この作品は、ウェイクフォレスト化学部門とエネルギー、環境、および持続可能性（CEES）のためのウェイクフォレストセンターによってサポートされていました。私たちは、チャールズ・ムーニーとSEM画像と支援のためのノースカロライナ州立大学の分析機器施設に感謝します。

1.準備キセロゲルペレット<ol><li>ジェル合成<ol><li> 500mLビーカーに25ミリメートルの磁気撹拌棒及び脱イオン水113ミリリットルを追加します。磁気渦を形成しない最高の速度で脱イオン水をかき混ぜます。 </li><li>ゆっくり少しずつの脱イオン水に無水塩化ジルコニウムの13.05グラム（0.056モル）を加えます。無水塩化ジルコニウムの全てが溶解した後、溶液にグルコースの53.29グラム（0.296モル）を加えます。 </li><li>グルコースの全てが溶液中に溶解した後、溶液に硝酸イットリウム六水和物の3.73グラム（0.01モル）を加えます。 〜700rpmで磁気攪拌速度を増加させ、その溶液中に溶解させるために硝酸イットリウム六水和物のすべてをお待ちしております。 </li><li>溶液にプロピレンオキシドの42ミリリットルを加えます。プロピレンオキシドは、水溶液と混合するため〜700rpmで撹拌し続けます。プロピレンオキサイド水溶液（〜10秒）と混合された後、磁気撹拌Tを減少させますO〜150rpmで。 </li><li>磁気撹拌棒は、ゲルの形成による移動を停止するまで撹拌し続けます。ゲルは、典型的には3分以内に形成します。 メモ：脱イオン水に無水塩化ジルコニウムを追加すると、非常に発熱反応であり、それはあまりにも急速に添加した場合、無水塩化ジルコニウムプルームう。 セクション1.1で提供製剤。全金属（ジルコニウム+イットリウム）4.5のモル比のグルコースに相当する：1。 1、2.25：1、および4.5：代表的な結果セクションは0の全金属のモル比へのグルコースのデータを含む1。製剤中のグルコースの量だけ溶液中のグルコースの溶解性によって制限されます。参考のために、20℃の水におけるグルコースの最大溶解度は47.8重量％です。 15 </li></ol></li><li>高齢化とゲルの洗浄<ol><li>しっかりパラフィルムとゲルを含むビーカーを覆い、室温で覆われたビーカーを残すことによって24時間、年齢、それをしましょう。 </li><li>ビーカーからカバーを外し、ゲルの上に液体をデカント。 </li><li>しっかりパラフィルム付きビーカーを覆い、ゲルを含有するビーカーに無水エタノール300 mLを加え、24時間室温で覆われたビーカーを残します。 </li><li> 72時間の全期間にわたって3つのエタノール洗浄液の合計を繰り返しステップ1.2.3さらに2回。 </li></ol></li><li>キセロゲルにゲルを乾燥<ol><li>ビーカーからゲルを除去し、実験室用スパチュラを用いて（上部外径24センチメートル）2Lの磁製蒸発皿に置きます。 </li><li>スパチュラで約1cm X 1cmの断片にゲルを破壊し、蒸発皿の表面上の部分を広げます。 </li><li>ゲル片は、1週間またはゲルが乾燥するまで周囲条件下で乾燥させます。それは微粉末に粉砕することができるときにゲルを乾燥考えられます。 </li><li>乳鉢と乳棒で微粉末にキセロゲルのすべてを挽きます。 注：ゲルが乾燥していると、それはありますそれは周囲条件下で乾燥させたので、キセロゲルを検討しました。 </li></ol></li><li>ペレットにキセロゲルを押します<ol><li> 13ミリメートルの直径を有する円筒形ペレットプレスのダイにキセロゲル粉末1gを置き。 </li><li>油圧プレスを用いて、ペレットにキセロゲルゲルを押して90秒間力の22キロニュートンを適用します。 </li><li>ゆっくりプレスによって加えられた力を解放します。ゆっくりペレットダイのうちのペレットを取り出した後、慎重にペレットを削除します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.不活性雰囲気中でキセロゲルペレットを焼結<ol><li>アルミナ又はイットリア安定化ジルコニア板上にキセロゲルペレットを配置し、管状炉の中央にプレートをロードします。 </li><li>三分の一分当たりの作業管の体積の割合でアルゴンを流します。これは、750ミリリットルのアルゴン流量に相当・分-1本研究で用い作業管用。ヒュームフードにガス出口ベント。 </li><li>少なくとも15分間Bのアルゴンの流れチューブ炉を加熱するために始めEFORE。 </li><li>連続的に一定速度でアルゴンを流しながら、プログラムに従って加熱スケジュールにチューブ炉温度制御： <ol><li>室温で15分間保持します。 </li><li> 5℃のランプ速度で850℃まで加熱・分-1。 </li><li> 2℃のランプ速度で所望の焼結温度まで加熱・分-1。 </li><li> 2時間のための所望の焼結温度で保持します。 </li><li> 2°Cのランプ速度で850°C・分-1にクール。 </li><li> 5℃・分-1のランプ速度で室温まで冷却。 </li></ol></li><li>管状炉は、セクション2.3で提供スケジュールに従って加熱されていることをプログラムし、ダブルチェックを開始します。 </li><li>加熱プログラムが完了した後、チューブ炉からペレットを削除します。 </li></ol> 3.カーボンテンプレートの濃度を測定します<ol><li>外〜50mgのピースをカットユーティリティナイフで焼結キセロゲルペレットと瑪瑙乳鉢と乳棒で微粉末にそれを挽きます。 </li><li>熱重量分析のためにアルミナ試料カップに微粉末の代わり〜50ミリグラム。 </li><li>熱重量分析（TGA）を用いて、10℃の速度で試料を加熱・分-1周囲温度から100ミリリットルの速度で試料上に空気を流しながら1200℃まで・分-1。 </li><li> 〜350℃、〜700°Cの間で発生する重量のパーセント変化を計算します。この重量％は、試料中の全炭素含有量に相当します。 注：重量増加は、700°Cの範囲に350°Cで発生した場合、炭化物相が形成されており、炭素含有量の計算はより複雑です。このような場合のために、文献に記載された計算を参照してください。 14個の炭素元素分析は、炭素含有量は、TGA測定から計算することができることを確認するために使用されてきました。 </li></ol>カーボンテンプレートの除去による高表面積YSZ足場を準備4 <ol><li>アルミナ坩堝中の焼結キセロゲルペレットを置きます。 </li><li> 2時間700℃で箱形炉内に坩堝を置き。 </li><li>慎重にステンレス鋼のるつぼトングでボックス炉から熱いるつぼを削除し、それが多孔質、白YSZ足場を取り外す前に、1時間室温まで冷却することができます。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Badwal, S. P. S., Giddey, S. S., Munnings, C., Bhatt, A. I., Hollenkamp, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+electrochemical+energy+conversion+and+storage+technologies.">Emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies.</a> Front. Chem. 2 (79), 1-28 (2014).</li><li>Gross, M. D., Vohs, J. M., Gorte, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+examination+of+SOFC+anode+functional+layers+based+on+ceria+in+YSZ.">An examination of SOFC anode functional layers based on ceria in YSZ.</a> J. Electrochem. Soc. 154 (7), B694-B699 (2007).</li><li>Smith, B. H., Gross, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+highly+conductive+oxide+anode+for+solid+oxide+fuel+cells.">A highly conductive oxide anode for solid oxide fuel cells.</a> Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 14 (1), B1-B5 (2011).</li><li>Vo, N. M., Gross, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+vanadium+deficiency+on+the+stability+of+Pd+and+Pt+catalysts+in+lanthanum+strontium+vanadate+solid+oxide+fuel+cell+anodes.">The effect of vanadium deficiency on the stability of Pd and Pt catalysts in lanthanum strontium vanadate solid oxide fuel cell anodes.</a> J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 (5), B641-B646 (2012).</li><li>Sholklapper, T. Z., Jacobson, C. P., Visco, S. J., De Jonghe, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+dispersed+and+contiguous+nanoparticles+in+solid+oxide+fuel+cell+electrodes.">Synthesis of dispersed and contiguous nanoparticles in solid oxide fuel cell electrodes.</a> Fuel Cells. 8 (5), 303-312 (2008).</li><li>Jiang, Z., Xia, C., Chen, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano-structured+composite+cathodes+for+intermediate-temperature+solid+oxide+fuel+cells+via+an+infiltration/impregnation+technique.">Nano-structured composite cathodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells via an infiltration/impregnation technique.</a> Electrochim. Acta. 55 (11), 3595-3605 (2010).</li><li>Zhan, Z., Bierschenk, D. M., Cronin, J. S., Barnett, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reduced+temperature+solid+oxide+fuel+cell+with+nanostructured+anodes.">A reduced temperature solid oxide fuel cell with nanostructured anodes.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 3951-3954 (2011).</li><li>Gross, M. D., Vohs, J. M., Gorte, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+progress+in+SOFC+anodes+for+direct+utilization+of+hydrocarbons.">Recent progress in SOFC anodes for direct utilization of hydrocarbons.</a> J. Mater. Chem. 17, 3071-3077 (2007).</li><li>Gross, M. D., Carver, K. M., Deighan, M. A., Schenkel, A., Smith, B. M., Yee, A. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox+stability+of+SrNbxTi1-xO3-YSZ+for+use+in+SOFC+anodes.">Redox stability of SrNbxTi1-xO3-YSZ for use in SOFC anodes.</a> J. Electrochem. Soc. 156 (4), B540-B545 (2009).</li><li>Savaniu, C. D., Irvine, J. T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=La-doped+SrTiO3+as+anode+material+for+IT-SOFC.">La-doped SrTiO3 as anode material for IT-SOFC.</a> Solid State Ionics. 192 (1), 491-493 (2011).</li><li>Choi, S., Shin, J., Kim, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electrochemical+and+thermodynamic+characterization+of+PrBaCo2-xFexO5+&#948;+(x=0,0.5,1)+infiltrated+into+yttria-stabilized+zirconia+scaffold+as+cathodes+for+solid+oxide+fuel+cells.">The electrochemical and thermodynamic characterization of PrBaCo2-xFexO5+&#948; (x=0,0.5,1) infiltrated into yttria-stabilized zirconia scaffold as cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells.</a> J. Power Sources. 201, 10-17 (2012).</li><li>Kungas, R., Kim, J. S., Vohs, J. M., Gorte, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restructuring+porous+YSZ+by+treatment+in+hydrofluoric+acid+for+use+in+SOFC+cathodes.">Restructuring porous YSZ by treatment in hydrofluoric acid for use in SOFC cathodes.</a> J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94 (7), 2220-2224 (2011).</li><li>Jung, W., Dereux, J. O., Chueh, W. C., Hao, Y., Haile, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+electrode+activity+of+nanostructured,+columnar+ceria+films+for+solid+oxide+fuel+cells.">High electrode activity of nanostructured, columnar ceria films for solid oxide fuel cells.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 8682-8689 (2012).</li><li>Cottam, M., Muhoza, S., Gross, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preserving+nanomorphology+in+YSZ+scaffolds+at+high+temperatures+via+in+situ+carbon+templating+of+hybrid+materials.">Preserving nanomorphology in YSZ scaffolds at high temperatures via in situ carbon templating of hybrid materials.</a> J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 99 (8), 2625-2631 (2016).</li><li>Alves, L. A., Silva, J. B. A., Giulietti, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solubility+of+D-Glucose+in+Water+and+Ethanol/Water+Mixtures.">Solubility of D-Glucose in Water and Ethanol/Water Mixtures.</a> J. Chem. Eng. Data. 52, 2166-2170 (2007).</li><li>Thommes, M., Smarsly, B., Groenewolt, M., Ravikovitch, P. I., Neimark, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorption+hysteresis+of+nitrogen+and+argon+in+pore+networks+and+characterization+of+novel+micro-+and+mesoporous+silicas.">Adsorption hysteresis of nitrogen and argon in pore networks and characterization of novel micro- and mesoporous silicas.</a> Langmuir. 22, 756-764 (2006).</li><li>Chervin, C. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-alkoxide+sol-gel+method+for+the+preparation+of+homogeneous+nanocrystalline+powders+of+La0.85Sr0.15MnO3.">A non-alkoxide sol-gel method for the preparation of homogeneous nanocrystalline powders of La0.85Sr0.15MnO3.</a> Chem. Mater. 18, 1928-1937 (2006).</li><li>Clapsaddle, B. J., Sprehn, D. W., Gash, A. E., Satcher, J. H., Simpson, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+versatile+sol-gel+synthesis+route+to+metal-silicon+mixed+oxide+nanocomposites+that+contain+metal+oxides+as+a+major+phase.">A versatile sol-gel synthesis route to metal-silicon mixed oxide nanocomposites that contain metal oxides as a major phase.</a> J. Non-Crystalline Solids. 350, 173-181 (2004).</li><li>Gash, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+epoxides+in+the+sol-gel+synthesis+of+porous+iron+(III)+oxide+monoliths+from+Fe(III)+salts.">Use of epoxides in the sol-gel synthesis of porous iron (III) oxide monoliths from Fe(III) salts.</a> Chem. Mater. 13, 999-1007 (2001).</li></ol>

我々は、開示することは何もありません。

インサイチュ炭素テンプレートアプローチでこれにより、一つは従来のセラミック足場焼結温度で、混合金属酸化物でnanomorphologyを作成して保存することができます。得られた表面領域は、最大80倍、従来の焼結足場よりも高く、最大4倍の複雑な蒸着技術によって製造足場よりも高いです。 14プロピレンオキシドグルコースゲルシステムは、1つの系統的に10体?...

固体酸化物燃料電池（SOFC）は、クリーンな電力の効率的な生成のための代替エネルギー変換技術として非常に有望です。 1つのかなりの進歩は、この技術の研究開発に行われています。しかし、電極性能の向上が、まだ信頼性の高い実用化を達成するために必要とされています。電極は、多くの場合、足場表面上に装飾された電気触媒粒子を有する多孔質セラミック足場を含みます。研究の大きな体は、パフォーマンス、2、3、4、5、6、7、8を増大させるために電気触媒粒子の表面積を増加させることに集中してきたが、足場の表面積を増大させるにはほとんど研究があります。足場の表面を増やしますそれらは、高温で焼結されているので、面積は1100°Cで1500°Cに、困難です。 伝統的な焼結処理の足場は、典型的には0.1〜1メートル2・G -1の比表面積を有します。 8、9、10、11足場の表面積を増大させるには、いくつかの報告があります。あるケースでは、伝統的に、焼結足場の表面積は2 m 2で・G -1の比表面積を達成する、フッ酸を用いて溶解し、足場の表面の析出によって強化されました。別に図12に示すように 、高い温度が20メートル2・G -1の比表面積を達成する、パルスレーザー堆積法を使用することによって完全に回避されました。 13私たちの技術の発展の理論的根拠は、低コストの製造を作成することでした前例のない足場表面積を提供し、プロセスを容易に採用することができるように、伝統的な焼結温度を使用するプロセス。ここで報告された技術では、足場の表面領域80メートル2まで・G -1と伝統的な焼結温度で処理しながら実証されています。 14 我々の研究は、主にSOFC電極エンジニアリングによって動機付けられているが、この技術は、より広く適用他の分野やアプリケーションにあります。一般に、in situで炭素テンプレート方法は、ナノ構造、粉末または多孔性足場状の高表面積混合金属セラミック材料を製造することができる柔軟なアプローチです。これは、混合金属、セラミック組成物は、表面積、多孔度、および孔サイズは全て系統的に調整することができるという点で柔軟です。高温は、多くの場合、混合金属セラミックにおける所望の相を形成するのに必要な、このアプローチは、Wセラミックnanomorphologyを保持しています1は、本質的に任意の処理温度を選択することができhile。 この方法は、十分に金属イオンと有機含有無機の比の化学量論を定義すると、ハイブリッド無機 - 有機プロピレンオキサイド系ゲルの合成を含みます。ゲルをキセロゲルを形成するために、周囲条件下で乾燥させます。キセロゲルを所望の温度でアルゴン雰囲気中で焼結されます。加熱すると、有機成分は、焼結の期間ままその場で炭素テンプレートを残す分解する。カーボンテンプレートは、その後、ナノ構造、高表面積セラミック、その結果、空気中の低温酸化によって除去されます。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Zirconium (IV) chloride, 99.5+%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>12104</td>
			<td>Air sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yttium (III) nitrate hexadydrate, 99.9%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>12898</td>
			<td>Oxidizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D+ Glucose Anhydrous, &#8805; 99.5%</td>
			<td>US Biological Life Sciences</td>
			<td>G3050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(&#177;)-Propylene Oxide, &#8805; 99%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>110205</td>
			<td>Extremely flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 200 Proof</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>2716GEA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Argon, (99.997%)</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>AR 300</td>
			<td>Industrial grade</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high temperature fabrication of nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (ysz) scaffolds by in situ carbon templating xerogels

調整可能な比表面積を有する足場最大80 m 2で・G -1 -私たちは（92モル％ジルコニアYSZ、8モル％のイットリア）多孔質、ナノ構造イットリア安定化ジルコニアの高温製造のための方法を実証します。ジルコニウム塩、イットリウム塩、およびグルコースの水溶液はゲルを形成するために、プロピレンオキシド（PO）と混合されます。ゲルをキセロゲルを形成するために、周囲条件下で乾燥させます。キセロゲルはペレットに圧縮した後、アルゴン雰囲気中で焼結されます。焼結中、YSZセラミック相が形成と有機成分は、非晶質炭素を残し、分解する。 その場で形成された炭素は、焼結温度で高表面積YSZのnanomorphologyを維持し、ハード鋳型として働きます。炭素は、その後、多孔質、ナノ構造YSZ足場、その結果、低い温度の空気中での酸化によって除去されます。炭素テンプレートの濃度と最終的なスカフォールド表面積が系統的であることができますLYゲル合成中のグルコース濃度を変えることによって調整。カーボン鋳型濃度は、表面積および細孔サイズ分布は、物理吸着測定により測定した熱重量分析（TGA）を用いて定量し、および形態は、走査型電子顕微鏡（SEM）を用いて特徴付けました。相純度及び結晶子サイズは、X線回折（XRD）を用いて決定しました。この製造手法は、新規な、セラミックベースの電気化学エネルギー変換用途のために前例のない足場の表面領域とnanomorphologiesを実現するための柔軟なプラットフォーム、 例えば固体酸化物燃料電池（SOFC）の電極を提供します。

以前にCottam らによって報告されているように相純度は、X線回折（XRD）により確認しました。カーボン鋳型濃度の関数として14 YSZ足場比表面積は、 図1に示されています。濃度は、焼結キセロゲルペレット中の全固形分の体積パーセントとして示されています。カーボン鋳型濃度を系統的ゲル製剤中のグルコース濃度の増加?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels at JoVE.com

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

1000℃及び1400℃の間の温度で多孔質、ナノ構造イットリア安定化ジルコニア（YSZ）足場を製造するためのプロトコルが提供されます。

によってナノ構造イットリア安定化ジルコニア（YSZ）足場の高温製作<em&gt;その場での</em&gt;カーボンテンプレート化キセロゲル

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) ...

high-temperature-fabrication-nanostructured-yttria-stabilized

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia (YSZ) Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

10.5K ビュー.  Wake Forest University.  1000℃及び1400℃の間の温度で多孔質、ナノ構造イットリア安定化ジルコニア（YSZ）足場を製造するためのプロトコルが提供されます。 

ビデオ: High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip devices, and their applications. In particular, capabilities for cost-effective fabrication of polymer microstructures were transformed by the advent of soft lithography and other micromolding techniques 1, 2, and this led a revolution in applications of microfabrication to biomedical engineering and biology. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate microstructures with well-defined nanoscale surface textures, and to fabricate arbitrary 3D shapes at the micro-scale. Robustness of master molds and maintenance of shape integrity is especially important to achieve high fidelity replication of complex structures and preserving their nanoscale surface texture. The combination of hierarchical textures, and heterogeneous shapes, is a profound challenge to existing microfabrication methods that largely rely upon top-down etching using fixed mask templates. On the other hand, the bottom-up synthesis of nanostructures such as nanotubes and nanowires can offer new capabilities to microfabrication, in particular by taking advantage of the collective self-organization of nanostructures, and local control of their growth behavior with respect to microfabricated patterns. 
Our goal is to introduce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which we refer to as CNT "forests", as a new microfabrication material. We present details of a suite of related methods recently developed by our group: fabrication of CNT forest microstructures by thermal CVD from lithographically patterned catalyst thin films; self-directed elastocapillary densification of CNT microstructures; and replica molding of polymer microstructures using CNT composite master molds. In particular, our work shows that self-directed capillary densification ("capillary forming"), which is performed by condensation of a solvent onto the substrate with CNT microstructures, significantly increases the packing density of CNTs. This process enables directed transformation of vertical CNT microstructures into straight, inclined, and twisted shapes, which have robust mechanical properties exceeding those of typical microfabrication polymers. This in turn enables formation of nanocomposite CNT master molds by capillary-driven infiltration of polymers. The replica structures exhibit the anisotropic nanoscale texture of the aligned CNTs, and can have walls with sub-micron thickness and aspect ratios exceeding 50:1. Integration of CNT microstructures in fabrication offers further opportunity to exploit the electrical and thermal properties of CNTs, and diverse capabilities for chemical and biochemical functionalization 3.

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

製造、ち密化、および3Dカーボンナノチューブの微細構造のレプリカ成形

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip ...

工学

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high-energy collisions from the balls. Among other applications, it is a versatile technique that allows for effective preparation of gasless reactive nanostructured materials with high energy density per volume (Ni+Al, Ta+C, Ti+C). The structural transformations of reactive media, which take place during HEBM, define the reaction mechanism in the produced energetic&#160;composites. Varying the processing conditions permits fine tuning of the milling-induced microstructures of the fabricated composite particles. In turn, the reactivity, i.e., self-ignition temperature, ignition delay time, as well as reaction kinetics, of high energy density materials depends on its microstructure. Analysis of the milling-induced microstructures suggests that the formation of fresh oxygen-free intimate high surface area contacts between the reagents is responsible for the enhancement of their reactivity. This manifests itself in a reduction of ignition temperature and delay time, an increased rate of chemical reaction, and an overall decrease of the effective activation energy of the reaction. The protocol provides a detailed description for the preparation of reactive nanocomposites with tailored microstructure using short-term HEBM method. It also describes a high-speed thermal imaging technique to determine the ignition/combustion characteristics of the energetic materials. The protocol can be adapted to preparation and characterization of a variety of nanostructured energetic composites.

This protocol describes the preparation of gasless nanostructured energetic materials (Ni+Al, Ta+C, Ti+C) using the short-term high-energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. It also describes a high-speed thermal imaging method to study the reactivity of mechanically fabricated nanocomposites. These protocols can be extended to other reactive nanostructured energetic materials.

Gaslessナノエネルギー物質の調製と反応性

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high-energy collisions from the ...

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology

We demonstrate a method for the low temperature growth (350 &#176;C) of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) bundles on electrically conductive thin-films. Due to the low growth temperature, the process allows integration with modern low-&#954; dielectrics and some flexible substrates. The process is compatible with standard semiconductor fabrication, and a method for the fabrication of electrical 4-point probe test structures for vertical interconnect test structures is presented. Using scanning electron microscopy the morphology of the CNT bundles is investigated, which demonstrates vertical alignment of the CNT and can be used to tune the CNT growth time. With Raman spectroscopy the crystallinity of the CNT is investigated. It was found that the CNT have many defects, due to the low growth temperature. The electrical current-voltage measurements of the test vertical interconnects displays a linear response, indicating good ohmic contact was achieved between the CNT bundle and the top and bottom metal electrodes. The obtained resistivities of the CNT bundle are among the average values in the literature, while a record-low CNT growth temperature was used.

A method for the growth of low temperature vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes, and the subsequent fabrication of vertical interconnect electrical test structures using semiconductor fabrication is presented.

半導体技術との互換性低温カーボンナノチューブ垂直相互接続の作製

We demonstrate a method for the low temperature growth (350 &#176;C) of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) bundles on electrically conductive ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

バルクヘテロ接合太陽電池の印刷作製と<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;形態キャラクタリゼーション

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication of 3D Carbon Microelectromechanical Systems (C-MEMS)

A wide range of carbon sources are available in nature, with a variety of micro-/nanostructure configurations. Here, a novel technique to fabricate long and hollow glassy carbon microfibers derived from human hairs is introduced. The long and hollow carbon structures were made by the pyrolysis of human hair at 900 &#176;C in a N2 atmosphere. The morphology and chemical composition of natural and pyrolyzed human hairs were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively, to estimate the physical and chemical changes due to pyrolysis. Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the glassy nature of the carbon microstructures. Pyrolyzed hair carbon was introduced to modify screen-printed carbon electrodes ; the modified electrodes were then applied to the electrochemical sensing of dopamine and ascorbic acid. Sensing performance of the modified sensors was improved as compared to the unmodified sensors. To obtain the desired carbon structure design, carbon micro-/nanoelectromechanical system (C-MEMS/C-NEMS) technology was developed. The most common C-MEMS/C-NEMS fabrication process consists of two steps: (i) the patterning of a carbon-rich base material, such as a photosensitive polymer, using photolithography; and (ii) carbonization through the pyrolysis of the patterned polymer in an oxygen-free environment. The C-MEMS/NEMS process has been widely used to develop microelectronic devices for various applications, including in micro-batteries, supercapacitors, glucose sensors, gas sensors, fuel cells, and triboelectric nanogenerators. Here, recent developments of a high-aspect ratio solid and hollow carbon microstructures with SU8 photoresists are discussed. The structural shrinkage during pyrolysis was investigated using confocal microscopy and SEM. Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the crystallinity of the structure, and the atomic percentage of the elements present in the material before and after pyrolysis was measured using EDX.

Fabrication of 3D Carbon Microelectromechanical Systems C-MEMS

Long and hollow glassy carbon microfibers were fabricated based on the pyrolysis of a natural product, human hair. The two fabrication steps of carbon microelectromechanical and carbon nanoelectromechanical systems, or C-MEMS and C-NEMS, are: (i) photolithography of a carbon-rich polymer precursor and (ii) pyrolysis of the patterned polymer precursor.

3Dカーボンマイクロエレクトロメカニカルシステム（C-MEMS）の製作

A wide range of carbon sources are available in nature, with a variety of micro-/nanostructure configurations. Here, a novel technique to fabricate long ...

Measurements of Soil Carbon by Neutron-Gamma Analysis in Static and Scanning Modes

The herein described application of the inelastic neutron scattering (INS) method for soil carbon analysis is based on the registration and analysis of gamma rays created when neutrons interact with soil elements. The main parts of the INS system are a pulsed neutron generator, NaI(Tl) gamma detectors, split electronics to separate gamma spectra due to INS and thermo-neutron capture (TNC) processes, and software for gamma spectra acquisition and data processing. This method has several advantages over other methods in that it is a non-destructive in situ method that measures the average carbon content in large soil volumes, is negligibly impacted by local sharp changes in soil carbon, and can be used in stationary or scanning modes. The result of the INS method is the carbon content from a site with a footprint of ~2.5 - 3 m2 in the stationary regime, or the average carbon content of the traversed area in the scanning regime. The measurement range of the current INS system is &#62;1.5 carbon weight % (standard deviation &#177; 0.3 w%) in the upper 10 cm soil layer for a 1 hmeasurement.

Here, we present the protocol for in situ measurement of soil carbon using the neutron-gamma technique for single point measurements (static mode) or field averages (scanning mode). We also describe system construction and elaborate data treatment procedures.

静的スキャン モードで中性子ガンマ解析による土壌炭素の測定

The herein described application of the inelastic neutron scattering (INS) method for soil carbon analysis is based on the registration and analysis of ...

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic glasses (MGs). Despite their amorphous nature, the identification of hyperfine interactions unveils faint structural modifications. For this purpose, we have employed two techniques that utilize nuclear resonance among nuclear levels of a stable 57Fe isotope, namely M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering (NFS) of synchrotron radiation. The effects of heat treatment upon (Fe2.85Co1)77Mo8Cu1B14 MG are discussed using the results of ex situ and in situ experiments, respectively. As both methods are sensitive to hyperfine interactions, information on structural arrangement as well as on magnetic microstructure is readily available. M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry performed ex situ describes how the structural arrangement and magnetic microstructure appears at room temperature after the annealing under certain conditions (temperature, time), and thus this technique inspects steady states. On the other hand, NFS data are recorded in situ during dynamically changing temperature and NFS examines transient states. The use of both techniques provides complementary information. In general, they can be applied to any suitable system in which it is important to know its steady state but also transient states.

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Here, we present a protocol to describe ex situ and in situ investigations of structural transformations in metallic glasses. We employed nuclear-based analytical methods which inspect hyperfine interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation during temperature-driven experiments.

Ex その場その場で調査構造変換の方法: 金属ガラスの結晶化の事例

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic ...

Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7&#8722;&#948;/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 (STO) Single-crystal Substrates

Here, we demonstrate a method of coating ferromagnetic La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) nanoparticles on (001) SrTiO3 (STO) single-crystal substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. LSMO nanoparticles were deposited with diameters from 10 to 20 nm and heights between 20 and 50 nm. At the same time, (Gd) Ba2Cu3O7&#8722;&#948; ((Gd) BCO) films were fabricated on both undecorated and LSMO nanoparticle decorated STO substrates using RF magnetron sputtering. This report also describes the properties of GdBa2Cu3O7&#8722;&#948;/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 quasi-bilayer films structures (e.g., crystalline phase, morphology, chemical composition); magnetization, magneto-transport, and superconducting transport properties were also evaluated.

Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬Â 'ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½ Â´/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 STO Single-crystal Substrates

Here, we present a protocol to grow LSMO nanoparticles and (Gd) BCO films on (001) SrTiO3 (STO) single-crystal substrates by radio frequency (RF)-sputtering.

高周波マグネトロンスパッタ リングによる GdBa2Cu3O7−δ/チタン酸ストロンチウム3 (STO) 単結晶基板上 La0.67Sr0.33MnO3準二層フィルム

Here, we demonstrate a method of coating ferromagnetic La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) nanoparticles on (001) SrTiO3 (STO) single-crystal substrates by radio ...

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, three substrates (acrylate, ceramics, and copper) are prepared. To determine the resulting material properties of these substrates, profilometer, contact angle, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and focused ion beam (FIB) measurements are done. The achievable printing resolution and suitable drop volume for each substrate are, then, found through the drop size tests. Then, layers of insulating and conductive ink are inkjet printed alternately to fabricate the target sensor structures. After each printing step, the respective layers are individually treated by photonic curing. The parameters used for the curing of each layer are adapted depending on the printed ink, as well as on the surface properties of the respective substrate. To confirm the resulting conductivity and to determine the quality of the printed surface, four-point probe and profilometer measurements are done. Finally, a measurement set-up and results achieved by such an all-printed sensor system are shown to demonstrate the achievable quality.

Here we present a protocol for the fabrication of inkjet-printed multilayer sensor structures on additively manufactured substrates and foil.

ハイブリッド スマート センサーの作製のための印刷

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, ...