This work was supported by Interdisziplin&#228;res Zentrum f&#252;r Klinische Forschung (IZKF), University Clinics W&#252;rzburg, Germany (project N-215).

（：55.2から2531.01 11分の76承認番号）の動物実験は、動物保護ガイドラインと欧州共同体理事会のガイドラインに従ってウンターフランケンのヴュルツブルク大学と法的な州当局によって承認されました。すべての努力は、使用する動物の痛みや不快感を最小限にするために行われました。 注：他の場所18に記載の電極の移植を行いました。 1.シリンダー試験（図2） <ol><li> 0.1％酢酸溶液でシリンダーを洗浄することにより、透明なプラスチックガラスシリンダー（19センチメートル：40センチ、直径、高さ）を準備します。 </li><li>実験の日、各ラットの識別番号とカードを準備します。 </li><li>シリンダーの後ろに90°の角度で二つのミラーを配置します。 </li><li>カメラとシリンダとの間の距離は足の素晴らしい眺めを可能にするように、シリンダーの前にカメラを置きます。 </li><li>輸送箱にラットを置きます。 注：動物はストレスを避けるために、試験前に実験者によって処理されるべきです。 </li><li>輸送ボックスを使用して、シリンダにホームケージからラットを輸送。 </li><li>シリンダ（ 図3）にラットを置きます。 <ol><li>常に活動の概日違いを回避するために、1日の同じ時間にすべての行動試験を行います。動物がケーブルによって刺激発生器に接続されている場合は、ケーブルが実験中にねじれがないことを確認してください。 </li></ol></li><li>カメラの「録画」ボタンを押してください。カメラに実験およびラットの識別番号の実際の日付でカードを表示します。記録を開始します。 </li><li> 5分後、シリンダーから動物を削除し、輸送ボックスを使用して、ホームケージに戻します。 </li><li> 0.1％酢酸溶液でシリンダーを清掃してください。 </li><li>左右の足の壁に接触（パーセントで足の使用）と同様にRをカウントすることにより、記録した映像から足の使用を評価しますイヤリング（またはシリンダ壁に支持することなく、後足の上に立って）。シリンダテストは、適切なソフトウェアによって自動的に評価することができます。 注：健康なラットは均等に両方の足を使用しています。 hemiparkinsonianラットは、より少ない程度の病変による影響を受けた足を使用しています。 </li></ol> 2.階段テスト（図4） <ol><li>獲得フェーズ<ol><li>前訓練への一日は、階段の試験に用いたペレットを動物に慣れます。 <ol><li>オプション：食餌制限（自由摂食レベル16の90％で、体重を維持するための標準的な実験用飼料10〜15 g）を使用し、動物のモチベーションを高めるために。しかし、これは、正のトレーニング効果を達成するために必須ではありません。この研究は、食事制限なしで行いました。 </li></ol></li><li>透明なプラスチックのガラスの階段ボックスを準備し（高さ：34.5センチメートル、長さ：35.5センチメートル、幅12センチ、幅の狭い室6 cm）の0.1％の交流でボックスを清掃することによりETIC酸溶液。注：階段ボックスが狭い区画内の隆起したプラットフォームと2階段で二区画-ボックスです。狭い区画内の階段上の左のステップは、右のステップは右足で、唯一の左の足に到達することができます。 注：標準の階段ボックスは、それがケーブルを介して刺激されたラットを用いた実験のために使用される場合には、蓋なしで高いボックスを使用し、蓋を二つの区画で構成されています。 </li><li>階段を削除し、8 45 mgのペレットと各手順の井戸を埋めます。 </li><li>階段を挿入し、高めのプラットフォーム上で8つの追加ペレットを置きます。 </li><li>輸送箱にラットを置きます。 </li><li>輸送ボックスを使用して階段ボックスにホームケージからラットを輸送。 </li><li>階段ボックス（ 図5）にラットを置きます。 </li><li> 5分後、階段ボックスから動物を削除し、輸送ボックスを使用して、ホームケージに戻します。 </li><li>どのように多くの注意ペレットは、左右の階段からプラットフォームと（最終的に）から食べました。 </li><li> 8 45 mgのペレットと各ステップ上のウェルを充填することにより、階段を補充します。 </li><li> 0.1％酢酸溶液で階段ボックスをきれいにし、プラットフォーム上で追加のペレットを配置します。 </li><li>この手順（アクイジション・フェーズ）行の3日間を繰り返します。 注：記載された全ての実験は、雄のSprague Dawleyラットで実施しました。異なるトレーニングモジュールの所要時間は異なる系統、性別およびベンダーのラットで異なることができます。 </li></ol></li><li>自由選択のテスト<ol><li> 0.1％酢酸溶液で階段ボックスを清掃してください。 </li><li>階段を削除し、8 45 mgのペレットと各手順の井戸を埋めます。 </li><li>輸送箱にラットを置きます。 </li><li>輸送ボックスを使用して階段ボックスにホームケージからラットを輸送。 </li><li>階段ボックスにラットを置きます。 </li><li> 5分後、階段から動物を削除しますケースボックスと輸送ボックスを使用して、ホームケージにそれを戻します。 左右の階段から食べたどのように多くのペレットに注意してください。 </li><li>注：動物がまだペレットを把握に問題がある場合は、それらを簡単に達することができるプラットフォーム上でいくつかの詳細を追加します。 </li><li> 8 45 mgのペレットと各ステップ上のウェルを充填することにより、階段を補充します。 </li><li>次の動物のための0.1％酢酸溶液で階段ボックスを清掃してください。 </li><li>この手順（自由選択相）行の3日間を繰り返します。 注：提示された結果は、モジュール間の休止期間なく行わ訓練によって得ました。いくつかのグループは、トレーニングプロセスをサポートするため、連結のための休止日を好みます。 </li></ol></li><li>強制選択テスト<ol><li> 0.1％酢酸溶液で階段ボックスを清掃してください。 </li><li>階段を削除し、8（モジュールの最初の3日間）または4（連続したT​​HRと左側階段上の各手順の井戸を埋めますモジュールのEE日）45 mgのペレット。 <ol><li>減損が発生する側の強制選択テストを実行します。 注：私たちは右半球にパーキンソン病変を行うため、選択的に左足を訓練します。 </li></ol></li><li>輸送箱にラットを置きます。 </li><li>輸送ボックスを使用して階段ボックスにホームケージからラットを輸送。 </li><li>階段ボックスにラットを置きます。 </li><li> 5分後、階段ボックスから動物を削除し、輸送ボックスを使用して、ホームケージに戻します。 </li><li>左の階段から食べたどのように多くのペレットに注意してください。 </li><li> 8または4 45mgのペレット（ペレットの数は、トレーニング日に依存します）との各ス​​テップ上のウェルを充填することにより、階段を補充します。 </li><li>次の動物のための0.1％酢酸溶液で階段ボックスを清掃してください。 </li><li>この手順を繰り返し（強制選択相）行の6日間。 </li></ol></li><li>データ収集<ol> &lt;2日連続で強制選択モジュール（左の階段上の各ウェル中の4ペレット）について記載したように李&gt;は、実験を実行します。 2日間の平均値として成功率（食べたペレットの数）を計算します。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

この記事では、シリンダおよび階段テストの詳細なトレーニングプロトコルについて説明します。後者が原因ラット16,17に到達業者に複雑な把持動作と細かい運動の動きを評価するために設計されています。成果の測定は、客観的な測定であるテスト、中に食べたペレットの数として表現さ​​れます。プロトコルは、パーキンソン病および他の運動疾患モデルのラットモデルにおい...

視床下核（STN）の脳深部刺激はパーキンソン病1および他の運動障害のための有効な治療選択肢です。基礎となるメカニズムはまだ十分に理解し、多因子であるが、主要な機能は、刺激電極2-4付近の軸索の繰り返し脱分極によって神経ネットワーク活動の変調です。高周波数（&gt; 100 Hz）で刺激が最も脳の目標及びDBSのほとんどの適応症のための有益な効果のために必要とされます。刺激量で覆われている他の繊維、の不注意による同時活性化から深部脳刺激の結果の副作用は、錐体路などのさまざまな機能を、補助します。したがって、副作用素子5,6の同時活性化を回避しつつ、優先的に有益な神経要素を活性化する刺激パラメータを開発することが望ましいです。神経生理学は、このような微細なTUNIを提供することがありますが、DBSのオプションngを、科学の進歩は、プログラミング戦略は、主に患者の「試行錯誤」により評価し、市販のDBSデバイスの限られたプログラミングオプションによって制限されているため、過去20年の間に最小限されてではなく、神経生理学的知見を使用していますかつ体系フルパラメータ空間を探索する実験的な設定を定義しました。 DBS研究の翻訳障害を克服するために、我々は、臨床探査の前にパーキンソン症候群の齧歯類モデルにおける代替刺激パラメータをスクリーニングするためのプロトコルを提案しています。ラットにおける片側パーキンソン病は、右の内側前脳束7,8に6-ヒドロキシドーパミン注射を使用してモデル化されます。得られた病変が、hemiparkinsonianとしてさらに説明、低用量のアポモルフィン注射後の回転スコアの評価によってアポモルフィン試験で評価し、チロシンヒドロキシラーゼimmunohistによって死後に確認されましたochemistry。低死亡率および罹患率を保有しながら、この方法は、適用が容易で再現性の高いです。結果として得られる運動障害は、7,8非常に離散的です。動物は、自発的な探査や複雑な把握行動9,10の両方の間に反対側の左足のわずかな障害を呈します。 脳深部刺激プロトコルテストの有効性を評価するためには、モータ性能の迅速かつ信頼性の変化を測定できるように、別の神経刺激設定で時間をかけて繰り返すことができる必要とされます。いくつかのグループが非常に変動し、一貫性のない成果11-14ラット11で運動機能を評価するために、異なる刺激のアプローチと異なるテストを提案しました。これは、妥当性と相補性を予測する高で一連のテストを選択することが私たちを余儀なくされました。さらに、深部脳刺激条件下でのモータ結果の評価のために、試験は、ANIによって行うことができた好ましMALSは、刺激発生器にケーブルを介して接続されています。これらの目的のために、我々は足の使用の非対称性のための1つの試験や熟練到達するための1つの試験からなる当社の試験電池を設置しました。研究デザインは、 図1に示されています。 自発的な足の使用のために我々は、垂直探査中の足の使用のために広く使用されている試験であるShallert 15によって記述円筒試験を行いました。動物のいかなるトレーニングは必要ありません。より複雑な把持動作の評価のために我々はモントーヤ16に従って階段テストを確立しました。私たちのプロトコルはKloth 17に応じて変更されます。ラットを試験箱からペレットに到達するには12日間の期間のために訓練されています。トレーニング期間の後に試験を食べたペレットの数として記載成功率をカウントすることにより、複雑な把持動作を測定するために適用することができます。記事では、BEH階段ボックス内の詳細なトレーニングだけでなく、両方の性能を提示しますナイーブ、hemiparkinsonianと脳深部刺激条件の下でavioralテスト。

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a novel approach to assess motor outcome of deep brain stimulation effects in the hemiparkinsonian rat: staircase and cylinder test

視床下核の脳深部刺激は、パーキンソン病のための有効な治療選択肢です。私たちの研究室では、hemiparkinsonian（一方的な病変）ラットで異なる神経刺激パターンをスクリーニングするためのプロトコルを確立しました。それは、右の内側前脳束に6-ヒドロキシドーパミン（6-OHDA）を注入視床下核への慢性刺激電極を移植し、ケーブルに結合した外部神経刺激の24時間の期間の終了時にモータの成果を評価することによって、一方的なパーキンソン病斑を作成で構成されてい。刺激は、定電流刺激を行いました。振幅は、副作用のために、個々の閾値を下回る20％に設定しました。モータアウトカム評価がShallertにし、モントーヤに応じて階段試験で到達業者の評価によって応じ円筒試験における自発的な足の使用の評価によって行われました。このプロトコルを詳細に階段ボックスの訓練を説明し、Cylinderテスト、ならびにhemiparkinsonianラットの両方での使用。階段テストは細かい運動技能障害のために、より敏感であるように思われると神経刺激の間に変化するより高い感度を示すため、両方のテストの使用が必要です。一方的なパーキンソンモデルと2行動試験の組み合わせは、標準化された方法で異なる刺激パラメータの評価を可能にします。

すべての動物は、ドーパミン作動性病変と電極の位置の両方の死後組織学的検査を受けました。 STN内部の正しい電極配置（ 図6）と完全なドーパミン作動性病変（&gt;黒質におけるドーパミン作動性ニューロンの90％の損失）と動物のみが結果セクション（ 図7）に含まれていました。 病変条件で?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test at JoVE.com

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

Hemiparkinsonianラットにおける脳深部刺激効果のモーターの成果を評価するための新しいアプローチ：階段室とシリンダーテスト

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to ...

a-novel-approach-to-assess-motor-outcome-deep-brain-stimulation

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

14.6K ビュー.  University Hospital Wuerzburg. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

ビデオ: A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Stereotactic Injection of MicroRNA-expressing Lentiviruses to the Mouse Hippocampus CA1 Region and Assessment of the Behavioral Outcome

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory single-stranded RNA molecules around 22 nucleotides long that may each target numerous mRNA transcripts and dim an entire gene expression pathway by inducing destruction and/or inhibiting translation of these targets. Several miRNAs play key roles in maintaining neuronal structure and function and in higher-level brain functions, and methods are sought for manipulating their levels for exploring these functions. Here, we present a direct in vivo method for examining the cognitive consequences of enforced miRNAs excess in mice by stereotactic injection of miRNA-encoding virus particles. Specifically, the current protocol involves injection into the hippocampal CA1 region, which contributes to mammalian memory consolidation, learning, and stress responses, and offers a convenient injection site. The coordinates are measured according to the mouse bregma and virus perfusion is digitally controlled and kept very slow. After injection, the surgery wound is sealed and the animals recover. Lentiviruses encoding silencers of the corresponding mRNA targets serve to implicate the specific miRNA/target interaction responsible for the observed effect, with na&iuml;ve mice, mice injected with saline and mice injected with "empty" lentivirus vectors as controls. One month post-injection, the animals are examined in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) for assessing their navigation learning and memory abilities. The MWM is a round tank filled with colored water with a small platform submerged 1 cm below the water surface. Steady visual cues around the tank allow for spatial navigation (sound and the earth's magnetic field may also assist the animals in navigating). Video camera monitoring enables measuring the route of swim and the time to find and amount the platform. The mouse is first taught that mounting the hidden platform offers an escape from the enforced swimming; it is then tested for using this escape and finally, the platform is removed and probe tests examine if the mouse remembers its previous location. Repeated tests over several consecutive days highlight improved performance of tested mice at shorter latencies to find and mount the platform, and as more direct routes to reach the platform or its location. Failure to show such improvement represents impaired learning and memory and/or anxiety, which may then be tested specifically (e.g. in the elevated plus maze). This approach enables validation of specific miRNAs and target transcripts in the studied cognitive and/or stress-related processes.

MicroRNAs have significant roles in brain structure and function. Here we describe a method to enforce hippocampal miRNA over-expression using stereotactic injection of an engineered miRNA-expressing lentivirus. This approach can serve as a relatively rapid way to assess the in vivo effects of over-expressed miRNAs in specific brain regions.

の定位注入マイクロRNA発現マウス海馬CA1領域にレンチウイルスと行動アウトカムの評価

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory single-stranded RNA molecules around 22 nucleotides long that may each target numerous mRNA transcripts and dim an ...

行動学

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interest. As diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, any potentially relevant rodent models of this heterogeneous disorder should ideally recapitulate these diverse behavioral traits. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse is an established animal model of ASD, displaying repetitive behaviors such as increased grooming, as well as cognitive inflexibility. With respect to social interaction and interest, the juvenile play test has been employed in multiple rodent models of ASD. Here, we show that when BTBR mice are tested in a juvenile social interaction enclosure containing sawdust bedding, they display a repetitive synchronous digging motion. This repetitive motor behavior, referred to as &#34;inchworming,&#34; was named because of the stereotypic nature of the movements exhibited by the mice while moving horizontally across the floor. Inchworming mice must use their fore- and hind-limbs in synchrony to displace the bedding, performing a minimum of one inward and one outward motion. Although both BTBR and C56BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit this behavior, BTBR mice demonstrate a significantly higher duration and frequency of inchworming and a decreased latency to initiate inchworming when placed in a bedded enclosure. We conclude that this newly described behavior provides a measure of a repetitive motor stereotypy that can be easily measured in animal models of ASD.

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchworming is a highly repetitive synchronous digging motion displayed by BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice when placed in a testing cage with sufficient sawdust bedding. The procedure is a modification of the juvenile social interaction protocol and is used here to assess repetitive motor stereotypies relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Inchworming：BTBRにおける新規モーター常<em&gt; T<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Itpr3<sup&gt; TF</sup</em自閉症の&gt; / Jマウスモデル

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore by rearing and touching the walls of the cylinder with their forelimb paws for postural support. Following ischemic injury to the forelimb sensorimotor cortex, rats rely more heavily on their unaffected forelimb paw for postural support resulting in fewer touches with their affected paw which is termed forelimb asymmetry. In contrast, focal ischemic damage in the mouse brain fails to result in comparable consistent deficits in forelimb asymmetry. While forelimb asymmetry deficits are infrequently observed, mice do demonstrate a novel behaviour post stroke termed &#8220;paw-dragging&#8221;. Paw-dragging is the tendency for a mouse to drag its affected paw along the cylinder wall rather than directly push off from the wall when dismounting from a rear to a four-legged stance. We have previously demonstrated that paw-dragging behaviour is highly sensitive to small cortical ischemic injuries to the forelimb motor cortex. Here we provide a detailed protocol for paw-dragging analysis. We define what a paw-drag is and demonstrate how to quantify paw-dragging behaviour. The cylinder test is a simple and inexpensive test to administer and does not require pre-training or food deprivation strategies. In using paw-dragging analysis with the cylinder test, it fills a niche for predicting cortical ischemic injuries such as photothrombosis and Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ischemia &#8211; two models that are ever-increasing in popularity and produce smaller focal injuries than middle cerebral artery occlusion. Finally, measuring paw-dragging behaviour in the cylinder test will allow studies of functional recovery after cortical injury using a wide cohort of transgenic mouse strains where previous forelimb asymmetry analysis has failed to detect consistent deficits.

Classical forelimb asymmetry analysis of the cylinder test is routinely used to assess behavioural deficits in rats following brain injury or stroke; however, it fails to detect consistent deficits in mice. This study demonstrates that quantifying paw-dragging behaviour is a more sensitive analysis of brain injury in mice.

ポウ·ドラッグ：小説、マウスシリンダー試験の感度分析

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

ツールとしての迷走神経刺激は、絶滅の学習のための関連経路の可塑性を誘導するために

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

Substance use disorders, particularly to methamphetamine, are devastating, relapsing diseases that disproportionally affect young people. There is a need for novel, effective and practical treatment strategies that are validated in animal models. Neuromodulation, including deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy, refers to the use of electricity to influence pathological neuronal activity and has shown promise for psychiatric disorders, including drug dependence. DBS in clinical practice involves the continuous delivery of stimulation into brain structures using an implantable pacemaker-like system that is programmed externally by a physician to alleviate symptoms. This treatment will be limited in methamphetamine users due to challenging psychosocial situations. Electrical treatments that can be delivered intermittently, non-invasively and remotely from the drug-use setting will be more realistic. This article describes the delivery of intracranial electrical stimulation that is temporally and spatially separate from the drug-use environment for the treatment of IV methamphetamine dependence. Methamphetamine dependence is rapidly developed in rodents using an operant paradigm of intravenous (IV) self-administration that incorporates a period of extended access to drug and demonstrates both escalation of use and high motivation to obtain drug.

This article describes the delivery of intracranial electrical stimulation that is temporally and spatially separate from the drug-use environment for the treatment of IV methamphetamine dependence.

静脈内メタンフェタミン自己管理に脳深部刺激効果を評価するための一般的な方法

Substance use disorders, particularly to methamphetamine, are devastating, relapsing diseases that disproportionally affect young people.  There is a need ...

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental paradigms and analysis tools have been limited to constrained laboratory tasks and contexts due to technical limitations imposed by the available set of measuring and analysis techniques and the age of the subjects. These limitations severely limit the study of developmental neural dynamics and associated neural networks engaged in cognition, perception and action in infants performing &#8220;in action and in context&#8221;. This protocol presents a novel approach to study infants and young children as they freely organize their own behavior, and its consequences in a complex, partly unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. The proposed methodology integrates synchronized high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), video recording and behavioral analysis to capture brain activity and movement non-invasively in freely-behaving infants. This setup allows for the study of neural network dynamics in the developing brain, in action and context, as these networks are recruited during goal-oriented, exploration and social interaction tasks.

This protocol presents a novel methodology for the neural decoding of intent from freely-behaving infants during unscripted social interaction with an actor. Neural activity is acquired using non-invasive high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Kinematic data is collected with inertial measurement units and supplemented with synchronized video recording.

自由に振る舞うヒト乳児における社会的相互作用の間に意思のマルチモーダル神経デコーディングするための新規の実験と解析手法

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental ...

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, which is unlike the protocols used for human subjects. We report a successful application of rTMS to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain. The rTMS was delivered with a low-frequency (1 Hz), high-frequency (20 Hz), or sham stimulation protocol to one side of the brain by using a small 25-mm figure-8 coil. We placed the center of the coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulated the coil 45&#176; to the ground to minimize a potential direct effect of rTMS on the contralateral cortex. We also used an in-house water cooling system to enable repetitive magnetic stimulation for more than 20 min, even at a 20-Hz stimulation frequency. Increases in the transcriptions of immediate early genes (Arc, Junb, and Egr2) were greater after rTMS than after sham stimulation. After 5 consecutive days of 20-min 1-Hz rTMS, bdnf mRNA expression was significantly higher in stimulated cortex than in contralateral side. The model presented herein will elucidate the molecular mechanisms of rTMS by allowing analysis of the inter-hemispheric difference in its effect.

We applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain, by placing a 25-mm figure-8 coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulating the coil by 45&#176;. An in-house water cooling system was used for rTMS for more than 20 min.

ラットの脳の片側半球に反復経頭蓋磁気刺激

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, ...

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

シットにスタンド・アンド・ウォーク120％の膝の高さから：鉛四肢の動的姿勢制御の独立性を評価するための新しいアプローチ

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, the traditional ways to monitor behavioral changes in dogs are complicated and not efficient. In the current clinical evaluation, a new, simple monitoring system was used to assess the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the intense and restless activity of 24 dogs of different ages and breeds. This protocol describes how to easily and rapidly evaluate improvement in a set of symptoms related to generalized anxiety by using a specific sensor, a mobile phone app, a wireless router, and a computer. The results showed that dogs treated with specific diets showed significant improvement in the times spent active and at rest after 10 days (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). These dogs also showed an overall significant improvement in clinical and behavioral symptoms. A specific sensor, along with its related hardware, was demonstrated to successfully monitor behavioral changes relating to movement in dogs.

We report a simple approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the daily activity and clinical and behavioral symptoms of dogs with evident behavioral disturbances.

行動障害：栄養補助食の調節効果をモニターするための革新的なアプローチ

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, ...

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants socially interact. Electroencephalography (EEG) power is an advantageous technique to assess infant functional neural activation. However, many studies record infant EEG only during one baseline condition. This protocol describes a paradigm that is designed to comprehensively assess infant EEG activity in both social and nonsocial contexts as well as tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant EEG. The within-subjects paradigm includes four controlled conditions. In the nonsocial condition, infants view objects on computer screens. The joint attention condition involves an experimenter directing the infant's attention to pictures. The joint attention condition includes three types of social input: language, face-to-face interaction, and the presence of joint attention. Differences in infant EEG between the nonsocial and joint attention conditions could be due to any of these three types of input. Therefore, two additional conditions (one with language input while the experimenter is hidden behind a screen and one with face-to-face interaction) were included to assess the driving contextual factors in patterns of infant neural activation. Representative results demonstrate that infant EEG power varied by condition, both overall and differentially by brain region, supporting the functional nature of infant EEG power. This technique is advantageous in that it includes conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial and allows for examination of how specific types of social input relate to EEG power. This paradigm can be used to assess how individual differences in age, affect, socioeconomic status, and parent-infant interaction quality relate to the development of the social brain. Based on the demonstrated functional nature of infant EEG power, future studies should consider the role of EEG recording context and design conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial.

This novel protocol is designed to assess the neural bases of social interaction in infants. The paradigm is designed to tease apart how various social inputs such as language, joint attention, and face-to-face interaction relate to infant neural activation. Infant EEG power is recorded during both social and nonsocial conditions.

幼児EEGに関する社会入力の効果を評価するために、被験者内実験プロトコール

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...