Name: insect-controlled robot: a mobile robot platform to evaluate the odor-tracking capability of an insect
Uploaded: 2016-12-19T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Insect-controlled Robot: A Mobile Robot Platform to Evaluate the Odor-tracking Capability of an Insect at JoVE.com

We thank Shigeru Matsuyama for providing purified bombykol. This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (grant numbers 22700197 and 24650090) and the Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP).

1.実験動物<ol><li>その羽化まで男性silkmoths（ カイコ ）の蛹を維持するためにプラスチックの箱を用意します。ボックス（ 図1A）の内壁の周りに段ボールの底部との作品で紙タオルを置きます。 注：羽化（ 図1A）の間に彼らの翼を拡張しながら大人の蛾は、保持するために段ボールのピースが必要です。 </li><li>ボックス内の男性カイコガ（ カイコMORⅰ）蛹を入れて、16時間の下で羽化するまでインキュベータに保管してください：8時間の明：暗サイクルを25℃で。 注：男性と女性の蛹は、腹部（ 図1B）上のセックスマーキングによって判別することができます。 </li><li>羽化後に成人男性の蛾を収集し、新しいボックスに移動します。 </li><li> 8時間の光：16時間の下インキュベーター内大人の蛾を保つ暗サイクルと実験の前に、それらの活性を低下させるために15℃まで温度を下げます。 </li></ol> 2.カイコガをテザリング<ol><li>テザリングのためのアタッチメント（ 図2A）の作製 注：添付ファイルは、その先端に薄いプラスチックシートのストリップと銅線で構成されています。これは、（ 図2B）を歩行中に胸部の背腹運動を保証します。 <ol><li> 、薄いプラスチックシートのストリップを準備し、2×40ミリメートル（厚さ：0.1ミリメートル）、および途中でそれを折ります。 </li><li>接着剤で銅線の先端に折り畳まれたストリップを取り付けます。 </li><li>カイコガの胸部が装着されている折り畳まれたストリップの先端を曲げます。 </li></ol></li><li>実験用の光期間中（2-8日齢）大人の蛾を使用してください。 注：フェロモンに対する感度が強く概日時計18に依存します。 カイコは昼行性の蛾であるため、実験は光期間中に実行されなければなりません。 </li><li>ゆっくりDOR上のすべてのスケールを除去ウェットティッシュ（または綿棒）の一部を使用して、SAL胸郭（mesonotum）とmesonotum（ 図2C）のキューティクルを公開します。 </li><li>小型のマイナスドライバで添付ファイルにあるプラスチックのストリップ上に露出mesonotumの表面に接着剤を貼り付け、接着剤がもはや粘着性になるまで5〜10分待ちません。 注：接着剤が翼ヒンジや前翅のtegulaの複数形（ 図2C）に触れないようにしてください。 </li><li>添付ファイルへのmesonotumを接着。 </li><li>ロボットのコックピットの内側にそれを置く前につなが蛾を保管してください。スタンドに添付ファイルを持ち、蛾を休むように足の下に一枚の紙を置きます。 </li></ol> 3.昆虫制御のロボット<ol><li>前の作品16,17,19に基づいて、昆虫制御のロボットのハードウェアを設計します。 注：昆虫制御のロボットがCAPTURする光学式マウスのセンサーで空気サポートトレッドミルで構成されていE昆虫移動、処理、モータ制御用の特注のAVRベースのマイクロコントローラボード、2つのDCブラシレスモータ（ 図3及び4）。ロボットは、200ミリ秒の遅延時間以内に、96％の精度以上でボールの回転に基づいて実行することができます。また、フェロモン追跡動作16の間にカイコガの最大前進速度の移動度（24.8ミリメートル/秒）と角速度（96.3°/ sec）を保証します。車載蛾ボールにスムーズに歩くし、2つのアンテナによって臭いを取得するためにトレッドミル（ 図5A）及び臭気送達システム（ 図5B）の空気の流れを設計されています。トレッドミルの吸気フローチャネルがフェロモンの汚染を回避するために、臭気デリバリーシステムのものから分離されています。 </li><li>前の作品16に基づいて、オンボードのマイクロコントローラ用のソフトウェアを設計します。 注意：オンボードのマイクロコントローラは、トンを算出し、彼光学センサで測定した昆虫の歩行からロボットの動き（回転、ΔはX;翻訳、ΔY; 図6）。このようなΔL =（ASΔ;走行距離（ΔL）とロボットの単位時間当たりの角度（Δθ）を回し、各車輪の走行距離に基づいて計算される（右、ΔL R左、ΔLが L） Lの L +ΔL R）/ 2、Δθ=（ΔL L - D・ ホイールは、2つの車輪（120ミリメートル）との間の距離であり、ΔL R）/ D・ ホイール 、。 ΔL LとΔL Rは、さらにΔL L =Δの長さ x、L +ΔのL yを 、L及びΔL、Rは 、ΔLの X、R +ΔL yを=、Δの長さ ×R、L &lt;として記載されています/サブ&gt;とΔの長さ x、Rは Δxによって制御さ左右の車輪の移動距離、及びΔL yを 、L、ΔLの yは、Rは、Δyで制御されるものです。理想的には、ΔLの X、L、ΔLの X、Rは Δの長さ x、L =-Δの長さ x、R = GΔのX（D ホイール / D ボール ）として記載されており、ΔL yを 、L及びΔL yの、Rは、G は、モータゲインとD ボールがボール（50 mm）の直径であるΔL yを 、L =ΔLが Y、R = GΔyを、として記載されています。実際には、モータの利得は独立ロボットの運動を較正するように、それぞれの側（左または右車輪）によって、各方向（順方向または逆方向の回転）によって設定されます。独立した利益は、さらにを可能にロボットの旋回バイアスを生成する非対称モータ回転の設定（ステップ6.1参照）。 </li><li>白い発泡スチロールのボールの表面を洗浄（質量：約2グラム、直径：50ミリメートル）の任意の可能な嗅覚や視覚的な手がかりを除去するために水で。 注：新しいボールの表面は、ボール上の脚のグリップを確保P400、として、目の細かいサンドペーパーで粗面化しなければなりません。 </li><li>トレッドミルに9 Vで空気を供給した （ 図5A）ボールを浮遊する送風ファンをオンにします。カップの底からボールフロート約2ミリメートルを守ってください。 </li><li>ネジを使用して、蛾の添付ファイルの銅線を接続します （ 図3挿入図を参照）ロボットのコックピット内の固定具に（ステップ2を参照）。真ん中の足の位置がボールの中心（ 図7A）であることを確認します。 </li><li> Bに正常に歩くこと蛾を有効にするには、添付ファイルの垂直位置を調整しますすべて。前と蛾（ 図7B）を取り付けた後に同じ高さにボールをキープ。 注意：添付ファイルの低過ぎる位置が原因の垂直位置の変化に蛾に圧力を追加し、高すぎる位置が不安定な歩行とセンサーの故障の原因となるのに対し、圧力（ 図7C）を抵抗する後方歩行を引き出しますボール（ 図7D）。通常の歩行動作を確認するには、シングル・パフフェロモン刺激は蛾の中を歩いてトリガするために使用されている（フェロモン刺激のために、ステップ4を参照してください）。ボンビコールへの以前の暴露がsilkmothsをhabituatesとその感度（松山と神崎、未発表データ）を減少させるため、テスト刺激は最小限でなければならないことに注意してください。 </li></ol> 4.臭気ソース準備 注：（：（E、Z）-10,12-hexadecadien -1-オールボンビコール）男性カイコは同種の雌性フェロモンの主成分に敏感です<s&gt; 20アップ。ボンビコールと実験装置の汚染は、臭気の追跡行動を誘発し、蛾の応答性に影響を与えます。 <ol><li>ろ紙（約10ミリメートル×10ミリメートル）の一片にn-ヘキサン（200 ngの/μL）に溶解したボンビコール溶液10μlをドロップします。ろ紙の個あたりボンビコールの量は2000 ngのです。 注：、蛾の正常な歩行動作をチェックするには、このステップでフェロモン刺激カートリッジを準備します。カートリッジは、フィルター紙の一枚はボンビコールの2,000 ngのを含有するガラスパスツールピペットです。電球を押すとボンビコールを含む空気をパフ。 </li></ol> 5.臭気源位置推定実験<ol><li>プルエア型風洞のファン（1800×900×300ミリメートル、L×W×H; 図8）をオンにして、0.7メートル/秒の風速を設定します。温度を超える20℃であることを確認してください。 </li><li>臭気源を設定した（p風洞の上流ボンビコールを含むろ紙のIECE）。 注：プルームの幅は、TiCl 4を17,19を使用することにより、実験前に確認する必要があります。 </li><li>ロボットのマイコン基板の電源をオンにし、Bluetooth経由でPCへのシリアル接続を確立します。 </li><li> PCとロボットとの間のインターフェースを提供する「生体情報統合」と呼ばれるカスタムメイドのJavaプログラムを起動します。 注：メインウィンドウには、パラメータを設定するには、ロボットにコマンドを送信するためのボタン、シリアル通信の入力と出力を表示するテキストウィンドウ、小さなボックスが含まれています。後続のコマンドは、ビデオキャプチャを除いて、このプログラムに対応するボタンをクリックすると送信されます。 </li><li>指定されたCOMポートを介してロボットにコマンドを送信して接続を確認し、メッセージがロボットによって返されることを確認し、「デバイスについて」ボタンをクリックします。 </li><li> 「メモをクリックします。RY消去」ボタンは、オンボードフラッシュメモリ上に残った前の歩行データを消去します。 </li><li>ロボットにデフォルトのモーターの利益を送信するために「drivemode1」ボタンをクリックします。 注意：モーターの利益および昆虫歩行とロボットの動きの間の時間遅延の操作は、このステップの後に適用されている（ 図9、ステップ6.1および6.3を参照）。 </li><li>実験が開始されるまでロボットを固定化するためにコマンドを送信するために、「運転しない」ボタンをクリックします。 </li><li>開始位置（臭気源から下流の600ミリメートル）でロボットを入れて、モータドライバボードのスイッチをONにしてください。 </li><li>ビデオキャプチャを開始するには、ビデオカメラの録画ボタンを押してください。 </li><li>オンボードフラッシュメモリ上のボールの回転の同時記録でロボットを開始するためにスタートコマンドを送信するために「RECスタート」ボタンをクリックします。ロボットが移動を開始し、臭気プルームを追跡していることを確認します。 </li><li>クリックします。「RECストップ」とは、ロボットが臭気源を局在化する場合は、ロボットの動きと記録の両方を停止するためのコマンドを送信するためのボタンが「運転しません」。 </li><li>ビデオキャプチャを停止するには、ビデオカメラの録画ボタンを押してください。 </li><li>ダウンロードは、シリアル接続を介してコンピュータにオンボードフラッシュメモリから歩行データを記録しました。プログラムを終了します。 </li></ol>昆虫制御ロボットの6マニピュレーション 注：各操作のタイミングは、 図9に示されています。 <ol><li>モータ利益の操作 注意：この操作は、ロボットの並進および回転速度を変化させます。非対称モータ利益は、昆虫、バイアス17を補償する方法を調査するために使用することができる回転バイアスを生成します。 <ol><li>目を編集して、各側面17に、モータ（ 図6B）の前方と後方回転する回転利益を定義します電子構成ファイルは、テキストエディタを使用して「param2.txt」と命名します。 </li><li>ソフトウェアプログラムで編集した設定ファイルを読み込むには、「設定PARAM2」をクリックします。そして、ロボットに操作利益を送信するために「drivemode2」をクリックしてください。 </li></ol></li><li>モータ出力の反転 注：この操作は、二国間嗅覚入力の反転と類似の条件を提供する（ステップ6.4参照）および両側嗅覚の重要性を調査するために使用することができます。しかし、モータ出力の反転はまた、オンボード蛾の自己誘導視覚運動を反転させます。反転自己誘導視覚入力の影響が反転嗅覚入力19と比較して評価することができます。 <ol><li>各モータのための制御ケーブルを交配することにより、二国間のモータ制御を反転。 </li></ol></li><li>昆虫歩行ロボットの動きとの間の時間遅延の操作。 注：この操作ロボット臭気追跡のための感覚運動処理に費やされた時間の許容可能な期間の調査を可能にします。マイクロコントローラは、バッファメモリ上の移動データを格納した後、指定された時間遅延の後にそれを処理します。ロボットは200ミリ秒の最大内部時間遅延を持っていることに注意してください。従って、実際の時間遅延は、指定された時間遅延と200ミリ秒16,17であることが期待されます。 <ol><li>メインウィンドウの小さなボックスに入力（0〜10）の数は、100ミリ秒のステップで0〜1,000ミリ秒から時間遅延を指定します。 </li><li>時間遅延を適用するために「設定された遅延」ボタンをクリックします。 </li></ol></li><li>嗅覚入力の操作。 注：この操作は、二国間嗅覚入力の有意性を調べるために使用することができます。 silkmothsのサージ方向が高濃度側22に付勢されています。 <ol><li>吸引チューブの先端との間のギャップを変更するか、または変更するためにそれらの位置を反転各アンテナで取得した臭気濃度の差。 </li></ol></li><li>視覚入力の操作 注：この操作は臭気追跡のための視覚入力の役割を調査することです。 <ol><li>それぞれ、オンボード蛾の水平方向と垂直方向の視野の105°と90°を吸蔵ホワイトペーパーでキャノピーをカバーしています。 </li></ol></li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

カイコガによってロボットの制御の成功のための最も重要な点は蛾が空気でサポートされているボールにスムーズに歩くせると安定したボールの回転を測定しています。したがって、カイコガをテザリングして、適切な位置にボールにマウントすることは、このプロトコルで重要なステップです。添付ファイルまたはボールに蛾の不適切なポジショニングに蛾の不適切な密着性は通常の歩行?...

Autonomous robots capable of finding an odor source can be important for the safety and security of society. They can be used for the detection of disaster victims, of drugs or explosive materials at an airport, and of hazardous material spills or leaks in the environment. At present, we rely entirely on well-trained animals (e.g., dogs) for these tasks, and robotic odor source localization has been strongly expected to relieve the workload of these animals. Finding an odor source is a challenging task for robots because odorants are distributed intermittently in an atmosphere1; therefore, continuous sampling of the odor concentration gradient is not always possible. Thus, a search strategy using intermittent odor cues is necessary for the achievement of robotic odor source localization2-4.
Odor source localization is essential for organism survival and includes tasks such as finding food, mating partners, and sites for oviposition. To overcome the difficulty in tracking patchy distributed odorants, organisms have evolved various behavioral strategies consisting of two fundamental behaviors: moving upstream during odor reception and cross-stream during cessation of odor reception5,6. These reactive strategies have been well-documented in insects and further combined with other modalities, such as wind direction and vision5-8. The insect behavioral models have also been useful examples for robotics3,9-11, in which behavioral algorithms or neural circuit models are implemented into mobile robots for the evaluation of odor source localization abilities10,12-15. From biomimetic perspectives, this "bottom-up" approach is certainly a fundamental way to develop biomimetic robots. However, the bottom-up approach is not a shortcut to obtaining a useful search strategy, because biological analyses are still ongoing, and the modeling of the sensory-motor systems behind insect behaviors has not been completed. Therefore, it is still unknown how such a biological system actually works as a controller of a robotic platform.
In this article, we demonstrate the protocol of a straightforward "top-down" approach to develop an odor-tracking mobile robot controlled by a biological system16,17. The robot is controlled by a real insect and can be regarded as a prototype of future insect-mimetic robots. In the robot's cockpit, a tethered adult male silkmoth (Bombyx mori) walked on an air-supported ball in response to the female sex pheromone, which was delivered to each antenna through air suction tubes. The ball rotations caused by the walking of the onboard moth were measured by an optical sensor and were translated into the movement of the two-wheeled robot. The advantage of this "hybrid" approach is that experimenters can investigate how the insect sensory-motor system works on the robotic platform where a pilot insect is in a closed loop between the robot and a real odor circumstance. The manipulation of the robotic hardware alters the closed loop; therefore, the insect-controlled robot is a useful platform for both engineers and biologists. For engineering, the robot represents the first steps of applying a biological model to meet the requirements for robotic tasks. For biology, the robot is an experimental platform for studying sensory-motor control under a closed loop.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Male adult silkmoth (&lt;em&gt;Bombyx mori&lt;/em&gt;)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Rear from eggs, or purchase as pupae.</td></tr><tr><td>Incubator</td><td>Panasonic</td><td>MIR-254</td><td>Store pupae or adult silkmoths at a constant temperature, 238 L.</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic box</td><td>Sunplatec</td><td>O-3</td><td>Store pupae or adult silkmoths, 299 &amp;times; 224 &amp;times; 62 mm L &amp;times; W &amp;times; H.</td></tr><tr><td>Copper wire</td><td></td><td></td><td>2-mm diameter for the attachment. Any rigid bar can be used as an alternative for making the attachment to tether a silkmoth.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic sheet</td><td>Kokuyo</td><td>VF-1420N</td><td>Sold as overhead projector film with thickness of 0.1 mm. Use at the tip of the attachment.</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>As one</td><td>5SA</td><td>Remove scales on the thorax.</td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive</td><td>Konishi</td><td>G17</td><td>Bond a silkmoth to the attachment.</td></tr><tr><td>Insect-controlled robot</td><td>Custom</td><td></td><td>Bearing an air-supported treadmill, an optical sensor, custom-built AVR-based microcontroller boards, and two DC brushless motors. It is powered by 8 &amp;times; AA and 3 &amp;times; 006P batteries.</td></tr><tr><td>Microcontroller</td><td>Atmel</td><td>ATMEGA8</td><td>A component of the insect-controlled robot.</td></tr><tr><td>DC blower</td><td>Nidec</td><td>A34342-55</td><td>A component of the insect-controlled robot for floating a ball in an air-supported treadmill.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>DC fan</td><td>Minebea</td><td>1606KL-04W-B50</td><td>A component of the insect-controlled robot for suctioning air containing an odor.</td></tr><tr><td>Optical mouse sensor</td><td>Agilent technologies</td><td>HDNS-2000</td><td>A component of the insect-controlled robot, obtained from an optical mouse (M-GUWSRSV, Elecom, Japan).</td></tr><tr><td>Brushless motor</td><td>Maxon</td><td>EC-45</td><td>A component of the insect-controlled robot for driving a wheel.</td></tr><tr><td>White polystyrene ball</td><td></td><td></td><td>A component of the insect-controlled robot. Diameter 50 mm, mass approximately 2 g.</td></tr><tr><td>Bombykol:&lt;br/&gt;(E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadien-1-ol</td><td>Shin-Etsu chemical</td><td></td><td>Custom synthesis.</td></tr><tr><td>n-hexane</td><td>Wako</td><td>085-00416</td><td>Solvent for bombykol.</td></tr><tr><td>Wind tunnel</td><td>Custom</td><td></td><td>Pulling-air type, sized 1,800 &amp;times; 900 &amp;times; 300 mm L &amp;times; W &amp;times; H.</td></tr><tr><td>BioSignal program</td><td>Custom</td><td></td><td>A program to establish serial communication between the insect-controlled robot and a PC via Bluetooth. Used for sending commands to start/stop the robot or configuring its motor properties.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Camcorder</td><td>Sony</td><td>HDR-XR520V</td><td>Capture robot movements.</td></tr></tbody></table>

insect-controlled robot: a mobile robot platform to evaluate the odor-tracking capability of an insect

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor sources is an essential task for organism survival. Insects are well-studied organisms with regard to odor tracking, and their behavioral strategies have been applied to mobile robots for evaluation. This "bottom-up" approach is a fundamental way to develop biomimetic robots; however, the biological analyses and the modeling of behavioral mechanisms are still ongoing. Therefore, it is still unknown how such a biological system actually works as the controller of a robotic platform. To answer this question, we have developed an insect-controlled robot in which a male adult silkmoth (Bombyx mori) drives a robot car in response to odor stimuli; this can be regarded as a prototype of a future insect-mimetic robot. In the cockpit of the robot, a tethered silkmoth walked on an air-supported ball and an optical sensor measured the ball rotations. These rotations were translated into the movement of the two-wheeled robot. The advantage of this "hybrid" approach is that experimenters can manipulate any parameter of the robot, which enables the evaluation of the odor-tracking capability of insects and provides useful suggestions for robotic odor-tracking. Furthermore, these manipulations are non-invasive ways to alter the sensory-motor relationship of a pilot insect and will be a useful technique for understanding adaptive behaviors.

ここでは臭気源の成功ローカライズするために必要な昆虫制御ロボットの基本的な特性を提示します。ロボットとsilkmoths、臭気デリバリーシステムの有効性、および正確なバイラテラル嗅覚および視覚インプットの重要性との間の比較を検討しています。 自由に歩行蛾や昆虫制御のロボットと臭気トラッキングビヘイビ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Insect-controlled Robot: A Mobile Robot Platform to Evaluate the Odor-tracking Capability of an Insect at JoVE.com

Insect-controlled Robot: A Mobile Robot Platform to Evaluate the Odor-tracking Capability of an Insect

臭気源を局在化する能力は、昆虫の生存のために必要であり、人工的な匂いトラッキングに適用可能であることが期待されています。昆虫制御のロボットは、実際のカイコガによって駆動され、ロボットプラットフォームを通して昆虫の匂い追跡能力を評価することを可能にされています。

昆虫制御のロボット：移動ロボットプラットフォーム昆虫の匂い追跡能力を評価します

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor ...

insect-controlled-robot-mobile-robot-platform-to-evaluate-odor

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.6K ビュー.  The University of Tokyo. 臭気源を局在化する能力は、昆虫の生存のために必要であり、人工的な匂いトラッキングに適用可能であることが期待されています。昆虫制御のロボットは、実際のカイコガによって駆動され、ロボットプラットフォームを通して昆虫の匂い追跡能力を評価することを可能にされています。 

ビデオ: Insect-controlled Robot: A Mobile Robot Platform to Evaluate the Odor-tracking Capability of an Insect

High-resolution Measurement of Odor-Driven Behavior in Drosophila Larvae

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral paradigm, the experimenter usually assumes that the rapid diffusion of odorant molecules from the source leads to the creation of a stable gradient in the dish. To establish a quantitative correlation between sensory inputs and behavioral responses, it is necessary to achieve a more thorough characterization of the odorant stimulus conditions. In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

ショウジョウバエの幼虫の匂い駆動型の動作の高分解能測定

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral ...

生物学

Visually Mediated Odor Tracking During Flight in Drosophila

Flying insects use visual cues to stabilize their heading in a wind stream. Many animals additionally track odors carried in the wind. As such, visual stabilization of upwind tracking directly aids in odor tracking. But do olfactory signals directly influence visual tracking behavior independently from wind cues? Additionally, recent advances in olfactory molecular genetics and neurophysiology have motivated novel quantitative behavioral analyses to assess the behavioral influence of (e.g.) genetically inactivating specific olfactory activation circuits. We modified a magnetic tether system originally devised for vision experiments by equipping the arena with narrow laminar flow odor plumes. Here we focus on experiments that can be performed after a fly is tethered and is able to navigate in the magnetic arena. We show how to acquire video images optimized for measuring body angle, how to judge stable odor tracking, and we illustrate two experiments to examine the influence of visual cues on odor tracking.

Here we describe how to optimize the acquired video image for an olfactory magnetic-tether (OMT) apparatus. We also describe two sample experimental protocols for studying visuo-olfactory fusion.

ショウジョウバエのフライトの間に視覚的に仲介臭気の追跡

Flying insects use visual cues to stabilize their heading in a wind stream. Many animals additionally track odors carried in the wind. As such, visual ...

A Wind Tunnel for Odor Mediated Insect Behavioural Assays

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study insect chemical ecology. Insects can locate point sources in a three-dimensional environment through the sensory interaction and sophisticated behavior. The quantification of this behavior is a key element in the development of new tools for pest control and decision support. A wind tunnel with a suitable flight section with laminar air flow, visual cues for in-flight feedback and a variety of options for the application of odors can be used to measure complex behaviour which subsequently may allow the identification of attractive or repellent odors, insect flight characteristics, visual-odor interactions and interactions between attractants and odors lingering as background odors in the environment. A wind tunnel holds the advantage of studying the odor mediated behavioural repertoire of an insect in a laboratory setting. Behavioural measures in a controlled setting provide the link between the insect physiology and field application. A wind tunnel must be a flexible tool and should easily support the changes to setup and hardware to fit different research questions. The major disadvantage to the wind tunnel setup described here, is the clean odor background which necessitates special attention when developing a synthetic volatile blend for field application.

Here, we describe the construction and use of a wind tunnel for odor mediated behavioural assays with insects. The wind tunnel design facilitates the release of odor sources by several methods, with and without visual stimuli. Wind tunnel experiments are important methods to identify behaviorally active volatile chemicals.

においの風洞媒介昆虫行動アッセイ

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study ...

行動学

Vertical T-maze Choice Assay for Arthropod Response to Odorants

Given the economic importance of insects and arachnids as pests of agricultural crops, urban environments or as vectors of plant and human diseases, various technologies are being developed as control tools. A subset of these tools focuses on modifying the behavior of arthropods by attraction or repulsion. Therefore, arthropods are often the focus of behavioral investigations. Various tools have been developed to measure arthropod behavior, including wind tunnels, flight mills, servospheres, and various types of olfactometers. The purpose of these tools is to measure insect or arachnid response to visual or more often olfactory cues. The vertical T-maze oflactometer described here measures choices performed by insects in response to attractants or repellents. It is a high throughput assay device that takes advantage of the positive phototaxis (attraction to light) and negative geotaxis (tendency to walk or fly upward) exhibited by many arthropods. The olfactometer consists of a 30 cm glass tube that is divided in half with a Teflon strip forming a T-maze. Each half serves as an arm of the olfactometer enabling the test subjects to make a choice between two potential odor fields in assays involving attractants. In assays involving repellents, lack of normal response to known attractants can also be measured as a third variable.

A vertical, T-maze olfactometer is described for assaying the behavioral response of arthropods. The olfactometer allows the experimenter to measure choices performed by test subjects when subjected to two potential odor fields. Both attraction to and repulsion from odorants can be measured with this device.

匂い物質へ節足動物Responseの垂直T-迷路チョイスアッセイ

Given the economic importance of insects and arachnids as pests of agricultural crops, urban environments or as vectors of plant and human diseases, ...

神経科学

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing

The Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation System (COMPS) was developed to provide a convenient field testing method of odor delivery at controlled and reproducible rates. COMPS are composed of an odorant of interest on an absorbent material sealed inside of a permeable polymer bag. The permeable layer allows for a constant release of the odorant over a given amount of time. The permeable bag is further stored in a secondary, impermeable bag. The double-containment procedure allows for equilibration of the odorant from the permeable bag but within the impermeable outer layer, resulting in an instant and reproducible source of odorant vapor upon removal from the outer packaging. COMPS are used in both olfactory testing for experimental scenarios and for olfactory detection training, such as with detection canines. COMPS can be used to contain a wide range of odorants (e.g., narcotics powders) and provide a controlled release of the associated odorants. Odor availability from COMPS is expressed in terms of permeation rate (i.e., the rate of the odorant vapor released from a COMPS per unit time) and is typically measured by gravimetric means. The permeation rate for a given mass or volume of odorant can be adjusted as needed by varying the bag thickness, surface area, and/or polymer type. The available odor concentration from a COMPS can also be measured by headspace analysis techniques such as solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS).

The Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation System is a simple, field-portable, low-cost method of odor delivery for olfactory testing and training. It is constructed of an odorant retained on an adsorbent material and contained inside of a permeable polymer bag allowing controlled release of the odorant vapor over time.

嗅覚トレーニングとフィールドテストのための制御された臭気模倣浸透システム

The Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation System (COMPS) was developed to provide a convenient field testing method of odor delivery at controlled and ...

化学

Using Insect Electroantennogram Sensors on Autonomous Robots for Olfactory Searches

Robots designed to track chemical leaks in hazardous industrial facilities1 or explosive traces in landmine fields2 face the same problem as insects foraging for food or searching for mates3: the olfactory search is constrained by the physics of turbulent transport4. The concentration landscape of wind borne odors is discontinuous and consists of sporadically located patches. A pre-requisite to olfactory search is that intermittent odor patches are detected. Because of its high speed and sensitivity5-6, the olfactory organ of insects provides a unique opportunity for detection. Insect antennae have been used in the past to detect not only sex pheromones7 but also chemicals that are relevant to humans, e.g., volatile compounds emanating from cancer cells8 or toxic and illicit substances9-11. We describe here a protocol for using insect antennae on autonomous robots and present a proof of concept for tracking odor plumes to their source. The global response of olfactory neurons is recorded in situ in the form of electroantennograms (EAGs). Our experimental design, based on a whole insect preparation, allows stable recordings within a working day. In comparison, EAGs on excised antennae have a lifetime of 2 hr. A custom hardware/software interface was developed between the EAG electrodes and a robot. The measurement system resolves individual odor patches up to 10 Hz, which exceeds the time scale of artificial chemical sensors12. The efficiency of EAG sensors for olfactory searches is further demonstrated in driving the robot toward a source of pheromone. By using identical olfactory stimuli and sensors as in real animals, our robotic platform provides a direct means for testing biological hypotheses about olfactory coding and search strategies13. It may also prove beneficial for detecting other odorants of interests by combining EAGs from different insect species in a bioelectronic nose configuration14 or using nanostructured gas sensors that mimic insect antennae15.

We describe a protocol for using insect antennae in the form of electroantennograms (EAGs) on autonomous robots. Our experimental design allows stable recordings within a day and resolves individual odor patches up to 10 Hz. The efficiency of EAG sensors for olfactory searches is demonstrated in driving a robot toward an odor source.

嗅覚検索用自律型ロボットに昆虫Electroantennogramセンサを用いた

Robots designed to track chemical leaks in hazardous industrial facilities1 or explosive traces in landmine fields2 face the same problem as insects ...

Electroantennography-based Bio-hybrid Odor-detecting Drone using Silkmoth Antennae for Odor Source Localization

Small drones with chemical or biosensor devices that can detect airborne odorant molecules have attracted considerable attention owing to their applicability in environmental and security monitoring and search-and-rescue operations. Small drones with commercial metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOX) gas sensors have been developed for odor source localization; however, their real-time-odor-detection performance has proven inadequate. However, biosensing technologies based on insect olfactory systems exhibit relatively high sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time response with respect to odorant molecules compared to commercial MOX gas sensors. In such devices, excised insect antennae function as portable odorant biosensor elements and have been found to deliver excellent sensing performance. This study presents experimental protocols for odorant-molecule detection in the air using a small autonomous bio-hybrid drone based on a mountable electroantennography (EAG) device incorporating silkmoth antennae.
We developed a mountable EAG device including sensing/processing parts with a Wi-Fi module. The device was equipped with a simple sensor enclosure to enhance the sensor directivity. Thus, odor source localization was conducted using the spiral-surge algorithm, which does not assume an upwind direction. The experimental bio-hybrid odor-detecting drone identified real-time odorant-concentration differences in a pseudo-open environment (outside a wind tunnel) and localized the source. The developed drone and associated system can serve as an efficient odorant molecule-detection tool and a suitable flight platform for developing odor source localization algorithms owing to its high programmability.

This study introduces experimental protocols for a bio-hybrid odor-detecting drone based on silkmoth antennae. The operation of an experimental electroantennogram device with silkmoth antennae is presented, in addition to the structure of a bio-hybrid drone designed for odor source localization using the spiral-surge algorithm.

電気解析ベースのバイオハイブリッド臭気検出ドローンは、臭気源の局在化のためのシルクモスアンテナを用いた

Small drones with chemical or biosensor devices that can detect airborne odorant molecules have attracted considerable attention owing to their ...

工学

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To complicate matters even further, the odors detected by the insect nervous system usually are not single compounds but mixtures whose composition and concentration ratios vary. This leads to an almost infinite amount of different olfactory stimuli which have to be evaluated by the nervous system.
To understand which aspects of an odor stimulus determine its evaluation by the fly, it is therefore desirable to efficiently examine odor-guided behavior towards many odorants and odor mixtures. To directly correlate behavior to neuronal activity, behavior should be quantified in a comparable time frame and under identical stimulus conditions as in neurophysiological experiments. However, many currently used olfactory bioassays in Drosophila neuroethology are rather specialized either towards efficiency or towards resolution.
Flywalk, an automated odor delivery and tracking system, bridges the gap between efficiency and resolution. It allows the determination of exactly when an odor packet stimulated a freely walking fly, and to determine the animal&#180;s dynamic behavioral reaction.

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

The automated tracking system Flywalk is used for high-resolution quantification of odor-guided behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.

臭気誘導挙動の高分解能定量<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em&gt;使用<em&gt; Flywalk</em&gt;パラダイム

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To ...

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for such investigations due to its complex behaviors, powerful genetic techniques, and compact nervous system. Laboratory behavioral assays have long been used with Drosophila to simulate properties of the natural environment and study the neural mechanisms underlying the corresponding behaviors (e.g. phototaxis, chemotaxis, sensory learning and memory)1-3. With the recent availability of large collections of transgenic Drosophila lines that label specific neural subsets, behavioral assays have taken on a prominent role to link neurons with behaviors4-11. Versatile and reproducible paradigms, together with the underlying computational routines for data analysis, are indispensable for rapid tests of candidate fly lines with various genotypes. Particularly useful are setups that are flexible in the number of animals tested, duration of experiments and nature of presented stimuli. The assay of choice should also generate reproducible data that is easy to acquire and analyze. Here, we present a detailed description of a system and protocol for assaying behavioral responses of Drosophila flies in a large four-field arena. The setup is used here to assay responses of flies to a single olfactory stimulus; however, the same setup may be modified to test multiple olfactory, visual or optogenetic stimuli, or a combination of these. The olfactometer setup records the activity of fly populations responding to odors, and computational analytical methods are applied to quantify fly behaviors. The collected data are analyzed to get a quick read-out of an experimental run, which is essential for efficient data collection and the optimization of experimental conditions.

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

We describe here a behavioral setup and data analysis method for assaying olfactory responses of up to 100 vinegar flies (Drosophila melanogaster). This system may be used with single or multiple olfactory stimuli, and adaptable for optogenetic activation or silencing of neuronal subsets.

のコンピュータ追跡することによってアッセイ嗅覚行動<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt; 4象限オルファクトメーターで

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an ...

SwarmSight: Real-time Tracking of Insect Antenna Movements and Proboscis Extension Reflex Using a Common Preparation and Conventional Hardware

Many scientifically and agriculturally important insects use antennae to detect the presence of volatile chemical compounds and extend their proboscis during feeding. The ability to rapidly obtain high-resolution measurements of natural antenna and proboscis movements and assess how they change in response to chemical, developmental, and genetic manipulations can aid the understanding of insect behavior. By extending our previous work on assessing aggregate insect swarm or animal group movements from natural and laboratory videos using the video analysis software SwarmSight, we developed a novel, free, and open-source software module, SwarmSight Appendage Tracking (SwarmSight.org) for frame-by-frame tracking of insect antenna and proboscis positions from conventional web camera videos using conventional computers. The software processes frames about 120 times faster than humans, performs at better than human accuracy, and, using 30 frames per second (fps) videos, can capture antennal dynamics up to 15 Hz. The software was used to track the antennal response of honey bees to two odors and found significant mean antennal retractions away from the odor source about 1 s after odor presentation. We observed antenna position density heat map cluster formation and cluster and mean angle dependence on odor concentration.

This protocol describes steps for using the novel software, SwarmSight, for frame-by-frame tracking of insect antenna and proboscis positions from conventional web camera videos using conventional computers. The free, open-source software processes frames about 120 times faster than humans and performs at better than human accuracy.

SwarmSight: 昆虫アンテナの動きと共通の準備と従来のハードウェアを使用して吻伸展反射のリアルタイム追跡

Many scientifically and agriculturally important insects use antennae to detect the presence of volatile chemical compounds and extend their proboscis ...

昆虫制御のロボット：移動ロボットプラットフォーム昆虫の匂い追跡能力を評価します

要約

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