著者には謝辞はありません。

1.前駆体溶液の調製注記：使用前に関連するすべての物質安全データシート（MSDS）を参照してください。この手順で使用される化学物質のいくつかは、ヒトに対して有害であり、および/または有毒である。ナノマテリアルは、それらのバルクマテリアルと比較して、追加のハザードを有する可能性がある。適切な安全対策と個人用保護具を使用してください。 <ol><li>試料バイアルに5gのチタン（IV）n-ブトキシド、1gのポリビニルピロリドン（PVP）、1mLの氷酢酸、および10mLの無水エタノールを入れる。 </li><li>均質になり、気泡が観察されなくなるまで、溶液を混合するためにマグネチックスターラープレートを使用する。 </li></ol>ナノファイバーの電気紡糸と焼成<ol><li>電気紡糸プロセスに使用する針は、21Gの針の先端を切断し、先端が完全に平坦になるまで中等度のサンドペーパを用いて研磨する。 </li><li>必要を乗せる使い捨ての10mLシリンジに入れた。 </li><li>前駆体溶液の一部を注射器に装填し、シリンジポンプに置く。 </li><li>コレクタプレートをアルミホイルで包み、ニードルチップの前に直接置きます。 注：ニードルからプレートまでの距離は20cmです。 </li><li>コレクタプレートをグランドに接続し、ニードルを高圧電源に接続します。 </li><li>セットアップの周りに保護シールドを置きます。 </li><li>シリンジポンプの流速を1 mL / hに設定し、ポンプを開始します。 </li><li>ニードルの先端に何らかの溶液が現れるとすぐに、高電圧源をオンにして15kVに設定します。 注：この時点で、繊維はプレート上に集まることになります。繊維マットの所望の厚さを達成するのに必要なだけ、セットアップを実行したままにする。 </li><li>回転が完了したら、高電圧源とシリンジポンプをオフにします。コレクタプレートからホイルを取り外します。 </li><li>繊維は、一晩中、アルミニウム箔から剥がしてください。 </li><li>剥がした繊維をるつぼに置き、マッフル炉に入れます。 </li><li> 5℃/分の温度上昇を500℃に設定し、PVPを除去するために2時間保持し、純粋なTiO 2ナノファイバーを生成することにより、繊維を焼成する。 </li><li>焼成プロセスが完了したら、温度が80℃以下になるまで炉を閉じたままにし、熱衝撃を避け、繊維を損傷する可能性があります。 </li></ol> 3.電極製造<ol><li> スラリーの調製 <ol><li>丸底フラスコ中で500mgの二酸化チタンペーストを20mLのエタノールに添加する。 </li><li>別のフラスコで、500mgのエレクトロスピニングされたTiO 2 -NFを別の20mLのエタノールと混合する。 </li><li>浴ソニケーターを用いて溶液を2時間超音波処理する。 </li><li>均一な混合物が得られたら、2mLのテルピネオールを各フラスコに加え、その他15分。 </li><li>ロータリーエバポレーターを使用して両方のフラスコから溶媒を蒸発させてスラリーを得る。 </li></ol></li><li> 医者のブレードと焼結 <ol><li>ダイヤモンドガラスカッターを使用して、FTO導電性ガラススライドを2cm×2cmの正方形に切断する。 </li><li>ガラススライド上に粘着テープを貼り、中央に0.4 cm 2の領域を露出させて、作業領域にFTOスライドを固定します。不規則なコーティングを避けるために、テープを2つの平行な面に、次に他の2つの面に置きます。 </li><li>スライドの露出した中心に数滴のTiO 2 -NPスラリーを堆積させる。 </li><li>かみそりの刃を使用して、スラリーを露出した部分に均一に広げます。 </li><li>均一なコーティングが達成されたら、粘着テープを慎重に取り除きます。 </li><li>コーティングされたスライドを炉内に置き、500℃で2時間焼結する。 </li><li>同じFTOスライド上で3.2.2-3.2.6のステップを繰り返し、今回はTiO 2 -NFスラリーを使用します光ナノ粒子を得ることができる。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4. NFキャラクタリゼーション<ol><li> SEMの特徴付け <ol><li>顕微鏡スタブに粘着性のカーボンテープのストリップを取り付けることによって、SEMのためのサンプルを準備する。慎重にテープ上に少量のナノファイバーを置きます。 </li><li>スタブをサンプルホルダーに取り付け、それを装置の交換チャンバーにロードします。 </li><li>機器の条件とパラメータを設定します：加速電圧を20 kVに、作動距離を10 mmに設定します。 </li><li>サンプルの画像を収集し、それらが材料の全体的な形態を表示していることを確認します。 </li></ol></li><li> XRDのキャラクタリゼーション <ol><li>ナノファイバーを細かく細かく砕き、XRDステージに均一に広げます。 </li><li>試料を回折計にロードする。 </li><li>取得パラメータを設定する：開始角度10°、終了角度80°、0.015°のステップサイズ。 </li><li> XRDデータの取得を開始します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.太陽電池製造<ol><li>フォトアノードを75℃で45分間、TiCl 4水溶液で処理する。処理後、脱イオン水で洗浄し、乾燥させる。 </li><li>暗い条件下で24時間絶対エタノール中のルテニウム色素N719の0.5mM溶液中に浸漬することによって光陽性体を感作する。 </li><li>増感された光アノードの上にシーリングフィルムのシートを置き、光アノードと対極との間の熱可塑性ガスケットとして機能させる。 </li><li>密封フィルムの上に、中央に予め穿孔された穴を有するPt被覆FTO対向電極を、両側が互いに対向するように配置する。 </li><li>組み立てたセルを100℃で15分間加熱してガスケットをシールします。 </li><li> 1-プロピル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムヨウ化物（0.8M）、ヨウ素（0.1M）、およびヨウ化ナトリウムの溶液からなる数滴のレドックスメディエーターを沈着させる。および3-メトキシプロピオニトリル中のベンゾイミダゾール（0.3M）を、対電極の予め穿孔された穴の上に置く。 </li><li>酸化還元メディエーターが組み立てられた細胞の内部空間を満たすように、細胞を真空デシケーターに入れる。 </li></ol> JV曲線の特徴付け<ol><li> AM1.5Gフィルターを通過したキセノンアーク源からの100mW / cm 2の照度下のデジタルソースメーターを使用してJV曲線を取得する。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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著者は何も開示することはない。

この研究で提示された方法は、DSSCのような光触媒装置のための効率的なナノファイバー光アノードの製造を記載している。エレクトロスピニングは、ナノファイバーの製造のための非常に汎用性の高い技術であるが、最適な形態を有する材料を得るためには、あるレベルの技術および知識が必要である。良好なナノファイバーを得るための最も重要な側面の1つは、前駆体溶液の調製である?...

色素増感型太陽電池（DSSC）は、低コスト、比較的簡単な製造プロセス、および大規模生産の容易さのおかげで、シリコンベース太陽電池1の興味深い代替物です。もう1つの利点は、シリコンベースの太陽電池2に比べて明確な利点であるフレキシブル基板に組み込まれる可能性です。典型的なDSSCは、（1）光収穫層として色素で増感されたナノ粒子TiO 2光アノード、 （2）対極として使用されるPt被覆FTO、 （3）2つの電極の間に配置され、「正孔伝導媒体」として作用する酸化還元対を含む電解質、例えばI - / I 3- -を含む。 DSSCは15％ 3の効率を上回っているが、ナノ粒子ベースの光アノードの性能は、依然として、遅い電子移動を含む多くの制限によって依然として阻害されているy 4 、低エネルギー光子5の吸収不良、および電荷再結合6 。電子収集効率は、TiO 2ナノ粒子層を通る電子輸送速度に強く依存する。電荷の拡散が遅い場合、電解質溶液中でのI 3 -との再結合の確率が増加し、結果として効率が低下する。 ナノ粒子TiO 2を一次元（1D）TiO 2ナノアーキテクチャに置き換えることにより、相互接続されたTiO 2ナノ粒子7の粒界からの自由電子の散乱を低減することによって、電荷輸送を改善できることが示されている。 1Dナノ構造が電荷収集のためのより直接的な経路を提供するので、ナノファイバー（NF）における電子輸送は、ナノ粒子8よりも著しく速いことが期待され、 </sup&gt; 9 。 エレクトロスピニングは、サブミクロンの直径を有する繊維材料の製造に最も一般的に使用される方法の1つである10 。この技術は、紡糸口金を通してポリマー溶液ジェットの噴出を誘導するために高電圧を使用することを含む。曲げの不安定性のために、このジェットは引き続いて何度も引き伸ばされて連続ナノファイバーを形成する。近年、この技術は、組織工学11 、触媒12 、およびリチウムイオン電池13およびスーパーキャパシタ14の電極材料として、多種多様な用途に使用されてきたポリマーおよび無機材料を製造するために広く使用されている。 光アノード中の散乱層としてのエレクトロスピニングされたTiO 2 -NFの使用は、DSSCの性能を高めることができる。しかしながら、ナノ繊維を有する光アノード私たちのアーキテクチャは、表面積の制限のために色素吸収が乏しい傾向がある。これを克服するための解決策の1つは、NFとナノ粒子を混合することです。これは、追加の散乱層をもたらし、光吸収および全体的な効率を改善することが示されている15 。 このビデオで提示されたプロトコールは、電界紡糸法とゾル - ゲル法との組み合わせ、次いで焼成工程を経ることにより、超長時間TiOナノファイバーを合成する簡単な方法を提供する。このプロトコルは、ドクターブレーディング技術を用いて光散乱能を高めた二重層光アノードを製造するためのナノ粒子TiO 2と組み合わせたTiO 2 -NFの使用、およびこのようなフォトアノード。

<table><tbody><tr><td>titanium(IV) n-butoxide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>244112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyvinylpyrrolidone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>437190</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glacial acetic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A6283</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, absolute</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>E/0650DF/17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20 mL Sample vials</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td>(or larger volume)</td></tr><tr><td>disposable 21G needle</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P150 grit sandpaper</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disposable 10mL syringe</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td>(or larger volume)</td></tr><tr><td>magnetic stirrer + stirring bar</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PHD 2000 syringe pump</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>71-2002</td><td>(or any other syringe pump capable of outputting a 1mL/hr flow</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium foil</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel collector plate</td><td>(custom built)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High Voltage Power Source</td><td>Gamma High Voltage Research, Inc</td><td>ES30P-10W</td><td>(or any other power supply capable of outputting +15 kV</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate protective shield</td><td>(custom built)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic crucible</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muffle furnace</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Titanium dioxide, nanopowder</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>718467</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL 1-neck round bottom flasks</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>bath sonicator</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Terpineol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotary evaporator</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FTO glass</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>TCO30-10/LI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive tape</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>razor blade</td><td>(any)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SEM</td><td>JEOL</td><td>6500F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XRD</td><td>PANalytical&amp;nbsp;</td><td>X&#039;pert Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Titanium Tetrachloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>89545</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ruthenizer&amp;nbsp; 535-bisTBA</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>N719</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sealing film</td><td>Dyesol</td><td>Meltonix 1170-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pt-coated FTO</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>TCO30-10/LI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>49637</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>207772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>benzimidazole</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>194123</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-Methoxypropionitrile</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>65290</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital source meter</td><td>Keithley</td><td>2400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solar Simulator</td><td>Abet technologies</td><td>10500</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

electrospinning of photocatalytic electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

この研究は、商業的に入手可能な二酸化チタンからなるブロッキング層の上にエレクトロスピニングされた二酸化チタンナノファイバー（TiO 2 -NF）からなる光散乱層からなる、色素増感太陽電池のための繊維ベースの光アノードを製造するためのプロトコールを実証しているナノ粒子（TiO 2 -NP）。これは、エタノール中のチタン（IV）ブトキシド、ポリビニルピロリドン（PVP）、および氷酢酸の溶液を最初にエレクトロスピニングして、複合PVP / TiO 2ナノファイバーを得ることによって達成される。これらを500℃で焼成してPVPを除去し、純粋なアナターゼ相チタニアナノファイバーを得る。この材料は、走査型電子顕微鏡（SEM）および粉末X線回折（XRD）を用いて特徴付けられる。フォトアノードは、先ずドクターブレーディング技術を用いてフッ素ドープ酸化スズ（FTO）ガラススライド上にTiO 2 -NP /テルピネオールスラリーを堆積させることによってブロッキング層を作成することによって調製される。その後の熱処理500℃で行う。次いで、光散乱層は、同じ技術を用いて同じスライド上にTiO 2 -NF 3 /テルピネオールスラリーを堆積させ、500℃で再び焼成することによって形成される。光陽極の性能は、色素増感太陽電池を製造し、0.25-1日の入射光密度の範囲でJV曲線を介してその効率を測定することによって試験される。

SEM、X線光電子分光法（XPS）、およびXRDを用いて、TiO 2ナノファイバーを特徴付けた。光アノードのナノ構造をSEMを用いて特徴付けた。組み立てられたDSSCの性能は、ソーラーシミュレーターおよびソース測定ユニットを用いて試験された。 図1AのSEM画像は、このプロトコルを使用して合成さ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

このプロジェクトの全体的な目標は、色素増感型太陽電池の性能を改善したフォトアノードを製造するためにエレクトロスピニングを使用することでした。

色素増感太陽電池用光触媒電極のエレクトロスピニング

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

electrospinning-photocatalytic-electrodes-for-dye-sensitized-solar

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.6K ビュー.  Victoria University of Wellington. このプロジェクトの全体的な目標は、色素増感型太陽電池の性能を改善したフォトアノードを製造するためにエレクトロスピニングを使用することでした。 

ビデオ: Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Electrospinning Fundamentals: Optimizing Solution and Apparatus Parameters

Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds have been shown to accelerate the maturation, improve the growth, and direct the migration of cells in vitro. Electrospinning is a process in which a charged polymer jet is collected on a grounded collector; a rapidly rotating collector results in aligned nanofibers while stationary collectors result in randomly oriented fiber mats. The polymer jet is formed when an applied electrostatic charge overcomes the surface tension of the solution. There is a minimum concentration for a given polymer, termed the critical entanglement concentration, below which a stable jet cannot be achieved and no nanofibers will form - although nanoparticles may be achieved (electrospray). A stable jet has two domains, a streaming segment and a whipping segment. While the whipping jet is usually invisible to the naked eye, the streaming segment is often visible under appropriate lighting conditions. Observing the length, thickness, consistency and movement of the stream is useful to predict the alignment and morphology of the nanofibers being formed. A short, non-uniform, inconsistent, and/or oscillating stream is indicative of a variety of problems, including poor fiber alignment, beading, splattering, and curlicue or wavy patterns. The stream can be optimized by adjusting the composition of the solution and the configuration of the electrospinning apparatus, thus optimizing the alignment and morphology of the fibers being produced. In this protocol, we present a procedure for setting up a basic electrospinning apparatus, empirically approximating the critical entanglement concentration of a polymer solution and optimizing the electrospinning process. In addition, we discuss some common problems and troubleshooting techniques.

Electrospinning techniques can create a variety of nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering or other applications. We describe here a procedure to optimize the parameters of the electrospinning solution and apparatus to obtain fibers with the desired morphology and alignment. Common problems and troubleshooting techniques are also presented.

エレクトロスピニングの基礎：最適化ソリューションと装置のパラメータ

Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds have been shown to accelerate the maturation, improve the growth, and direct the migration of cells in vitro. ...

生物工学

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

サブバンドギャップ光に色素増感型太陽電池の応答を増強する三重項 - 三重消滅アップコンバージョンシステムの統合

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

工学

Postproduction Processing of Electrospun Fibres for Tissue Engineering

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo undergo biaxial distension to varying extents such as skin, bladder, pelvic floor and even the hard palate as children grow. In producing scaffolds for these purposes there is a need to develop scaffolds of appropriate biomechanical properties (whether achieved without or with cells) and which are sterile for clinical use. The focus of this paper is not how to establish basic electrospinning parameters (as there is extensive literature on electrospinning) but on how to modify spun scaffolds post production to make them fit for tissue engineering purposes - here thickness, mechanical properties and sterilisation (required for clinical use) are considered and we also describe how cells can be cultured on scaffolds and subjected to biaxial strain to condition them for specific applications.
Electrospinning tends to produce thin sheets; as the electrospinning collector becomes coated with insulating fibres it becomes a poor conductor such that fibres no longer deposit on it. Hence we describe approaches to produce thicker structures by heat or vapour annealing increasing the strength of scaffolds but not necessarily the elasticity. Sequential spinning of scaffolds of different polymers to achieve complex scaffolds is also described. Sterilisation methodologies can adversely affect strength and elasticity of scaffolds. We compare three methods for their effects on the biomechanical properties on electrospun scaffolds of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA).
Imaging of cells on scaffolds and assessment of production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by cells on scaffolds is described. Culturing cells on scaffolds in vitro can improve scaffold strength and elasticity but the tissue engineering literature shows that cells often fail to produce appropriate ECM when cultured under static conditions. There are few commercial systems available that allow one to culture cells on scaffolds under dynamic conditioning regimes - one example is the Bose Electroforce 3100 which can be used to exert a conditioning programme on cells in scaffolds held using mechanical grips within a media filled chamber.4 An approach to a budget cell culture bioreactor for controlled distortion in 2 dimensions is described. We show that cells can be induced to produce elastin under these conditions. Finally assessment of the biomechanical properties of processed scaffolds cultured with or without cells is described.

Electrospun scaffolds can be processed post production for tissue engineering applications. Here we describe methods for spinning complex scaffolds (by consecutive spinning), for making thicker scaffolds (by multi-layering using heat or vapour annealing), for achieving sterility (aseptic production or sterilisation post production) and for achieving appropriate biomechanical properties.

組織工学のためのエレクトロ繊維のポスト処理

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce  scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

バルクヘテロ接合太陽電池の印刷作製と<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;形態キャラクタリゼーション

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

色素増感太陽電池用二酸化チタンのデジタル印刷

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Electrospinning Fibrous Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Cell Culture

As the field of tissue engineering evolves, there is a tremendous demand to produce more suitable materials and processing techniques in order to address the requirements (e.g., mechanics and vascularity) of more intricate organs and tissues. Electrospinning is a popular technique to create fibrous scaffolds that mimic the architecture and size scale of the native extracellular matrix. These fibrous scaffolds are also useful as cell culture substrates since the fibers can be used to direct cellular behavior, including stem cell differentiation (see extensive reviews by Mauck et al. and Sill et al. for more information). In this article, we describe the general process of electrospinning polymers and as an example, electrospin a reactive hyaluronic acid capable of crosslinking with light exposure (see Ifkovits et al. for a review on photocrosslinkable materials). We also introduce further processing capabilities such as photopatterning and multi-polymer scaffold formation. Photopatterning can be used to create scaffolds with channels and multi-scale porosity to increase cellular infiltration and tissue distribution. Multi-polymer scaffolds are useful to better tune the properties (mechanics and degradation) of a scaffold, including tailored porosity for cellular infiltration. Furthermore, these techniques can be extended to include a wide array of polymers and reactive macromers to create complex scaffolds that provide the cues necessary for the development of successful tissue engineered constructs.

The process of electrospinning polymers for tissue engineering and cell culture is addressed in this article. Specifically, the electrospinning of photoreactive macromers with additional processing capabilities of photopatterning and multi-polymer electrospinning is described.

組織工学と細胞培養のための繊維状重合体の足場をエレクトロ

As the field of tissue engineering evolves, there is a tremendous demand to produce more suitable materials and processing techniques in order to address ...

生物学

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Developing photocatalytic H2 production devices is the one of the key steps for constructing a global H2-based renewable energy infrastructure. A number of photoactive assemblies have emerged where a photosensitizer and cobaloxime-based H2 production catalysts work in tandem to convert light energy into the H-H chemical bonds. However, the long-term instability of these assemblies and the need for hazardous proton sources have limited their usage. Here, in this work, we have integrated a stilbene-based organic dye into the periphery of a cobaloxime core via a distinct axial pyridine linkage. This strategy allowed us to develop a photosensitizer-catalyst hybrid structure with the same molecular framework. In this article, we have explained the detailed procedure of the synthesis of this hybrid molecule in addition to its comprehensive chemical characterization. The structural and optical studies have exhibited an intense electronic interaction between the cobaloxime core and the organic photosensitizer. The cobaloxime was active for H2 production even in the presence of water as the proton source. Here, we have developed a simple airtight system connected with an online H2 detector for the investigation of the photocatalytic activity by this hybrid complex. This photosensitizer-catalyst dyad present in the experimental setup continuously produced H2 once it was exposed in the natural sunlight. This photocatalytic H2 production by the hybrid complex was observed in aqueous/organic mixture media in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor under complete aerobic conditions. Thus, this photocatalysis measurement system along with the photosensitizer-catalyst dyad provide valuable insight for the development of next generation photocatalytic H2 production devices.

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

We have directly incorporated a stilbene-based organic dye into a cobaloxime core to generate a photosensitizer-catalyst dyad for photocatalytic H2 production. We have also developed a simple experimental setup for evaluating the light-driven H2 production by photocatalytic assemblies.

水性好気性条件下での太陽駆動H2生産用光感センシタイザー・コバロキシムハイブリッドの開発

Developing photocatalytic H2 production devices is the one of the key steps for constructing a global H2-based renewable energy infrastructure. A number ...

化学

Fully Automated Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Ultrasensitive Protein Detection from Whole Blood

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform for reduced sample volume and assay time as well as full automation are required for potential use in point-of-care-diagnostics. Recently, we have demonstrated ultrasensitive detection of serum proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), utilizing a lab-on-a-disc composed of TiO2 nanofibrous (NF) mats. It showed a large dynamic range with femto molar (fM) detection sensitivity, from a small volume of whole blood in 30 min. The device consists of several components for blood separation, metering, mixing, and washing that are automated for improved sensitivity from low sample volumes. Here, in the video demonstration, we show the experimental protocols and know-how for the fabrication of NFs as well as the disc, their integration and the operation in the following order: processes for preparing TiO2 NF mat; transfer-printing of TiO2 NF mat onto the disc; surface modification for immune-reactions, disc assembly and operation; on-disc detection and representative results for immunoassay. Use of this device enables multiplexed analysis with minimal consumption of samples and reagents. Given the advantages, the device should find use in a wide variety of applications, and prove beneficial in facilitating the analysis of low abundant proteins.

This protocol demonstrates how to achieve femto molar detection sensitivity of proteins in 10 &#181;L of whole blood within 30 min. This can be achieved by using electrospun nanofibrous mats integrated in a lab-on-a-disc, which offers high surface area as well as effective mixing and washing for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio.

全血からの超高感度のタンパク質検出のための全自動遠心マイクロ流体デバイス

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising method to detect small amount of proteins in biological samples. The devices providing a platform ...

High-resolution Patterning Using Two Modes of Electrohydrodynamic Jet: Drop on Demand and Near-field Electrospinning

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing has drawn attention in various fields because it can be used as a high-resolution and low-cost direct patterning tool. EHD printing uses a fluidic supplier to maintain the extruded meniscus by pushing the ink out of the nozzle tip. The electric field is then used to pull the meniscus down to the substrate to produce high-resolution patterns. Two modes of EHD printing have been used for fine patterning: continuous near-field electrospinning (NFES) and dot-based drop-on-demand (DOD) EHD printing. According to the printing modes, the requirements for the printing equipment and ink viscosity will differ. Even though two different modes can be implemented with a single EHD printer, the realization methods significantly differ in terms of ink, fluidic system, and driving voltage. Consequently, without a proper understanding of the jetting requirements and limitations, it is difficult to obtain the desired results. The purpose of this paper is to present a guideline so that inexperienced researchers can reduce the trial and error efforts to use the EHD jet for their specific research and development purposes. To demonstrate the fine-patterning implementation, we use Ag nanoparticle ink for the conductive patterning in the protocol. In addition, we also present the generalized printing guidelines that can be used for other types of ink for various fine-patterning applications.

Here, we present a protocol to produce high-resolution conductive patterns using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing. The protocol includes two modes of EHD jet printing: the continuous near-field electrospinning (NFES) and the dot-based drop-on-demand (DOD) EHD printing.

パターン化する電気流体力学的ジェットの 2 つのモードを使用して高解像度: 需要と近傍電界紡糸ドロップ

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing has drawn attention in various fields because it can be used as a high-resolution and low-cost direct patterning ...

Vapor Phase Deposition of Electroactive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) onto Electrospun Commodity Polymer Nanofibers

This study investigates the preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers through electrospinning to create highly porous and strong materials for applications in water purification, electrocatalysis, and biomedicine. The uniformly white PAN nanofiber mats were cut into 2 cm x 2 cm coupons to ensure consistency. After electrospinning, these nanofibers were coated with an electroactive polymer (EAP) using chemical vapor deposition, with iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) serving as an oxidant for polymerizing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) into poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The study examined the impact of different FeCl3 concentrations on PEDOT deposition on the PAN coupons. PEDOT deposition led to an increase in coupon weight. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed increases in the diameter of the nanofibers treated with increasing FeCl3 oxidant concentration, although higher FeCl3&#160;concentrations caused inter-fiber bridging, implying a concomitant decrease in inter-fiber spacing. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to confirm the presence of Fe, Cl, and S in the nanofibers, with sulfur content rising with FeCl3&#160;concentration used, suggesting increased PEDOT deposition efficiency with increasing oxidant concentration. Mechanical testing showed that PEDOT-coated PAN fibers had improved tensile strength and toughness in the hydrated state compared to pure PAN nanofibers. These results highlight the crucial role of FeCl3&#160;concentration in influencing the morphology and properties of PAN-PEDOT composites, enhancing their suitability for applications such as water purification, tissue engineering, biosensing, catalysis, and energy storage.

This paper describes a simple technique for coating electrospun PAN nanofibers with electroactive polymers using vapor deposition. The effects of the oxidant FeCl&#8323; on the deposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) coatings on PAN were investigated to understand and optimize polymer growth, fiber diameter, and overall mechanical strength of the nanofiber mats.

エレクトロスピニング商品ポリマーナノファイバー上への電気活性ポリ(3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン)の気相堆積

This study investigates the preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers through electrospinning to create highly porous and strong materials for ...

色素増感太陽電池用光触媒電極のエレクトロスピニング

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