<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51750">Simultaneous Long-Term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees</a></h2>
Martin Fritz Brill, Maren Reuter, Wolfgang R&#246;ssler, Martin Fritz Strube-Bloss
Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II) Biozentrum, University of W&#252;rzburg
Simultaneous extracellular long term recordings from two different brain neuropiles or two different anatomical tracts were established in honey bees. These recordings allow the investigation of temporal aspects of neuronal processing across different brain areas at the single neuron as well as at the ensemble level in a behaving animal.
<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51191">Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation</a></h2>
Jianying Li, Preetanjali Thakur, Alex S. L. Fok
Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota
In order to understand the spatial development of polymerization shrinkage stress in dental resin-composite restorations, Digital Image Correlation was used to provide full-field displacement/strain measurement of restored model glass cavities by correlating images of the restoration taken before and after polymerization.
<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51605">Behavioral Assessment of the Aging Mouse Vestibular System</a></h2>
Victoria W. K. Tung1, Thomas J. Burton2, Edward Dababneh1, Stephanie L. Quail1, Aaron J. Camp1
1Discipline of Biomedical Science, University of Sydney, 2The Bosch Institute Animal Behavioural Facility, University of Sydney
Motor control and balance performance are known to deteriorate with age. This paper presents a number of standard noninvasive behavioral tests with the addition of a simple rotary stimulus to challenge the vestibular system and show changes in balance performance in a murine model of aging.
<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51862"> Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation</a></h2>
Audrey R. Matteson*1, Denis J. Mahoney*2, Travis W. Gannon2, Matthew L. Polizzotto1
1Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, 2Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University
Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

july 2014: this month in jove - shrinkage stress in dental fillings, olfactory learning in honeybees, age-related balance changes, and chemical distribution in the environment

Here's a look at what's coming up in the <a href="http://www.jove.com/archive/89">July 2014 issue</a> of <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments</a>.
Going to the dentist to get a cavity filled is pretty unpleasant. Even worse, the resin composites used in dental fillings shrink as they set. This can cause the filling to debond-allowing new cavities to form under the filling. Alternatively, the shrinkage may cause the tooth to crack. These problems call all result in more trips to the dentist. In <a href="http://www.jove.com/ctm">JoVE Clinical &amp; Translational Medicine</a>, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51191">Li et al.</a> analyze the shrinkage strain and stress of polymerizing fillings. They do this by making a glass model of a tooth cavity and filling it with a resin composite. Then they use digital image correlation to show the areas and types of shrinkage strain, such as horizontal tensile strain or contraction strain. This method can help scientists develop improved resin composites that will hopefully result in fewer trips to the dentist.
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/neuro">JoVE Neuroscience</a>, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51750">Brill et al.</a> demonstrate how honeybees learn through olfaction, or the sense of smell. They stimulate the bees with odors and pheromones while using electrodes to record from two tracts in their olfactory pathway. This technique allows stable long-term recordings for hours or even days. Our authors use these recordings to reconstruct the neuronal architecture in 3D. This method can help scientists better understand how olfaction contributes to learning and memory.
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/behavior">JoVE Behavior</a>, we feature two standard behavioral tests for assessing balance performance in mice. In the rotarod test, mice walk along rotating and accelerating dowels; when they lose their balance, they fall. In the balance beam test, mice walk along a narrow, circular rod into the shelter of a dark box. Trials are recorded with a video camera for later analysis. <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51605">Tung et al.</a> use both of these tests to show how balance changes with age. Older mice will fall faster on the rotarod test and take longer to traverse the balance beam. These simple and non-invasive tests can provide insight into age-related changes. They can also be used to study neuromuscular and inner ear disorders.
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/enviro">JoVE Environment</a>, chemical management is a major concern as more and more chemicals end up in our soil. These include pesticides, fertilizers, biological hazards, and industrial waste. This month, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51862">Matteson et al.</a> integrate two methods for studying the fate of chemicals in the environment: lysimetry and porewater sampling. The lysimeters in this protocol are made of rolled and welded steel sheets. They are driven into the test site, and the porewater samplers are pushed into the lysimeter. At the desired time points, the lysimeters are extracted, and samples are taken for analysis. This technique can establish the distribution and potential risks of chemicals in the environment. 
You've just had a sneak peek of the <a href="http://www.jove.com/archive/89">July 2014 issue</a> of JoVE. Visit the website to see the full-length articles, plus many more, in <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments</a>.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about July 2014: This Month in JoVE - Shrinkage Stress in Dental Fillings, Olfactory Learning in Honeybees, Age-related Balance Changes, and Chemical Distribution i

July 2014: This Month in JoVE - Shrinkage Stress in Dental Fillings, Olfactory Learning in Honeybees, Age-related Balance Changes, and Chemical Distribution in the Environment

Here's a look at what's coming up in the <a href="http://www.jove.com/archive/89">July 2014</a> issue of JoVE.

Here's a look at what's coming up in the July 2014 issue of JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments.
Going to the dentist to get a cavity filled is ...

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ビデオ: July 2014: This Month in JoVE - Shrinkage Stress in Dental Fillings, Olfactory Learning in Honeybees, Age-related Balance Changes, and Chemical Distribution in the Environment

shrinkage of dental composite in simulated cavity measured with digital image correlation

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

In order to understand the spatial development of polymerization shrinkage stress in dental resin-composite restorations, Digital Image Correlation was used to provide full-field displacement/strain measurement of restored model glass cavities by correlating images of the restoration taken before and after...

appetitive associative olfactory learning in drosophila larvae

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are able to associate odor stimuli with gustatory reward. Here we describe a simple behavioral paradigm that allows the analysis of appetitive associative olfactory...

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

in vivo ca2+- imaging of mushroom body neurons during olfactory learning in the honey bee

In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee

Bees can be conditioned in an appetitive olfactory learning paradigm (PER-conditioning). Using odors as stimuli, we established a method in which behavior is recorded while simultaneously Calcium Imaging is used to measure odor evoked activity in mushroom body neurons in...

In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee

assessment of age-related changes in cognitive functions using emocogmeter, a novel tablet-computer based approach

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

We tested the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognition. Results show an age-related cognitive decline, thereby proving the usability of our application. Findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive...

an objective and reproducible test of olfactory learning and discrimination in mice

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Here, we train mice on an associative learning task to test odor discrimination. This protocol also allows for studies on learning-induced structural changes in the...

methods to study changes in inherent protein aggregation with age in caenorhabditis elegans

Methods to Study Changes in Inherent Protein Aggregation with Age in Caenorhabditis elegans

The goal of the method presented here is to explore protein aggregation during normal aging in the model organism C. elegans. The protocol represents a powerful tool to study the highly insoluble large aggregates that form with age and to determine how changes in proteostasis impact protein...

Methods to Study Changes in Inherent Protein Aggregation with Age in Caenorhabditis elegans

low-stress route learning using the lashley iii maze in mice

Low-stress Route Learning Using the Lashley III Maze in Mice

The Lashley III maze is a route-learning task that does not rely on aversive stimuli or visual cues. It is thus a highly attractive option for evaluating learning and memory, especially in aging mice or otherwise where stress is a...

behavioural pharmacology in classical conditioning of the proboscis extension response in honeybees (apis mellifera)

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees Apis mellifera

We demonstrate how to implement a behavioral pharmacology method in an appetitive olfactory conditioning paradigm in honeybees (Apis mellifera) by systemic application of drugs. This method allows investigation of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation in a simple and reliable...

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

regenerative therapy by suprachoroidal cell autograft in dry age-related macular degeneration: preliminary in vivo report

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular...

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

simultaneous long-term recordings at two neuronal processing stages in behaving honeybees

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees

Simultaneous extracellular long term recordings from two different brain neuropiles or two different anatomical tracts were established in honeybees. These recordings allow the investigation of temporal aspects of neuronal processing across different brain areas at the single neuron as well as at the ensemble level in a behaving...

revealing subtle changes in cardiac function using transthoracic dobutamine stress echocardiography in mice

Revealing Subtle Changes in Cardiac Function using Transthoracic Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Mice

Left ventricular dysfunction constitutes the final common pathway for a host of cardiac disorders. We here provide a detailed protocol of transthoracic dobutamine stress echocardiography approach for comprehensive evaluation of the left ventricular function of mouse models of cardiac disease as well as cardiac...

assessment of motor balance and coordination in mice using the balance beam

Assessment of Motor Balance and Coordination in Mice using the Balance Beam

Deficits in fine motor coordination can be assessed with the balance beam test.  Performance on the beam is quantified by the speed at which the beam is traversed and the number of times the mouse slips on the...

methods of soil resampling to monitor changes in the chemical concentrations of forest soils

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring...

drosophila adult olfactory shock learning

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

The method to measure adult Drosophila associative memory is described. The assay is based on the ability of the fly to associate an odor presented with a negative reinforcer (electric shock) and then recall this information at a later time, allowing memory to be...

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

a workflow to quantitatively determine age-related macular degeneration lesion-specific variations in fundus autofluorescence

Author Spotlight: Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathophysiology with QAF Workflow 

This research describes a workflow to determine and compare autofluorescence levels from individual regions of interest (e.g., drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits in age-related macular degeneration [AMD]) while accounting for varying autofluorescence levels throughout the...

A Workflow to Quantitatively Determine Age-Related Macular Degeneration Lesion-Specific Variations in Fundus Autofluorescence

a protocol to evaluate and quantify retinal pigmented epithelium pathologies in mouse models of age-related macular degeneration

A Protocol to Evaluate and Quantify Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Pathologies in Mouse Models of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Mouse models can be useful tools for investigating the biology of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). It has been established that mice can develop an array of RPE pathologies. Here, we describe a phenotyping protocol to elucidate and quantify RPE pathologies in mice using light, transmission electron, and confocal microscopy.

quantitative static and dynamic assessment of balance control in stroke patients

Quantitative Static and Dynamic Assessment of Balance Control in Stroke Patients

Presented here is a quantitative, clinical balance assessment method suitable for stroke patients with balance...

recording temperature-induced neuronal activity through monitoring calcium changes in the olfactory bulb of xenopus laevis

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Here we describe a protocol for measuring and analyzing temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis. Olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells are differentially stained, after which calcium changes are recorded, reflecting a sensitivity of some neural networks in the bulb to temperature drops induced at the nose.

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

chronic stress shifts effort-related choice behavior in a y-maze barrier task in mice

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

The Y-maze barrier task is a behavior test that examines motivation to expend effort for reward. Here, we discuss testing multiple well-validated chronic stressors including chronic corticosterone and social defeat stress with this behavior, as well as the novel chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), which is effective in...

August 2012: This Month in JoVE

Traditional microscopy requires lens objectives to magnify specimens, and can involve numerous optical components like additional objectives, filters, and mirrors to refract and direct light to optical sensors. The August 2012 issue of JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) is marked by the third publication from the Ozcan Lab (University of California, Los Angeles) on their lens free lens-free "on-chip" microscopy platform, which they have pioneered.
Back in 2009, the Ozcan lab published their first article, which demonstrated the use of a lens-free imaging platform that could image cells within whole blood. This imaging technique involves placing a sample directly on an optoelectric sensor array, like the CCD or CMOS chips found in the standard camcorder. Then, LED illumination from above the sample casts shadows on the chip, which are recorded as digital holograms that can be subjected to image processing. Not only does this lensless imaging system allow for an extremely large field of view (FOV of 0.6-8 cm2), the lack of bulky optical components makes it excellent for microfluidic applications. The Ozcan group demonstrates this in their follow-up 2011 JoVE article, in which fluorescently labeled white blood cells are imaged within a microfluidic chip.
This August in JoVE, the Ozcan group demonstrates further advancements to their lens-free microscopy platform by applying it to tomographic imaging of the nematode, C. elegans. By changing the angle of illumination, using a motorized rotation stage, the Ozcan group shows how multiple holographic slices may be generated for a sample-which, following processing, can be combined into tomograms. The Ozcan group confirms that their 3D reconstruction of the worm is successful by citing that the pharyngeal tube, a 5-micron-thick structure, is only visible in a single slice and in a 3D reconstructed cross section.
The compact and inexpensive nature of the lens-free imaging systems - designed and assembled by the Ozcan group - make them well suited for point-of-care diagnostic applications, or even cell phone based microscopy that can be performed in the field.
At the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center at University of California, San Francisco JoVE learns how to visualize morphological changes in single cells using three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy and computer analysis. In this procedure, cells are given agonist, antagonist plus agonist, or no treatment, and prepared for immunofluorescence microscopy. Three-dimensional images are acquired with the help of a two-photon laser system, and the fluorescence data are processed on the computer using Imaris and Matlab.
To demonstrate the power of this technique, our authors quantify single-cell phenotypic changes in transfected HEK293 cells. Three-dimensional morphometric analysis shows dramatic changes in cells treated with agonist. These changes are not always apparent when using conventional 2D analysis. This technique allows morphological changes in single cells to be quantified and characterized in response to pharmacologic stimuli, offering a powerful new assessment tool to the arsenal of drug discovery research.
This month, in JoVE Applied Physics, we travel to South Carolina to visit the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Clemson University. Here, researchers show us how to construct lithium batteries for laboratory research.
The basic components of a lithium coin cell are the working electrode, the lithium electrolyte, and a lithium foil counter electrode. The different components of the coin cell are carefully assembled and sealed with a crimping machine. The finished coin cell can then be characterized in a battery tester. Using their homemade coin cells, our researchers can experiment with using different materials to make the cathodes of lithium coin cells.
This month in JoVE Immunology and Infection, we head to Basel, Switzerland to witness two techniques for diagnosing helminth infections. We also see how investigators perform the shuttle run test in children, in order to assess the effects of these infections on physical fitness.
Helminths are parasitic worms that can live inside humans and animals. Many species infect the intestinal tract, and may be transmitted through soil. Our authors demonstrate the Kato-Katz technique, which is used for diagnosing several common soil-transmitted helminths. They also demonstrate the Baermann technique, which uses light to stimulate the migration of certain types of phototactic helminths out of sample preparations. The various types of helminth species can subsequently be determined based on morphology.
Our authors then demonstrate how to set up and perform a 20-meter shuttle run test for children, and to measure the impact of helminth infections on physical fitness. This method can help determine the true burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections on overall health.
This brief summary highlights but a few notable video-articles that will be released in August. We'll also feature articles that demonstrate how to express genes in the midbrain of the chick embryo, study neutrophil transmigration in parallel flow chambers lined with endothelial cells, and precisely measure proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix.

Traditional microscopy requires lens objectives to magnify specimens, and can involve numerous optical components like additional objectives, filters, and mirrors to refract and direct light to optical sensors. The August 2012 issue of JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) is marked by the third publication from the Ozcan Lab (University of California, Los Angeles) on their lens-free "on-chip" microscopy platform, which they have pioneered.

Traditional microscopy requires lens objectives to magnify specimens, and can involve numerous optical components like additional objectives, filters, and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

2012: A Year In Review

Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).
At the start of 2012, JoVE reached a major milestone by publishing our 1500th article. In this publication, in JoVE Bioengineering, Yu et al. described a method for analyzing the free radical composition of cigarette smoke. This method simulated cigarette puffing with a single-port smoking device, and combined it with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to measure the degree to which antioxidant compounds can scavenge free radicals in cigarette smoke. A possible outcome of this research is the creation of less harmful cigarettes.
JoVE Bioengineering also contained the most-viewed article of 2012. Owczarczak et al. described a method for hacking a standard inkjet printer, loading ink cartridges with a cell-suspension "bioink," and printing lines of live cells onto glass slides. The thermal inkjet printing process creates temporary pores in the cell membrane, visualized by the incorporation of fluorescently labeled actin monomers. This concept, called "bioprinting," has many potential applications in cell and tissue engineering.
Also in 2012, JoVE Bioengineering featured a protocol by Hsia et al. for isolating and purifying spider silk protein, spinning it into fibers, and assessing the fiber strength. This protocol for laboratory-scale production of spider silk, which is stronger than tensile steel, can potentially be extended to large-scale manufacturing.
In JoVE Clinical and Translational Medicine, we featured a number of articles related to stroke, one of which. In one article, M&ouml;bius-Winkler et al. demonstrated placement of the WATCHMAN left atrial appendage occlusion device from Boston Scientific. This device is designed to prevent strokes by trapping clots within the left atrial appendage of the heart before they exit. Our authors demonstrated how to insert the guide wire through the femoral artery into the heart, advance the device into the left atrium, and deploy the device in the left atrial appendage.
Another article focused on stroke, Hamel et al. described the use of a driving simulator to study how patients compensate for visual field defects following stroke. By analyzing the compensatory gaze behavior of patients as they navigated through virtual driving courses with varying degrees of complexity, our authors see great potential for the use of driving simulators in stroke rehabilitation.
In JoVE Immunology and Infection, we published an article by Keyel et al. describing the real-time kinetics of immune cell responses to bacterial toxins using live cell microscopy. Combined with high-speed 3D confocal microscopy, this technique can also visualize the cellular repair response.
Also in JoVE Immunology and Infection, we featured an article by Yap et al. describing methods for diagnosing helminth infections in children. Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect the intestinal tract of humans and animals, and may be distinguished based on their morphology. The same article demonstrated how to measure the impact of helminth infections on physical fitness in children, which is a measure of overall health.
In JoVE Neuroscience, we featured a method by Hoffmann et al., who used tiny headphones to alter the auditory feedback in songbirds, and analyzed the computational and neurophysiological basis of vocal learning in birds when they adjust their singing in response to altered acoustic signals.
Also in JoVE Neuroscience, we moved from birds to bees with a method that assesses associative and non-associative tactile learning in honeybees. This method, by Mujagi&#263; et al., allowed bees to scan different metal surfaces with their antennae, then conditioned them to expect sugar water when their antennae touched particular surfaces, and analyzed the corresponding changes in antennal movement.
In 2012, we launched a brand-new section: JoVE Applied Physics, which features articles on subjects ranging from plasma physics to material science. The Applied Physics section also contained JoVE's 2000th video article, filmed in a synchrotron radiation facility, where Borisenko et al. showed how to determine the electronic structure of complex materials using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
In the JoVE General section, we published an article by Artioli et al. demonstrating the use of a portable gas analyzer to measure oxygen consumption during complex exercise - such as judo. By analyzing oxygen consumption and collecting blood for measuring plasma lactate concentration, this method can determine the relative contributions of different energy systems to specific aspects of complex exercise.
Finally, JoVE followed Dolhi et al. to a permanently ice-covered saline lake in Antarctica. There, scientists drilled through the ice to study single-celled microorganisms called protists that live in the harsh conditions of Antarctica.
This Year in Review was just a brief glimpse of a few of over 600 video articles that JoVE offered in 2012. Browse the JoVE archives to see thousands of other videos, and stay tuned for what's coming up this year in JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments.

Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).

 
 
Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).
At the start of 2012, JoVE ...