Los autores no tienen reconocimientos.

1. Preparación de la solución precursora NOTA: Por favor, consulte todas las hojas de datos de seguridad del material (MSDS) antes de usar. Varios de los productos químicos utilizados en este procedimiento son dañinos y / o tóxicos para los seres humanos. Los nanomateriales pueden tener peligros adicionales en comparación con su contrapartida a granel. Utilice las medidas de seguridad y el equipo de protección personal adecuados. <ol><li> Colocar 5 g de n-butóxido de titanio (IV), 1 g de polivinilpirrolidona (PVP), 1 ml de ácido acético glacial y 10 ml de etanol absoluto en un vial de muestra. </li><li> Utilice una placa de agitación magnética para mezclar la solución hasta que se haya homogeneizado y no se puedan observar burbujas. </li></ol> 2. Electrospinning y Calcinación de las Nanofibras <ol><li> Prepare la aguja usada para el proceso de electrospinning cortando la punta de una aguja de 21 G y lijándola con papel de lija de grado moderado hasta que la punta esté completamente plana. </li><li> Monte la necesidadLe en una jeringa desechable de 10 ml. </li><li> Cargue parte de la solución precursora en la jeringa y colóquela en la bomba de la jeringa. </li><li> Envuelva la placa colectora en papel de aluminio y colóquela directamente en frente de la punta de la aguja. NOTA: La distancia entre la aguja y la placa debe ser de 20 cm. </li><li> Conecte la placa colectora al suelo y la aguja a la fuente de alimentación de alto voltaje. </li><li> Coloque el protector alrededor de la instalación. </li><li> Ajuste el caudal de la bomba de la jeringa a 1 mL / h e inicie el bombeo. </li><li> Tan pronto como aparece alguna solución en la punta de la aguja, encienda la fuente de alta tensión y póngala a 15 kV. NOTA: En este punto, las fibras se van a recoger en la placa. La configuración se deja en funcionamiento durante el tiempo que sea necesario para conseguir el espesor deseado de la estera de fibra. </li><li> Una vez finalizada la centrifugación, apague la fuente de alta tensión y la bomba de jeringa. Retire la lámina de la placa colectora. </li><li> Deje reposar las fibrasVernight y luego pelarlos de la hoja de aluminio. </li><li> Coloque las fibras peladas en un crisol y colóquelas en un horno de mufla. </li><li> Calcinar las fibras mediante el establecimiento de una rampa de temperatura de 5 ° / min hasta 500 ° C y mantener durante 2 h para eliminar la PVP y para producir nanofibras de TiO 2 puro. </li><li> Una vez terminado el proceso de calcinación, deje el horno cerrado hasta que la temperatura alcance menos de 80 ° C para evitar cualquier choque térmico que pueda dañar las fibras. </li></ol> 3. Fabricación de electrodos <ol><li> Preparación de las suspensiones <ol><li> Añadir 500 mg de pasta de dióxido de titanio a 20 ml de etanol en un matraz de fondo redondo. </li><li> En un matraz separado, mezclar 500 mg de TiO2 - NFs de electrospun con otros 20 ml de etanol. </li><li> Sonicar las soluciones durante 2 h utilizando un sonicador de baño. </li><li> Una vez que se obtienen mezclas uniformes, agregar 2 ml de terpineol a cada matraz y sonicar durante unOtros 15 min. </li><li> Evaporar el disolvente de ambos matraces usando un evaporador rotatorio para obtener las suspensiones. </li></ol></li><li> Pizarra y sinterización <ol><li> Utilizando un cortador de vidrio de diamante, corte un portaobjetos de vidrio conductivo FTO en un cuadrado de 2 cm x 2 cm. </li><li> Asegure el portaobjetos FTO al área de trabajo colocando cinta adhesiva en el portaobjetos de vidrio, dejando un área de 0,4 cm 2 expuesta en el centro. Para evitar un revestimiento irregular, coloque la cinta en dos lados paralelos primero y luego en los otros dos. </li><li> Depositar unas gotas de la suspensión de TiO2 - NP en el centro expuesto de la diapositiva. </li><li> Utilice una cuchilla de afeitar para extender la suspensión uniformemente sobre el área expuesta. </li><li> Una vez que se logra un revestimiento uniforme, retire cuidadosamente la cinta adhesiva. </li><li> Colocar la lámina recubierta en un horno y sinterizar a 500 ° C durante 2 h. </li><li> Repita los pasos 3.2.2-3.2.6 en la misma diapositiva FTO, esta vez utilizando la suspensión de TiO2 - NF en lugar deLas nanopartículas, para obtener el fotoanodo. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Caracterización de NF <ol><li> Caracterización SEM <ol><li> Preparar la muestra para SEM uniendo una tira de cinta adhesiva de carbono a un trozo de microscopio. Coloque cuidadosamente una pequeña cantidad de nanofibras en la cinta. </li><li> Montar el talón en un soporte de muestra y cargarlo en la cámara de intercambio del instrumento. </li><li> Configure las condiciones y parámetros del instrumento: ajuste la tensión de aceleración a 20 kV y la distancia de trabajo a 10 mm. </li><li> Recoger las imágenes de la muestra, asegurándose de que muestran la morfología general del material. </li></ol></li><li> Caracterización XRD <ol><li> Moler suavemente algunas nanofibras en un polvo fino y esparcir uniformemente en una etapa de XRD. </li><li> Cargar la muestra en el difractómetro. </li><li> Configure los parámetros de adquisición: use un ángulo inicial de 10 °, un ángulo final de 80 °,Da paso de 0,015 °. </li><li> Inicie la adquisición de los datos XRD. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Fabricación de células solares <ol><li> Tratar el photoanodo con una solución acuosa de TiCl $ ₄ $ a 75 ° C durante 45 min. Después del tratamiento, lavar con agua desionizada y secarla. </li><li> Sensibilizar el fotoanodo sumergiéndolo en una solución 0,5 mM de tinte de rutenio N719 en etanol absoluto durante 24 h en condiciones de oscuridad. </li><li> Coloque una lámina de película de sellado sobre el fotoanodo sensibilizado para servir como junta termoplástica entre el fotoanodo y el contraelectrodo. </li><li> Coloque un contraelectrodo FTO recubierto de Pt con un agujero previamente perforado en el centro, encima de la película de sellado, de modo que ambos lados se enfrenten entre sí. </li><li> Calentar la celda ensamblada a 100 ° C durante 15 min para sellar la junta. </li><li> Se depositan unas gotas de un mediador redox, que consiste en una solución de yoduro de 1-propil-3-metilimidazolio (0,8 M), yodo (0,1 M),Y bencimidazol (0,3 M) en 3-metoxipropionitrilo, encima del agujero previamente perforado del contraelectrodo. </li><li> Coloque la celda en un desecador de vacío para permitir que el mediador redox llene el espacio interno de la celda ensamblada. </li></ol> 6. Caracterización de la Curva JV <ol><li> Adquirir las curvas JV usando un medidor de fuente digital bajo una iluminación de 100 mW / cm 2 de una fuente de arco de xenón pasada a través de un filtro AM1.5G. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>O'Regan, B., Gr&#228;tzel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low-cost,+high-efficiency+solar+cell+based+on+dye-sensitized+colloidal+TiO2+films.">A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films.</a> Nature. 353 (6346), 737-740 (1991).</li><li>Lee, C. H., Chiu, W. H., Lee, K. M., Hsieh, W. F., Wu, J. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vertically+Aligned+Single+Crystal+TiO2+Nanowire+Arrays+Grown+Directly+on+Transparent+Conducting+Oxide+Coated+Glass:+Synthesis+Details+and+Applications.">Vertically Aligned Single Crystal TiO2 Nanowire Arrays Grown Directly on Transparent Conducting Oxide Coated Glass: Synthesis Details and Applications.</a> Nano Letters. 8 (11), 3781-3786 (2008).</li><li>Roy, P., Berger, S., Schmuki, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TiO2+Nanotubes:+Synthesis+and+Applications.">TiO2 Nanotubes: Synthesis and Applications.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50 (13), 2904-2939 (2011).</li><li>Macdonald, T. J., Xu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NiO+Nanofibers+as+a+Candidate+for+a+Nanophotocathode.">NiO Nanofibers as a Candidate for a Nanophotocathode.</a> Nanomaterials. 4 (2), 256-266 (2014).</li><li>Chuangchote, S., Sagawa, T., Yoshikawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+dye-sensitized+solar+cells+using+electrospun+TiO2+nanofibers+as+a+light+harvesting+layer.">Efficient dye-sensitized solar cells using electrospun TiO2 nanofibers as a light harvesting layer.</a> Appl Phys Lett. 93 (3), 033310 (2008).</li><li>Li, D., Xia, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrospinning+of+Nanofibers:+Reinventing+the+Wheel?.">Electrospinning of Nanofibers: Reinventing the Wheel?.</a> Adv Mat. 16 (14), 1151-1170 (2004).</li><li>Li, W. J., Laurencin, C. T., Caterson, E. J., Tuan, R. S., Ko, F. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrospun+nanofibrous+structure:+A+novel+scaffold+for+tissue+engineering.">Electrospun nanofibrous structure: A novel scaffold for tissue engineering.</a> J Biomed Mat Res. 60 (4), 613-621 (2002).</li><li>Jia, H., Zhu, G., Vugrinovich, B., Kataphinan, W., Reneker, D. H., Wang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzyme-Carrying+Polymeric+Nanofibers+Prepared+via+Electrospinning+for+Use+as+Unique+Biocatalysts.">Enzyme-Carrying Polymeric Nanofibers Prepared via Electrospinning for Use as Unique Biocatalysts.</a> Biotechnol Prog. 18 (5), 1027-1032 (2002).</li><li>Mai, L., Xu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrospun+Ultralong+Hierarchical+Vanadium+Oxide+Nanowires+with+High+Performance+for+Lithium+Ion+Batteries.">Electrospun Ultralong Hierarchical Vanadium Oxide Nanowires with High Performance for Lithium Ion Batteries.</a> Nano Letters. 10 (11), 4750-4755 (2010).</li><li>Cai, J., Niu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Performance+Supercapacitor+Electrode+Materials+from+Cellulose-Derived+Carbon+Nanofibers.">High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode Materials from Cellulose-Derived Carbon Nanofibers.</a> ACS Appl Mat Interfaces. 7 (27), 14946-14953 (2015).</li><li>Joshi, P., Zhang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Composite+of+TiO2+nanofibers+and+nanoparticles+for+dye-sensitized+solar+cells+with+significantly+improved+efficiency.">Composite of TiO2 nanofibers and nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar cells with significantly improved efficiency.</a> Energ Environ Sci. 3 (10), 1507-1510 (2010).</li><li>Macdonald, T. J., Tune, D. D., Dewi, M. R., Gibson, C. T., Shapter, J. G., Nann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+TiO2+Nanofiber-Carbon+Nanotube-Composite+Photoanode+for+Improved+Efficiency+in+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells.">A TiO2 Nanofiber-Carbon Nanotube-Composite Photoanode for Improved Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> ChemSusChem. 8 (20), 3396-3400 (2015).</li><li>Teo, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Electrospinning parameters and fiber control. , (2015).</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Los métodos presentados en este trabajo describen la fabricación de fotoanodos nanofibrosos eficientes para dispositivos fotocatalíticos tales como DSSCs. Electrospinning es una técnica muy versátil para la fabricación de nanofibras, pero se requiere cierto nivel de habilidad y conocimiento para obtener materiales con morfologías óptimas. Uno de los aspectos más críticos para obtener buenas nanofibras es la preparación de la solución precursora: hay algunos factores clave, tales como la concentración del po...

Las células solares sensibilizadas por colorantes (DSSCs) son una interesante alternativa a las células solares basadas en silicio 1 gracias a su bajo costo, proceso de fabricación relativamente sencillo y facilidad de producción a gran escala. Otro beneficio es su potencial para ser incorporados en sustratos flexibles, una clara ventaja sobre las células solares basadas en silicio 2 . Un DSSC típico utiliza: (1) un fotoanodo de TiO2 nanoparticulado, sensibilizado con un tinte, como una capa de recolección de luz; (2) un FTO recubierto de Pt, utilizado como un contraelectrodo; Y (3) un electrolito que contiene una pareja redox, tal como I - / I3 - , colocado entre los dos electrodos, que funciona como un &quot;medio de conducción de orificios&quot;. A pesar de DSSCs han superado las eficiencias de 15% 3 , el rendimiento de nanopartículas a base de fotoanodos sigue siendo todavía obstaculizada por una serie de limitaciones, incluyendo movilidad de electrones lentosY 4 , mala absorción de fotones de baja energía 5 , y la carga de recombinación [ 6] . La eficacia de la recolección de electrones depende en gran medida de la velocidad de transporte de electrones a través de la capa de nanopartículas de TiO2. Si la difusión de carga es lenta, aumenta la probabilidad de recombinación con I3 - en la solución electrolítica, resultando en una pérdida de eficiencia. Se ha demostrado que la sustitución de TiO 2 nanoparticulado con nano-arquitecturas unidimensionales de TiO 2 (1D) puede mejorar el transporte de carga reduciendo la dispersión de electrones libres de los límites de grano de las nanopartículas de TiO 2 interconectadas 7 . Como las nanoestructuras 1D proporcionan una vía más directa para la recolección de carga, podemos esperar que el transporte de electrones en las nanofibras (NF) sea significativamente más rápido que en las nanopartículas 8 , </sup&gt; 9 . Electrospinning es uno de los métodos más comúnmente utilizados para la fabricación de materiales fibrosos con diámetros sub-micrométricos 10 . Esta técnica implica el uso de alto voltaje para inducir la expulsión de un chorro de solución de polímero a través de una hilera. Debido a la inestabilidad de flexión, este chorro se estira posteriormente muchas veces para formar nanofibras continuas. En los últimos años, esta técnica se ha utilizado ampliamente para fabricar materiales poliméricos e inorgánicos, que se han utilizado para numerosas y diversas aplicaciones, tales como ingeniería de tejidos 11 , catálisis 12 y como materiales de electrodo para baterías de ion de litio 13 y supercondensadores 14 . El uso de TiO2 - NF de electrospun como capa de dispersión en el fotoanodo puede incrementar el rendimiento de los DSSC. Sin embargo, los fotoanodos con nanofibroLas arquitecturas tienden a tener una pobre absorción del color debido a las limitaciones de superficie. Una de las soluciones posibles para superar esto es mezclar NFs y nanopartículas. Se ha demostrado que esto da como resultado capas de dispersión adicionales, mejorando la absorción de la luz y la eficiencia global 15 . El protocolo presentado en este video proporciona un método fácil para sintetizar ultralong TiO 2 nanofibers a través de una combinación de electrospinning y sol-gel técnicas, seguido de un proceso de calcinación. El protocolo ilustra entonces el uso de TiO2 - NFs en combinación con TiO2 nanoparticulado para la fabricación de un fotoanodo de doble capa con capacidad mejorada de dispersión de la luz utilizando técnicas de raspado médico, ası como el subsiguiente ensamblaje de un DSSC usando tal Fotoanodo

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="689">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">titanium(IV) n-butoxide</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:127px;">244112</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyvinylpyrrolidone</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:127px;">437190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">A6283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Ethanol, absolute</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">E/0650DF/17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">20 mL Sample vials</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td>(or larger volume)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">disposable 21G needle</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">P150 grit sandpaper</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">disposable 10mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td>(or larger volume)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">magnetic stirrer + stirring bar</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">PHD 2000 syringe pump</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">71-2002</td>
			<td>(or any other syringe pump capable of outputting a 1mL/hr flow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Aluminium foil</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Stainless steel collector plate</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(custom built)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">High Voltage Power Source</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Gamma High Voltage Research, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ES30P-10W</td>
			<td>(or any other power supply capable of outputting +15 kV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Polycarbonate protective shield</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(custom built)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Ceramic crucible</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Muffle furnace</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Titanium dioxide, nanopowder</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:127px;">718467</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">50 mL 1-neck round bottom flasks</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">bath sonicator</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Terpineol</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Rotary evaporator</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">FTO glass</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Solaronix</td>
			<td>TCO30-10/LI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Adhesive tape</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">razor blade</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">(any)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">SEM</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">JEOL</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">6500F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">XRD</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">PANalytical&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">X&#39;pert Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Titanium Tetrachloride</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:127px;">89545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Ruthenizer&#160; 535-bisTBA</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Solaronix</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">N719</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">sealing film</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Dyesol</td>
			<td>Meltonix 1170-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Pt-coated FTO</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Solaronix</td>
			<td>TCO30-10/LI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:127px;">49637</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Iodine</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:127px;">207772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">benzimidazole</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:127px;">194123</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">3-Methoxypropionitrile</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:127px;">65290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Digital source meter</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Keithley</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:127px;">2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Solar Simulator</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Abet technologies</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:127px;">10500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrospinning of photocatalytic electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Este trabajo demuestra un protocolo para fabricar un fotoanodo basado en fibra para células solares sensibilizadas por colorante, que consiste en una capa de dispersión de luz hecha de nanofibras de dióxido de titanio (TiO2 - NF) electrospun sobre una capa de bloqueo de dióxido de titanio comercialmente disponible Nanopartículas (TiO $ ₂ $ -NPs). Esto se logra por primera electrospinning una solución de butóxido de titanio (IV), polivinilpirrolidona (PVP), y ácido acético glacial en etanol para obtener compuestos nanofibras PVP / TiO 2 . A continuación se calcinan a 500 ◦ C para retirar la PVP y obtener nanofibras de titania en fase anatásica pura. Este material se caracteriza por microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y difracción de rayos X de polvo (XRD). El fotoanodo se prepara creando primero una capa de bloqueo a través de la deposición de una suspensión de TiO $ ₂ $ -NPs / terpineol sobre una lámina de vidrio de óxido de estaño dopado con flúor (FTO) usando técnicas de raspado médico. Un tratamiento térmico posteriorSe realiza a 500 ° C. Entonces, la capa de dispersión de luz se forma depositando una suspensión de TiO2 - NFs / terpineol en la misma diapositiva, usando la misma técnica, y calcinando de nuevo a 500 ° C. El rendimiento del fotoanodo se prueba fabricando una célula solar sensibilizada por colorante y midiendo su eficiencia a través de curvas JV bajo una gama de densidades de luz incidente, de 0,25-1 Sun.

Las nanofibras de TiO 2 se caracterizaron mediante SEM, espectroscopia de fotoelectrones de rayos X (XPS) y XRD. La nanoestructura del fotoanodo se caracterizó utilizando SEM. El rendimiento del DSSC ensamblado se probó usando un simulador solar y una unidad de medida de fuente. La imagen de SEM en la Figura 1A muestra que las nanofibras sintetizadas usando este protocolo tienen una e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

El objetivo general de este proyecto fue el uso de electrospinning para fabricar un fotoanodo con un rendimiento mejorado para las células solares sensibilizadas por colorantes.

Electrospinning de electrodos fotocatalíticos para células solares sensibilizadas por tinte

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

electrospinning-photocatalytic-electrodes-for-dye-sensitized-solar

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.6K vistas.  Victoria University of Wellington.  El objetivo general de este proyecto fue el uso de electrospinning para fabricar un fotoanodo con un rendimiento mejorado para las células solares sensibilizadas por colorantes. 

Video: Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

De silicio policristalino película delgada de células solares con plasmónica mejorada luz que atrapa

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials offering a superior control over the spatial distribution of charge carriers across material interfaces. As this study demonstrates, a combination of donor-acceptor nanocrystal (NC) domains in a single nanoparticle can lead to the realization of efficient photocatalytic1-5 materials, while a layered assembly of donor- and acceptor-like nanocrystals films gives rise to photovoltaic materials.
Initially the paper focuses on the synthesis of composite inorganic nanocrystals, comprising linearly stacked ZnSe, CdS, and Pt domains, which jointly promote photoinduced charge separation. These structures are used in aqueous solutions for the photocatalysis of water under solar radiation, resulting in the production of H2 gas. To enhance the photoinduced separation of charges, a nanorod morphology with a linear gradient originating from an intrinsic electric field is used5. The inter-domain energetics are then optimized to drive photogenerated electrons toward the Pt catalytic site while expelling the holes to the surface of ZnSe domains for sacrificial regeneration (via methanol). Here we show that the only efficient way to produce hydrogen is to use electron-donating ligands to passivate the surface states by tuning the energy level alignment at the semiconductor-ligand interface. Stable and efficient reduction of water is allowed by these ligands due to the fact that they fill vacancies in the valence band of the semiconductor domain, preventing energetic holes from degrading it. Specifically, we show that the energy of the hole is transferred to the ligand moiety, leaving the semiconductor domain functional. This enables us to return the entire nanocrystal-ligand system to a functional state, when the ligands are degraded, by simply adding fresh ligands to the system4.
To promote a photovoltaic charge separation, we use a composite two-layer solid of PbS and TiO2 films. In this configuration, photoinduced electrons are injected into TiO2 and are subsequently picked up by an FTO electrode, while holes are channeled to a Au electrode via PbS layer6. To develop the latter we introduce a Semiconductor Matrix Encapsulated Nanocrystal Arrays (SMENA) strategy, which allows bonding PbS NCs into the surrounding matrix of CdS semiconductor. As a result, fabricated solids exhibit excellent thermal stability, attributed to the heteroepitaxial structure of nanocrystal-matrix interfaces, and show compelling light-harvesting performance in prototype solar cells7.

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

Captación de energía solar por medio de carga de separación nanocristales y sus sólidos

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials ...

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

La integración de un Sistema de Up-conversión trío-triplete Aniquilación para Mejorar sensibilizado-Dye respuesta de células solares a la luz Sub-gap

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

Método ambiente para la producción de un cátodo común iónicamente cerrada nanotubos de carbono en las células solares en tándem Orgánica

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent thermal evaporation, and it absorbs visible light strongly. However, for a long time the record power conversion efficiency of SnS solar cells remained below 2%. Recently we demonstrated new certified record efficiencies of 4.36% using SnS deposited by atomic layer deposition, and 3.88% using thermal evaporation. Here the fabrication procedure for these record solar cells is described, and the statistical distribution of the fabrication process is reported. The standard deviation of efficiency measured on a single substrate is typically over 0.5%. All steps including substrate selection and cleaning, Mo sputtering for the rear contact (cathode), SnS deposition, annealing, surface passivation, Zn(O,S) buffer layer selection and deposition, transparent conductor (anode) deposition, and metallization are described. On each substrate we fabricate 11 individual devices, each with active area 0.25 cm2. Further, a system for high throughput measurements of current-voltage curves under simulated solar light, and external quantum efficiency measurement with variable light bias is described. With this system we are able to measure full data sets on all 11 devices in an automated manner and in minimal time. These results illustrate the value of studying large sample sets, rather than focusing narrowly on the highest performing devices. Large data sets help us to distinguish and remedy individual loss mechanisms affecting our devices.

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication procedure of the SnS solar cells employing atomic layer deposition, which yields 4.36% certified power conversion efficiency, and thermal evaporation which yields 3.88%.

Haciendo eficiencia Registro SnS Células solares por evaporación térmica y la deposición de capas atómicas

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

Integración de luz de captura de plata de nanoestructuras en células solares de silicio hidrogenado microcristalina por transferencia Impresión

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

La fabricación de la impresión a granel heterounión células solares y<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Morfología Caracterización

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

Impresión digital de dióxido de titanio para células solares sensibilizadas Tinte

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical properties. The possibility of doping was investigated by adding monovalent cation halides with similar ionic radii to Pb2+, including Cu+, Na+, and Ag+. A shift in the Fermi level and a remarkable decrease of sub-bandgap optical absorption, along with a lower energetic disorder in the perovskite, was achieved. An order-of-magnitude enhancement in the bulk hole mobility and a significant reduction of transport activation energy within an additive-based perovskite device was attained. The confluence of the aforementioned improved properties in the presence of these cations led to an enhancement in the photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cell. An increase of 70 mV in open circuit voltage for AgI and a 2 mA/cm2 improvement in photocurrent density for NaI- and CuBr-based solar cells were achieved compared to the pristine device. Our work paves the way for further improvements in the optoelectronic quality of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and subsequent devices. It highlights a new avenue for investigations on the role of dopant impurities in crystallization and controls the electronic defect density in perovskite structures.

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we present a protocol to adjust the properties of solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3 through the incorporation of monovalent cation additives in order to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

Dopaje de cationes monovalentes de CH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; PBI<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; Para células solares eficientes perovskita

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

In Situ Monitoreo de la degradación de rendimiento acelerado de células solares y módulos: un estudio de caso para celdas solares de Cu (In, Ga) Se2

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Electrospinning de electrodos fotocatalíticos para células solares sensibilizadas por tinte

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