which stems from the relatively small amount of equipment needed and the automated nature of these protocols.

We present three protocols that assess different forms of impulsivity in rats and other small mammals. Intertemporal choice procedures evaluate the tendency to discount the value of delayed outcomes. Differential reinforcement of low rates and feature-negative discrimination evaluate response inhibition capacity with and without punishment for inappropriate responses, respectively.

ラットにおける衝動性の異なる症状を評価するための 3 つの検査

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is ...

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Intertemporal choice plays a crucial role in our daily lives, influencing decisions related to education, health, consumption, and investment. This research proposes an innovative experimental protocol that examines how social comparison and social distance jointly affect the neural processes involved in outcome assessment for intertemporal choices. The study is based on the theoretical framework of cognitive resource competition. This protocol enables researchers to dynamically establish an indifference point for each participant, effectively eliminating the influence of any biased indifference points on the assessment of intertemporal choices. Consequently, the study solely measures the combined impact of social comparison and social distance on how participants evaluate intertemporal choice outcomes. The findings reveal that individuals are more inclined to opt for immediate outcomes under negative unfair conditions. Moreover, compared to the fair and positive unfair conditions, people tend to undervalue delayed outcomes in the negative unfair condition. The strength of this approach lies in its dynamic indifference point setting, making it an effective method to investigate the influence of various external factors (such as social status and power level) on intertemporal decision-making. While the protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events like event-related potentials, it can also be tailored for use with fMRI.

This protocol aims to investigate the neural activity related to social comparison and social distance during the processing of intertemporal decision outcomes. Indifference points will be measured using event-related potentials as part of the study.

社会的比較と社会的距離が事象関連ポテンシャル研究における時間的選択結果の評価に及ぼす影響

Intertemporal choice plays a crucial role in our daily lives, influencing decisions related to education, health, consumption, and investment. This ...

遅延測定は、調整量のタスクを使用した人間で割引します

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