著者の謝辞があります。

実験動物を含む動物のプロトコルは健康国立研究所 (NIH) によって確立されたガイドラインに従い、動物のケアと使用首都医科大学委員会によって承認されました。
科学を導入し、レーザー以下ドプラ装置による脊髄の BF を測定の手順は、発行された研究1で使用されました。
1. 手術の準備
<ol><li>生理食塩水でペントバルビ タール ナトリウム ソリューション 3% (w/v) を準備し、35 mg/kg の投与量で管理します。 注意: ペントバルビ タール ナトリウムは管理された物質です。詳細な記録を保持する必要があります、ソリューションは安全なロックされた場所に保存されます。</li>
	<li>装置を殺菌し、切開部を準備します。<ol>
<li>次の手順と手術装置きれい: クリーニング、30 分のための 121 ° c のオートクレーブは、一晩 60 ° C のオーブンで乾燥し、75% エタノール。75% アルコールで切開部を消毒します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. ラットの手術のための準備
<ol><li>ペントバルビ タール ナトリウム 35 mg/kg の腹腔内注入ラットを麻酔します。全体の手順は、30-40 分の手術、BF 測定、縫合糸などを取る必要があります。</li>
	<li>首に腰からラット背側部を剃る。髪の毛は、できるだけ短くカットする必要があります。一定の体温を維持するためにパッドを加熱 40 ° C にラットを配置します。</li>
</ol>3. 椎弓切除術および脊髄に脳震盪
注: 偽のグループに対してのみ、椎弓切除術を実行、3.1 から 3.6 の手順に従います。
<ol><li>動物の背側を配置します。75% アルコール滅菌綿球を使用して続いてヨウ素と剃毛の一部を殺菌します。メスで皮膚切開 (4 cm) をカバー T7、t11 胸椎椎弓切除術サイトに譲る。</li>
	<li>ラミナ、棘突起、椎間関節を公開する T10 に両側 T8 から接続されている筋肉をカットします。</li>
	<li>メスを使用して、T10、T11 間の接合部を切断の切開を行います。さらに骨をさらしたに筋層を切り裂くと、慎重にによる接合を公開します。</li>
	<li>板から、小さなはさみで茎の周りの筋肉をさらにクリアにはさみを使用します。これは T10 で脊椎と T11 の間の小さなスペースを開きます (図 1 a)。ゆっくりと繊細なこのギャップに 1 つ止血鉗子を挿入し、椎弓根 (図 1 b) を破る。鉗子の曲率は、常にコードから離れて、横方向、配置されることを確認します。反対側に繰り返します。</li>
	<li>脊髄 (図 1) を公開し慎重に持ち上げ、板を断ちます。任意の無料やギザギザの骨片を残ししないようにします。</li>
	<li>さらに T9 と T8 のラミナを削除する手順を繰り返します。</li>
	<li>インパクター装置テーブルに動物を移動、T7、T11 の棘突起に動物の背骨を安定させるためにテーブルにアタッチ アドソン鑷子のペアを使用し、(図 1) の背骨をまっすぐに鉗子を調整します。</li>
	<li>インパクターの下で動物を入れて露出脊髄の中心にストライキ ロッドを目指して、脊髄の表面の 3-5 mm 以内にロッドを下げます。</li>
	<li>衝撃力などの影響を与えるパラメーターを設定 (160 KD) と滞留時間 (1 秒)<ol>
<li>SCI を誘発するソフトウェア インターフェイスで「実験を開始」ボタンをクリックしてして自動的影響を開始する次のインタ フェースで「はい」をクリックします。影響の後ソフトウェアが設定されているパラメーターの横にある影響の実際のデータを表示、設定点 (図 1E) のすぐ近くだったことを確認するデータを確認してください。 注: 実験の成功のための典型的な記号は影響の後不随意テール スイングを手足の動きの短い期間をだった。刺激尾肢反射をチェックすることができるも。しかし、通奏低音、ビーティー、ブレスナハン (BBB) の運動スケール22,23など歩行の評価は引き起こされた損傷の効果を判断する必要。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. レーザー ドップラー スキャン
<ol><li>本研究で使用されるレーザーのドップラー スキャナーの詳細については、材料の表を参照してください。公開されている脊髄をスキャンするには、非反射、黒い背景の上ラット背側に置きます。</li>
	<li>
パラメーターをスキャンの設定:スキャン ソフトウェアを開き、「メジャー」スキャナー セットアップ インターフェイスを開く「スキャナーの設定」ボタンをクリックして測定グラフィカル ユーザー インターフェイスを入力する] をクリックします。この実験のようにこのような小さな領域をスキャンする「高解像度」」スキャン サイズとの表示オプション「罰金スキャン モードの下で高い解像度 (256 × 256 ポイント 4 × 10 cm2をカバー) を選択 (図 2 a)。スキャンの境界 (図 2 b) を確認する「イメージをスキャン」オプションをクリックします。</li>
	<li>ライブのビデオ画像をチェックする「ビデオと距離」オプションをクリックしてします。スキャナーの位置外科ウィンドウとセンター スキャン] ウィンドウ (図 2) で公開されている脊髄への動物と背景の上 10-13 cm。</li>
	<li>"Auto 遠い"関数を使用して、問題なくスキャンの高さを調整、図 2の実験ではすべての測定値間一貫したスキャンの高さは保持する必要がありますに注意してください。</li>
	<li>ウィンドウと無反射カバーを使用して、さらにバック グラウンドを最小限にし、動物の方向を示す外科領域のみを公開します。</li>
	<li>「繰り返しスキャン」をクリックして、スキャン (この場合使用 8 繰り返しスキャン) の数を設定、繰り返しスキャン インターフェイスを開くには"OK"をクリックします。スキャンを開始するスタート ボタンをクリックし、全体のプロセスは約 3 〜 4 分 (図 2 D) になります。</li>
</ol>5. レーザー ドップラー監視
<ol><li>時間をかけてモニター BF という2 VP3 鈍針 end 配信プローブとスキャナー モニターを使用しました。監視装置を設定する脳定位固定装置に垂直レーザー ドップラー プローブを接続します。</li>
	<li>脳定位固定装置背側ラットを入れ、アンダーレイの露出の脊髄を平準化する必要があるときは発泡スチロールの小片を持つ動物。</li>
	<li>BF のモニターに脊髄にプローブを下げます。 注: ステップ 5.3 データ測定プローブに適用される圧力に敏感であるので測定の再現性に重大である、それ故に余分な注意が必要にない以上- または下の位置をプローブします。<ol>
<li>切開部を確認し、余分な液体や血滅菌綿のパッドを使用して削除します。</li>
		<li>装置の X および Y 軸を使用して 2 mm 露出脊髄の中心点に吻側にプローブを見つけるまたは病変ポイントし中心静脈を避けます。</li>
		<li>Z 軸を使用して、脊髄の表面に触れるだけのレベルにプローブをゆっくりと下ろします。プローブだけないので緩やかなに接触点の側から脱出する明るい光を許可するが、脊髄の表面に触れる必要があります。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
データ記録
	<ol>
<li>データ集録ソフトウェアを開き、セットアップのインターフェイスを開く「新しい実験」ボタンをクリックします。「一般」の選択の下でシステム構成の確認しクリックして「次へ」(図 3 a)、ディスプレイの設定で BF のためのチャネルを選択します。 その2とクリック"次へ"(図 3 b)。</li>
		<li>ファイルの情報を入力、データ記録インターフェイスを入力、プローブ (図 3 D) からデータの記録を開始する緑の三角形のボタンをクリックして「次へ」(図 3) をクリックします。</li>
		<li>信号が 8 連続分、安定したレコードのデータです。その後、プローブを持ち上げて、切開部を縫合し、手術後のケアに動物を入れて脳定位固定装置から動物を取り外します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>6. 縫合糸と術後ケア
<ol><li>切開部を縫合: 切開の両側に筋に縫合針を挿入します。組織を一緒に引っ張り、それにより削除されたラミナのサイトで公開されている脊髄をカバー、糸を引き出します。ニードル ホルダーを使用して、フォームを介して全体のスレッド 3 スクエア ノットをプルし、できるだけノットに近いスレッドをトリムします。</li>
	<li>切開、縫合と同じ方法で 3-4 スクエア ノットと皮膚を縫合し、結び目からスレッド約 1 cm をトリムします。</li>
	<li>場所そのケージの側ラット手術サイトとおりの底の間の接触を避けます。ケージは、パッドを加熱に配置する必要があります。</li>
	<li>手術後の出血を防ぐために麻酔から覚めるし、縫合糸が閉じたまままで、動物を監視します。</li>
	<li>手術、120 mg/kg/日の 3 日後までラットのベンジル ペニシリン ナトリウムを皮下注入します。腹腔内手術およびすべて 6 時間後に手術後すぐに 1 日ブプレノルフィン (0.05 mg/kg) を挿入します。</li>
	<li>動物に十分な食料と水へのアクセスがあることを確認するために、拡張噴出水のボトルに合うし、檻の中に動物に近い食べ物を置きます。 注: 我々 は動物が誘導損傷によって麻痺したように BBB スコア 0、上記の動物を除外するのには、動物の 24 h の受傷後の後肢の運動機能を評価する評価尺度を BBB を行われます。</li>
	<li>手術の後、必要ならば軽く 1 日 2 回、腹部にその圧力を適用することによって膀胱の空でマニュアルを提供します。</li>
</ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+circulation+of+the+fetus+in+utero.+Methods+for+studying+distribution+of+blood+flow,+cardiac+output+and+organ+blood+flow.">The circulation of the fetus in utero. Methods for studying distribution of blood flow, cardiac output and organ blood flow.</a> Circ Res. 21 (2), 163-184 (1967).</li><li>Dubory, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contrast+Enhanced+Ultrasound+Imaging+for+Assessment+of+Spinal+Cord+Blood+Flow+in+Experimental+Spinal+Cord+Injury.">Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury.</a> Jove-Journal of Visualized Experiments. (99), e52536 (2015).</li><li>Kuliga, K. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+Microvascular+Blood+Flow+and+Oxygenation+Measured+Simultaneously+in+Human+Skin.">Dynamics of Microvascular Blood Flow and Oxygenation Measured Simultaneously in Human Skin.</a> Microcirculation. 21 (6), 562-573 (2014).</li><li>Li, Z. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post+pressure+response+of+skin+blood+flowmotions+in+anesthetized+rats+with+spinal+cord+injury.">Post pressure response of skin blood flowmotions in anesthetized rats with spinal cord injury.</a> Microvascular Research. 78 (1), 20-24 (2009).</li><li>Muck-Weymann, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory-dependent+laser-Doppler+flux+motion+in+different+skin+areas+and+its+meaning+to+autonomic+nervous+control+of+the+vessels+of+the+skin.">Respiratory-dependent laser-Doppler flux motion in different skin areas and its meaning to autonomic nervous control of the vessels of the skin.</a> Microvasc Res. 52 (1), 69-78 (1996).</li><li>Stefanovska, A., Bracic, M., Kvernmo, H. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wavelet+analysis+of+oscillations+in+the+peripheral+blood+circulation+measured+by+laser+Doppler+technique.">Wavelet analysis of oscillations in the peripheral blood circulation measured by laser Doppler technique.</a> Ieee Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 46 (10), 1230-1239 (1999).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

いくつかの詳細は、このプロトコルを実行するときに気づいたする必要があります。まず、麻酔や手術のプロセス実施されなければならない限り迅速かつエレガントな動物に導入されたストレスを最小限に抑えるため可能な限り。結果への影響を減らすためには、比較的平和で安定した状態で動物を飼います。第二に、血が読み取りを妨げている可能性があるのでレーザー ドップラー装置を...

脊髄の組織は、高度に血管や脊髄損傷 (SCI) による低酸素に非常に敏感です。私たちの以前の研究は、脊髄の血流は脳震盪傷害1,2, 運動機能の欠損に関連する可能性があります後低下したことを示した。最近の研究は、SCI に続く血管の整合性が感覚運動機能3の改善と相関関係にあることを示しています。それは、改良された血管が直接ない機能の改善4につながる白質を救助可能性があります報告されています。したがって、受傷後の脊髄灌流の維持の重要性と機能を維持するために登場。
SCI5,6、7の実験モデルでさまざまな技術を使用して多くの研究者によって様々 な処理 SCI 後血流に及ぼす影響を調べました。レーザーのドップラー、十分に確立された技術として、いくつかの動物と人間の研究8,9,10,11の灌流を定量化するための有用な方法は間違いなくだった。技術は、照明の光に赤色の血液細胞の移動によるドップラー シフト12の測定に基づいています。1980 年代初頭の技術の実用化、以来、レーザー ドップラー計測器13LDF に信頼性の高い技術にしたレーザー技術、光ファイバーと血流の測定用信号処理で大きな進歩しました。
現在の研究では、レーザー ドップラー計測の両方のメソッドは震とう性のラットの脊髄で血流 (BF) を評価するために適用されました。技術で、簡単にセットアップの非侵襲的性質では、我々 のプロトコルは、脊髄の BF 測定高感度、迅速かつ信頼性の高い方法を提供します。もっと重要なは、このメソッドでは、各時点での動物の犠牲のない BF ポスト震とう性科学に関する縦断的研究ができます。
能力が組織の BF と刺激の間に血流の急激な変化を評価するため、測定肝16,などの他の組織と同様、脳 BF14,15を評価するこのプロトコルを適用することが可能です。17、肌18,19、および腸20。ラット一過性中大脳動脈閉塞モデル、レーザーのドップラー測定値が虚血性ペナンブラ14に期待されているレベルに BF 率の適切な削減を確保するため使用されました。肢虚血 (CLI) 誘導を受けたラット、レーザーのドップラー スキャン前に CLI 処理後と治療21後さまざまな期間中に後肢 BF を観察する適用しました。また、バイオアベイラビリティといくつかの薬物の代謝クリアランスは、LDF16によって検出された肝 BF に依存。したがって、LDF は実験モデル、薬力学及び薬物動態学的評価で広く使用できます。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Doppler Line Scanner</td>
			<td>Moor Instruments</td>
			<td>moorLDLS2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Doppler Monitor</td>
			<td>Moor Instruments</td>
			<td>moorVMS-LDF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Probe for Monitor</td>
			<td>Moor Instruments</td>
			<td>VP3</td>
			<td>Blunt needle end delivery probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Impactor</td>
			<td>Precision Systems and Instrumentation</td>
			<td>IH-0400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenobarbital sodium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B-908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson Medica (s) Pte.Ltd</td>
			<td>300841</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical suture needles with thread</td>
			<td>Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products Co., Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>18T0329 (batch number) /4-0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td>Operation instrument factory of Shanghai Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>J11030 4#</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Operation instrument factory of Shanghai Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>J12130 20#</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic forceps</td>
			<td>Operation instrument factory of Shanghai Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>JD1040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic forceps</td>
			<td>Operation instrument factory of Shanghai Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>J31050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzyl penicillin sodium</td>
			<td>North China Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>F6072116 (batch number)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75% alcohol</td>
			<td>Dezhou Anjie Gaoke disinfection products Co., Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>150421R (batch number)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine</td>
			<td>Shandong Lierkang Medical Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>20170102 (batch number)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat</td>
			<td>Laboratory Animal Center, The Academy of Millitery Medical Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sprague-Dawly (rat strain)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using laser doppler imaging and monitoring to analyze spinal cord microcirculation in rat

レーザードップラー (LDF) は、脊髄の微小循環の変化を測定することをお勧めになる血流量 (BF) 測定の非侵襲的方法です。この記事では、私たちの目標は、レーザー ドップラー イメージングと監視の両方を使用して、脊髄損傷後の BF の変化を分析するでした。各読み出しを取得するレーザー ドップラー画像スキャナーとプローブ/モニターの両方を採用されていた。LDPI のデータは、BF、損傷部位の周囲の血流の概要を与えた、アクセシブルに BF の異なる場所の間での比較分析のためのローカルの配布を提供します。期間にわたって測定プローブ領域ない激しくすることにより複合プローブは全体的な脊髄の血流と酸素供給を示す脊髄の BF と酸素飽和度を同時に測定していました。自体 LDF の動きに対する感度と生物ゼロ信号相対磁束などのいくつかの制限があります。しかし、技術は、単純なセットアップと BF の迅速測定法による臨床的および実験的研究で適用されています。

LDPI は、直線プロファイル (図 4) を抽出することによって脊髄の尾側吻側軸に沿って定量化された脊髄の BF を測定に使用されました。図 5 aと図 5 bは、偽のグループおよび SCI グループの脊髄の磁束イメージングをそれぞれ表します。図 5と図 5は、偽のグ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat at JoVE.com

Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat

ここでレーザー血流イメージング (LDPI) の組み合わせを提案して、脊髄を導入するための標準化された手順だけでなく、局所血流と酸素飽和度 (その2) をコード レーザー血流モニタリング脊髄を測定する (LDPM)ラットの外傷。

レーザーのドップラー イメージングおよび監視を使用したラット脊髄の微小循環の分析

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory ...

using-laser-doppler-imaging-monitoring-to-analyze-spinal-cord

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.9K ビュー.  China Rehabilitation Research Center. ここでレーザー血流イメージング (LDPI) の組み合わせを提案して、脊髄を導入するための標準化された手順だけでなく、局所血流と酸素飽和度 (その2) をコード レーザー血流モニタリング脊髄を測定する (LDPM)ラットの外傷。

ビデオ: Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat

How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging

In trace fear conditioning a conditional stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS), which is presented after a brief stimulus free period (trace interval)1. Because the CS and UCS do not co-occur temporally, the subject must maintain a representation of that CS during the trace interval. In humans, this type of learning requires awareness of the stimulus contingencies in order to bridge the trace interval2-4. However when a face is used as a CS, subjects can implicitly learn to fear the face even in the absence of explicit awareness*. This suggests that there may be additional neural mechanisms capable of maintaining certain types of "biologically-relevant" stimuli during a brief trace interval. Given that the amygdala is involved in trace conditioning, and is sensitive to faces, it is possible that this structure can maintain a representation of a face CS during a brief trace interval.
It is challenging to understand how the brain can associate an unperceived face with an aversive outcome, even though the two stimuli are separated in time. Furthermore investigations of this phenomenon are made difficult by two specific challenges. First, it is difficult to manipulate the subject's awareness of the visual stimuli. One common way to manipulate visual awareness is to use backward masking. In backward masking, a target stimulus is briefly presented (&lt; 30 msec) and immediately followed by a presentation of an overlapping masking stimulus5. The presentation of the mask renders the target invisible6-8. Second, masking requires very rapid and precise timing making it difficult to investigate neural responses evoked by masked stimuli using many common approaches. Blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses resolve at a timescale too slow for this type of methodology, and real time recording techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have difficulties recovering signal from deep sources.
However, there have been recent advances in the methods used to localize the neural sources of the MEG signal9-11. By collecting high-resolution MRI images of the subject's brain, it is possible to create a source model based on individual neural anatomy. Using this model to "image" the sources of the MEG signal, it is possible to recover signal from deep subcortical structures, like the amygdala and the hippocampus*.

This article describes how to record amygdala activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG). In addition this article will describe how to conduct trace fear conditioning without awareness, a task that activates the amygdala. It will cover 3 topics: 1) Designing a trace conditioning paradigm using backward masking to manipulate awareness. 2) Recording brain activity during the task using magnetoencephalography. 3) Using source imaging to recover signal from subcortical structures.

ソースイメージングを使用磁図と扁桃体の活性を検出する方法

In trace fear conditioning a conditional  stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS),  which is presented after a brief ...

行動学

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

統合失調症のための家族ハイリスク児の感情オドボール課題を用いて前頭辺縁系の活性の測定

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

ビート難聴を暴く：同期指タッピングと知覚タイミングタスクを検出リズム障害

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

骨格筋の病気のためにオープンフィールドアクティビティ·モニタリングシステムを用いた行動と自発運動の測定

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

実世界認知課題における脳活動を監視するために繊維のない、ウェアラブルfNIRSを用いて

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) refers to persistent, chronic pain following spinal surgery. Spinal cord stimulation with dorsal epidural leads can be used to treat back and leg pain in FBSS patients. This paper presents a detailed protocol for using spinal cord stimulation with surgical leads in FBSS patients. In our department, with the patient under general anesthesia, we place the lead in the epidural space by means of a small laminectomy at the 10th thoracic level. Placement of the lead is followed by a 1 month trial period with an externalized lead. If pain relief is greater than 50% at the end of this 1 month stimulation trial (required by Belgian reimbursement criteria), an internal pulse generator is then placed under the skin and connected to the lead in a second surgical procedure. We have demonstrated that using this technique in rigorously selected FBSS patients can significantly improve back pain, leg pain, patient activity, and quality of life for a sustained period of time.

This paper presents a method that uses spinal cord stimulation with a multicolumn lead to treat neuropathic low back pain in failed back surgery patients.

複数列リード脊髄刺激療法失敗した背中の手術患者の腰痛の治療

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) refers to persistent, chronic pain following spinal surgery. Spinal cord stimulation with dorsal epidural leads can be ...

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with numerous cardiometabolic health consequences. These changes are likely to increase the risk of developing chronic secondary conditions and impact the quality of life in persons with SCI. Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation evoked resistance training (NMES-RT) was developed as a strategy to attenuate the process of skeletal muscle atrophy, decrease ectopic adiposity, improve insulin sensitivity and enhance mitochondrial capacity. However, NMES-RT is limited to only a single muscle group. Involving multiple muscle groups of the lower extremities may maximize the health benefits of training. Functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) allows for the activation of 6 muscle groups, which is likely to evoke greater metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation. Appropriate knowledge of the stimulation parameters is key to maximizing the outcomes of electrical stimulation training in persons with SCI. Adopting strategies for long-term use of NMES-RT and FES-LEC during rehabilitation may maintain the integrity of the musculoskeletal system, a pre-requisite for clinical trials aiming to restore walking after injury. The current manuscript presents a combined protocol using NMES-RT prior to FES-LEC. We hypothesize that muscles conditioned for 12 weeks prior to cycling will be capable of generating greater power, cycle against higher resistance and result in greater adaptation in persons with SCI.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic medical condition that may result in elevated risks of chronic secondary metabolic disorders. Here, we presented a protocol using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training in conjunction with functional electrical stimulation-lower extremities cycling as a strategy to ameliorate several of these medical problems.

脊髄損傷後下肢電気刺激の訓練のパラダイム

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and human studies to investigate the cortical processing of nociceptive information. These laser-evoked brain potentials (LEPs) consist of several transient responses that are time-locked to the onset of laser stimuli. However, the functional properties of the LEP responses are still largely unknown, due to the lack of a sampling technique that can simultaneously record neural activities at the surface of the cortex (i.e., electrocorticogram [ECoG] and scalp electroencephalogram [scalp EEG]) and inside the brain (i.e., local field potential [LFP]). To address this issue, we present here an animal protocol using freely moving rats. This protocol is composed of three main procedures: (1) animal preparation and surgical procedures, (2) a simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP in response to nociceptive laser stimuli, and (3) data analysis and feature extraction. Specifically, with the help of a 3D-printed protective shell, both ECoG and LFP electrodes implanted on the rat&#39;s skull were securely held together. During data collection, laser pulses were delivered on the rat&#39;s forepaws through gaps in the bottom of the chamber when the animal was in spontaneous stillness. Ongoing white noise was played to avoid the activation of the auditory system by the laser-generated ultrasounds. As a consequence, only nociceptive responses were selectively recorded. Using the standard analytical procedures (e.g., band-pass filtering, epoch extraction, and baseline correction) to extract stimulus-related brain responses, we obtained results showing that LEPs with a high signal-to-noise ratio were simultaneously recorded from ECoG and LFP electrodes. This methodology makes the simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP activities possible, which provides a bridge of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, thereby facilitating the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

We developed a technique that simultaneously records both electrocorticography and local field potentials in response to nociceptive laser stimuli from freely moving rats. This technique helps establish a direct relationship of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, which facilitates the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

大脳皮質の局所電界電位と自由行動ラットから侵害受容のレーザー刺激への応答で Electrocorticograms の同時録音

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and ...

Modified Blood Collection from Tail Veins of Non-anesthetized Mice with a Vacuum Blood Collection System and Eyeglass Magnifier

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. The tail veins of mice are small, and it is sometimes difficult to obtain the required blood volume by conventional puncture methods. This study investigates the superiority of repeated blood sample collection from tail veins of mice through use of a vacuum blood collection system and eyeglass magnifier (experimental group) compared to conventional blood sampling methods (conventional group), performed by beginners and experts, respectively. With the help of an eyeglass magnifier, a butterfly needle tip is inserted into the tail vein of each mouse in the experimental group. When the vein is penetrated successfully, a blood sample is collected in the vacuum collection tube by insertion of the rubber end of a butterfly needle into the vacuum blood collection tube. The plunger is then used to collect blood without the help of the eyeglass magnifier in the conventional group. Success rates of blood sample collection by the beginners and experts were shown to be 70% vs. 100% (p &#60; 0.01) in the experimental group and 35% vs. 85% (p &#60; 0.01) in the conventional group. For both beginners and experts, puncture times required for obtaining required blood sample were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the conventional group (2.40 &#177; 0.75 vs. 2.90 &#177; 0.31, p &#60; 0.05; 1.15 &#177; 0.37 vs. 1.55 &#177; 0.76, p &#60; 0.05). In conclusion, the presented blood sampling technique is feasible and easy to practice and enables frequent sampling of adequate blood volumes from non-anesthetized mice.&#160;

This study reports blood sampling from tail vein in mice using a vacuum extraction tube system with eyeglass magnifier. Our method is easy to practice and could be used for repeat blood sampling in mice.

真空の血のコレクションのシステムと眼鏡拡大鏡非麻酔下マウスの尾静脈から変更された血のコレクション

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

人間の経験と観測された情緒的なタッチに顔面筋の反応を評価するために顔面筋電図

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

レーザーのドップラー イメージングおよび監視を使用したラット脊髄の微小循環の分析

レーザーのドップラーイメージングおよび監視を使用したラット脊髄の微小循環の分析