著者は、写真家、ISL のイヴ須磨とヤニック Boehrer のサンプルの写真と、合成と nanothermite 発泡体の燃焼の高速ビデオによる観察のために感謝したいと思います。彼らはまた x 線回折による NS3E の研究室から材料の特性の彼らの同僚の博士ヴィンセント ピショに感謝の意を表現したいと思います。

注意: は、すべての反応が高速ビデオによる爆発で実績のある部屋には目視及び発泡/燃焼過程の観察を可能にする装甲のウィンドウにこの資料に記載を実行します。Aluminothermic の組成と空気で水素爆発の潜在的な点火から生じる実験的リスクについて注意してください。このため、常に適切な換気を装備した爆発で実績のあるチャンバーで動作します。エネルギー物質に関する実験が完全に花火の危険性を認識している経験豊富な科学者によって遂行されなければならないし、ローカル安全法令に従ってすべてのテストを実行することを覚えています。これらの結果の不適切な使用について一切の責任を作者に減少に注意してください。
1. アルミノリン酸マトリックスの準備
注: 部屋の温度 (15 ~ 25 ° C) で実験を行った。
<ol>
	<li>アルミニウムのナノ粉末の 3.00 g の重量を量る。</li>
	<li>オルトリン酸 (H3PO4) 150 mL ビーカーの商用ソリューション (85%) の 4.00 g の重量を量る 3 mL ポリエチレン パスツール ピペットで滴下し酸を追加します。
	<ol>
		<li>必要に応じて、ボリュームを 0 - 2 mL の脱イオン水からはオルトリン酸に追加できます。</li>
		<li>約 100 rpm でビーカーを手で回転を遅くことによって、ソリューションを均質化します。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>場所ビーカー爆発チャンバーの中の酸を含みます。</li>
	<li>手順 1.1 H3PO4ソリューションを含むビーカーに重量を量ったアルミニウムのナノ粉末を注ぐ。</li>
	<li>ステンレス製のヘラで手早く混ぜる1 分未満でこの手順を実行します。</li>
	<li>爆発部屋をすぐに終了します。</li>
	<li>発泡反応が発生するまで待機します。</li>
	<li>その後、冷却するアルミノリン酸マトリックスの追加 10 分を待ちます。</li>
	<li>研究室弓トングを利用した爆発部屋からビーカーを削除します。</li>
	<li>慎重にそれを壊すことによってビーカーの壁に付着するサンプルを回復します。酸性残基の存在を注意してください、手袋をせず材料を処理しません。</li>
</ol>
2. Nanothermite 発泡体の合成
注: 部屋の温度 (15 ~ 25 ° C) で実験を行った。
<ol>
	<li>Nanothermite 混合物の調製
	<ol>
		<li>100 mL の丸底フラスコにそれぞれ 3.00 g と Al および WO の3ナノの 3.45 g を重さ。</li>
		<li>2,500 rpm で動作して渦のミキサーと、ナノをミックスします。</li>
		<li>そっとそれを均質化するステンレス製ヘラで混合物をかき混ぜます。この操作中に、丸底フラスコのガラス壁とヘラの間の摩擦を避けます。 注: この手順では、実験者は混合物の点火を引き起こすことができる任意の静電気による損傷を避けるために接地する必要があります。</li>
		<li>2.1.2 操作を繰り返します。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>H 3 PO 4溶液の調製
	<ol>
		<li>オルトリン酸 (H3PO4) 150 mL ビーカーの商用ソリューション (85%) の 4.00 g の重量を量る 3 mL ポリエチレン パスツール ピペットで滴下し酸を追加します。</li>
		<li>希釈 H3PO4溶液の調製:<ol>
			<li>2.2.1 の手順で調製した試料をとり、1 mL ポリエチレン パスツール ピペットで 0 ~ 2 mL の脱イオン水を加えます。</li>
			<li>手で約 100 rpm の速度で適用されるビーカーの低速回転運動によってソリューションを均質化します。</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Nanothermite 発泡体の作製
	<ol>
		<li>2.2 爆発部屋で準備した酸を含むビーカーを置きます。</li>
		<li>2.1 H3PO4ソリューションを含むビーカーに準備した nanothermite を注ぐ。</li>
		<li>ステンレス製のヘラで手早く混ぜる1 分未満でこの手順を実行します。</li>
		<li>爆発部屋をすぐに終了します。</li>
		<li>発泡反応が発生するまで待機します。</li>
		<li>その後、冷却 nanothermite 泡のさらに 10 分を待ちます。</li>
		<li>爆発チャンバー内に所弓トンからビーカーを削除します。</li>
		<li>慎重にそれを壊すことによってビーカーの壁に付着するサンプルを回復します。酸性残基の存在を注意してくださいし、手袋をせず材料の取り扱いを避けてください。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Nanothermite 発泡体の燃焼
<ol>
	<li>1.10 準備したアルミノリン酸マトリックスまたは爆発部屋で 2.3.8 準備した nanothermite フォームを配置します。</li>
	<li>ステップ 3.1 からサンプルに近い花火の点火を配置します。</li>
	<li>爆発チャンバーを閉じます。</li>
	<li>点火を安全な電子デバイスに接続します。</li>
	<li>火花火チェーン。</li>
	<li>装甲の窓から燃焼を 10,000 に 30,000 フレーム/秒で動作超高速カメラで観察します。</li>
</ol>

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何を開示する必要があります。

酸ナノの混合過程と爆発部屋の閉鎖は安全上の理由のため、すぐに実行する必要があります。反応遅延はある程度 (1 ~ 10 分)、実験条件によって異なる場合があります。それは部屋の温度が高すぎるとき、または発泡反応の早期活性化を引き起こすことができる、スポット ライトのような外部加熱源の存在下では短縮されます。逆に、それは部屋の温度が低い場合が高い。あまりにも多くの?...

この発泡体1にルース パウダー状態からナノサイズの aluminothermic 混合物 (アル/WO3) を変換法について報告する.Nanothermites は、高速ナノ2の形で、還元金属と金属酸化物/塩の物理混合することによって最も頻繁に準備されるエネルギッシュな組成物の燃焼します。Nanothermites を準備するために使用する最も代表的な酸化物は、Cr2O33,4Fe2O35MnO26WO37MoO38、CuO9および Bi2O310、11、金属塩の使用中、過塩素酸塩12,13iodates14,15、periodates16、17またはジエチルヒドロキシルアミン18の硫酸塩します。アルミ ナノ高酸化熱 (10-25 kJ/g)19、高速な反応速度論20、低毒性21,フェアなど、多数の望ましい特性のための nanothermites のための燃料として最良の選択は、します。それは正確にパッシベーションされた22をしたら安定度。
Al 系 nanothermites で火炎面を高速で伝達 (0.1 - 2.5 km/s)、しかしこれはできません、ただし、デトネーション23として考慮します。反応機構は、未反応の材料の気孔率の高温ガスの対流によって実際に駆動されます。つまり、気孔率は nanothermites の高速燃焼に不可欠です。しかし、緩い nanothermite パウダーは物理的な観点から安定しません。衝撃や振動によって圧縮されて、彼らの最も密のコンポーネント (通常酸化物) は徐々 に重力の影響によって構成から分離します。Nanothermite 気孔率の安定化は、将来花火システムの統合のための重要な課題です。
記載の準備プロセスの主な利点は、彼らが形成するペーストを成形によって形成することができます非常に多孔性、固体、nanothermite モノリスを与えることです。さらに、nanothermite の発泡体は衝撃、摩擦および nanothermite の緩い粉末に比べて静電気に非常に敏感ではありません。この鈍感になります特に安全ハンドル、マシン、例えば鋸やドリルで。
緩い nanothermite 粉末を押したり、ペレットされたとき、それらの気孔率の減少し、オブジェクトが形成されます。そのような材料の凝集ナノ粒子の凝集は、表面の力に由来します。Nanothermite ペレットの強度は、炭素ナノ繊維、これらのオブジェクトの24を強化するためのフレームワークとして機能するの存在下で改善できます。残念ながら、強く押すと、nanothermites の反応性が減少します。プレンティスらによるとナノ Al ナノ ヲ3組成のプレスは 2 桁の7での反応速度の崩壊を誘発します。結論として、ほとんど爆発物に反して nanothermites は押すとによって形作られることはできません。
までに、nanothermites を構築するための非常にいくつかの方法は、科学文献を扱う nanothermites で報告されています。Nanothermites は、基板、電気泳動法25、または連続的な層26でそのコンポーネントのスパッタ法による液体培地に分散コンポーネントの粉末のいずれかから上に堆積することができます。両方のアプローチは、緩い粉末に比べて反応が弱いであり、準備を基板から剥離しがちである密な預金に します。
・ ティロットソンらによって提案された nanothermite から成る「三次元」オブジェクトの準備5、金属塩のゲル化ソリューションによってエポキシド27で構成されるガッシュらによって開発されたゾル-ゲル合成を使用しました。Nanothermite のモノリスは、ゲル化する前に、sol の Al ナノを分散させることによって準備されます。ゲルはゲルを生成する熱室またはエアロゲルを取得する超臨界 CO2の使用を含む複雑なプロセスによってその後乾燥させます。Nanothermite エアロゲルは、強い反応があるだけでなく、彼らの優れた機械的特性のおかげでも加工できます。また、ゾル-ゲル法燃料 (Al) とミックスで酸化物の間の同質性の比類のない学位をミクロ ・ メソ多孔体材料を合成することができます。にもかかわらず、これらの興味深い機能は、ゾル-ゲル法の使用によって制限されます: (i) 多数のパラメーターに依存するバッチ合成の複雑さ(ii) 合成副産物 (不純物) 最終的な材料、および (iii) のプロセスの別の手順で必要な非常に長い時間の避けられない存在。
ニトロセルロース (バインダー) の静電紡糸法による Al および CuO ナノ粒子28充電ソリューション nanothermite の可燃性のマットの調製。これらの nanothermite フェルトは、先験的な非多孔質であるサブミクロン スケールの直径を持つ線維で構成されます。これらの材料の気孔率は、繊維の絡み合いによって定義されます。Nanothermite のサンプルが書き込みをゆっくりマット (0.06 - 1.06 m/s) 火炎面が数百 m/s29の速度で伝搬ルース パウダー状態で純粋なナノサイズ Al/酸化銅混合物と比較して。最後に、かなりの温度感受性を増加し彼らの長期的な化学的安定性を変更するので、nanothermites のバインダーとして硝酸セルロースの使用は理想的ではないです。
Nanothermites の膜は、複雑な階層的な MnO2/SnO2ヘテロ構造6Al ナノ粒子と混合からヤンらにより作製しました。これらの材料では、酸化物の相は MnO2ナノ細線、SnO2枝で覆われて、非常に特定の形態を持っています。その非常に特定の構造のため、酸化物は Al ナノ粒子をトラップだけでなく、また膜の機械的な抵抗が保証されます。MnO2/SnO2/Al 膜の準備プロセスは非常に簡単です。それは、それが準備され、膜としてろ過ケーキを使用して液体に含まれている nanothermite をフィルターので構成されます。
まとめると、唯一の nanothermite 科学の文献に記載されているオブジェクトはマットやエアロゲルは、基板に堆積物です。ソリッド発泡体の形で nanothermites を準備する考えは、機能的な花火システムにこれらのエネルギー物質の統合のための新しい地平を開きます。この記事で報告されて発泡プロセスは簡単に実行し、アルミニウムのナノ粉末から調製した任意の nanothermite に事実上適用できます。発泡剤はオルトリン酸 (H3PO4)、一般的な安価な非毒性化学物質、ナノ-アル (アルポ4) セメントとの空隙を作成するガス (H2H2O 蒸気) を与えると反応する、材料1。リン酸アルミニウムはエネルギッシュなポリマー (ニトロセルロース) などの有機バインダーに反して高温、特に安定しました。ただし、アルポ4は清水30によって提案された「負の爆発物"のコンセプトによると高温でナノ アルに向かって酸化剤として動作します。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum nanopowder</td>
			<td>Intrinsiq Materials</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>nanopowder, &#8776; 100 nm particle size Al QNA891</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten(VI) oxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>550086-25G</td>
			<td>nanopowder, &#60;100 nm particle size (TEM) Lot# MKBR9903V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orthophosphoric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>85% solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyethylene Pasteur pipette 3 mL</td>
			<td>Th. Geyer</td>
			<td>7691062</td>
			<td>LABSOLUTE Pasteur pipettes made of polyethylene (PE) graduation 0,50 ml, Length 145 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyethylene Pasteur pipette 1 mL</td>
			<td>Th. Geyer</td>
			<td>7691063</td>
			<td>LABSOLUTE Pasteur pipettes made of polyethylene (PE) graduation 0,25 ml, Length 150 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Test tube shaker Reax Control</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>541-11000-00</td>
			<td>Vortex mixer with strong 5 mm vibration orbit yields</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

nanothermite with meringue-like morphology: from loose powder to ultra-porous objects

多孔質、モノリシック オブジェクトの形でこの資料に記載されているプロトコルの目的は aluminothermic 組成物 (nanothermites) を準備です。Nanothermites は、無機の燃料と酸化剤の可燃性材料です。Nanothermite 発泡体のアルミが燃料とアルミニウムのリン酸とタングステン三酸化酸化の鎖です。Nanothermites で最高の火炎伝播速度 (FPVs)、緩い粉末で観察され、FPVs が強く nanothermite 粉末を造粒減します。物理的な観点から nanothermite の緩い粉末、準安定システムです。それらのプロパティは、そのコンポーネントの密度の違いから発するショックや振動または時間の経過とともに粒子の分離によってのセトリング現象による意図しない圧縮で変更できます。花火システムで nanothermites を統合するために克服しなければならない課題は、粉からオブジェクトに移動します。Nanothermite オブジェクトは、開気孔率の高い、優れた機械的強度の両方が必要です。Nanothermite 発泡体は、これらの条件の両方を満たすし、オルトリン酸でナノサイズの aluminothermic 混合物 (アル/WO3) を分散させることによって準備ができて。酸溶液によるアルミニウムの反応を与えるアルポ4 「セメント」, Al および WO3ナノ粒子が埋め込まれています。Nanothermite 発泡体、リン酸アルミニウムはバインダーと酸化剤の二重の役割を果たしています。このメソッドは、タングステンは、準備のプロセスによって変更されていないと使用することができます。おそらく、高性能 nanothermites の準備のために使われるいくつかの酸化物に拡張する可能性があります。WO3-この資料に記載に基づいて nanothermite 発泡体は衝撃、摩擦がそれらを処理するルース アル/WO3パウダーよりもはるかに安全に特に敏感。これらの材料の高速燃焼は、花火の点火装置の興味深いアプリケーションです。プライマーとして起爆装置での使用は、その組成の二次爆発の定款を必要があります。

アルミノリン酸マトリックスには結晶アルミニウム (Al) とリン酸アルミニウム (アルポ4) が含まれています。これらの段階の存在は、x 線回折法 (図 1) によって確認されました。さらに、重力の実験はこの材料が非晶質アルミナの非晶質部分も含まれていることを示しています。これらの材料のリン酸アルミニウムにバインダーと酸化剤?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nanothermite with Meringue-like Morphology: From Loose Powder to Ultra-porous Objects at JoVE.com

Nanothermite with Meringue-like Morphology: From Loose Powder to Ultra-porous Objects

この原稿は、オルトリン酸 (H3PO4) アルミニウムのナノ粉末との反応による可燃性アルミノリン酸マトリックスの合成を説明します。タングステン三酸化ナノ粉末の存在下でアルミニウムの過剰反応を行った場合、それは固体、多孔性 nanothermite 泡に します。

メレンゲのような形態と Nanothermite: 超多孔質オブジェクトにルース パウダーから

The goal of the protocol described in this article is to prepare aluminothermic compositions (nanothermites) in the form of porous, monolithic objects. ...

nanothermite-with-meringue-like-morphology-from-loose-powder-to-ultra

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

7.6K ビュー.  French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis (ISL). この原稿は、オルトリン酸 (H3PO4) アルミニウムのナノ粉末との反応による可燃性アルミノリン酸マトリックスの合成を説明します。タングステン三酸化ナノ粉末の存在下でアルミニウムの過剰反応を行った場合、それは固体、多孔性 nanothermite 泡に します。

ビデオ: Nanothermite with Meringue-like Morphology: From Loose Powder to Ultra-porous Objects

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

The involvement of free radicals in life sciences has constantly increased with time and has been connected to several physiological and pathological processes. This subject embraces diverse scientific areas, spanning from physical, biological and bioorganic chemistry to biology and medicine, with applications to the amelioration of quality of life, health and aging. Multidisciplinary skills are required for the full investigation of the many facets of radical processes in the biological environment and chemical knowledge plays a crucial role in unveiling basic processes and mechanisms. We developed a chemical biology approach able to connect free radical chemical reactivity with biological processes, providing information on the mechanistic pathways and products. The core of this approach is the design of biomimetic models to study biomolecule behavior (lipids, nucleic acids and proteins) in aqueous systems, obtaining insights of the reaction pathways as well as building up molecular libraries of the free radical reaction products. This context can be successfully used for biomarker discovery and examples are provided with two classes of compounds: mono-trans isomers of cholesteryl esters, which are synthesized and used as references for detection in human plasma, and purine 5',8-cyclo-2'-deoxyribonucleosides, prepared and used as reference in the protocol for detection of such lesions in DNA samples, after ionizing radiations or obtained from different health conditions.

Radical-based biomimetic chemistry has been applied to building-up libraries necessary for biomarker development.

ケミカルバイオロジーのフリーラジカル：化学的挙動からバイオマーカー探索·開発へ

The involvement of free radicals in life sciences has constantly increased with time and has been connected to several physiological and pathological ...

化学

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

The traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified phosphoramidite precursors to the nascent chain. However, the conditions used during the synthesis and the restriction to rather short sequences hamper the applicability of this methodology. On the other hand, modified nucleoside triphosphates are activated building blocks that have been employed for the mild introduction of numerous functional groups into nucleic acids, a strategy that paves the way for the use of modified nucleic acids in a wide-ranging palette of practical applications such as functional tagging and generation of ribozymes and DNAzymes. One of the major challenges resides in the intricacy of the methodology leading to the isolation and characterization of these nucleoside analogues.
	
	In this video article, we present a detailed protocol for the synthesis of these modified analogues using phosphorous(III)-based reagents. In addition, the procedure for their biochemical characterization is divulged, with a special emphasis on primer extension reactions and TdT tailing polymerization. This detailed protocol will be of use for the crafting of modified dNTPs and their further use in chemical biology.

The protocol described herein aims to explain and abridge the numerous obstacles in the way of the intricate route leading to modified nucleoside triphosphates. Consequently, this protocol facilitates both the synthesis of these activated building-blocks and their availability for practical applications.

ヌクレオシド三リン酸 - 合成からの生化学的特徴付けへ

The  traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the  use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified ...

From Constructs to Crystals &#8211; Towards Structure Determination of &#946;-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

Membrane proteins serve important functions in cells such as nutrient transport, motility, signaling, survival and virulence, yet constitute only ~1% percent of known structures. There are two types of membrane proteins, &#945;-helical and &#946;-barrel. While &#945;-helical membrane proteins can be found in nearly all cellular membranes, &#946;-barrel membrane proteins can only be found in the outer membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Gram-negative bacteria. One common bottleneck in structural studies of membrane proteins in general is getting enough pure sample for analysis. In hopes of assisting those interested in solving the structure of their favorite &#946;-barrel outer membrane protein (OMP), general protocols are presented for the production of target &#946;-barrel OMPs at levels useful for structure determination by either X-ray crystallography and/or NMR spectroscopy. Here, we outline construct design for both native expression and for expression into inclusion bodies, purification using an affinity tag, and crystallization using detergent screening, bicelle, and lipidic cubic phase techniques. These protocols have been tested and found to work for most OMPs from Gram-negative bacteria; however, there are some targets, particularly for mitochondria and chloroplasts that may require other methods for expression and purification. As such, the methods here should be applicable for most projects that involve OMPs from Gram-negative bacteria, yet the expression levels and amount of purified sample will vary depending on the target OMP.

&#946;-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) serve many functions within the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Here, we hope to alleviate a known bottleneck in structural studies by presenting protocols for the production of &#946;-barrel OMPs in sufficient quantities for structure determination by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy.

βバレル外膜タンパク質の構造決意を目指して - 構築物から結晶へ

Membrane proteins serve important functions in cells such as nutrient transport, motility, signaling, survival and virulence, yet constitute only ~1% ...

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

The crystal structure determination and refinement process of corrosion products on historic art objects using laboratory high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) is presented in detail via two case studies.
The first material under investigation was sodium copper formate hydroxide oxide hydrate, Cu4Na4O(HCOO)8(OH)2&#8729;4H2O (sample 1) which forms on soda glass/copper alloy composite historic objects (e.g., enamels) in museum collections, exposed to formaldehyde and formic acid emitted from wooden storage cabinets, adhesives, etc. This degradation phenomenon has recently been characterized as &#34;glass induced metal corrosion&#34;.
For the second case study, thecotrichite, Ca3(CH3COO)3Cl(NO3)2&#8729;6H2O (sample 2), was chosen, which is an efflorescent salt forming needlelike crystallites on tiles and limestone objects which are stored in wooden cabinets and display cases. In this case, the wood acts as source for acetic acid which reacts with soluble chloride and nitrate salts from the artifact or its environment.
The knowledge of the geometrical structure helps conservation science to better understand production and decay reactions and to allow for full quantitative analysis in the frequent case of mixtures.

Modern high resolution X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) in the laboratory is used as an efficient tool to determine crystal structures of long-known corrosion products on historic objects.

保存科学における粉末X線回折：遺産アートオブジェクトに対する腐食製品のルーチンの結晶構造の決意に向けて

The crystal structure determination and refinement process of corrosion products on historic art objects using laboratory high-resolution X-ray powder ...

Using Capillary Electrophoresis to Quantify Organic Acids from Plant Tissue: A Test Case Examining Coffea arabica Seeds

Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more terminal carboxyl (COOH) functional groups. Short chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs; carboxylic acids containing three to six carbons), such as malate and citrate, are critical to the proper functioning of many biological systems, where they function in cellular respiration and can serve as indicators of cell health. In foods, organic acid content can have significant impact on taste, with increased SCCA levels resulting in a sour or &#34;acid&#34; taste. Because of this, methods for the rapid analysis of organic acid levels are of particular interest to the food and beverage industries. Unfortunately, however, most methods used for SCCA quantification are dependent on time-consuming protocols requiring the derivatization of samples with hazardous reagents, followed by costly chromatographic and/or mass spectrometric analyses. This method details an alternate method for the detection and quantification of organic acids from plant material and food samples using free zonal capillary electrophoresis (CZE), sometimes simply referred to as capillary electrophoresis (CE). CZE provides a cost-effective method for measuring SCCAs with a low limit of detection (0.005 mg/ml). This article details the extraction and quantification of SCCAs from plant samples. While the method provided focuses on measurement of SCCAs from coffee beans, the method provided can be applied to multiple plant-based food materials.

Using Capillary Electrophoresis to Quantify Organic Acids from Plant Tissue: A Test Case Examining Coffea arabica Seeds

This article presents a method for the detection and quantification of organic acids from plant material using free zonal capillary electrophoresis. An example of the potential application of this method, determining the effects of a secondary fermentation on organic acid levels in coffee seeds, is provided.

植物組織からの有機酸を定量化するためにキャピラリー電気泳動を使用した：テストケースを調べます<em&gt;コーヒーノキアラビカ</em&gt;種子

Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more terminal carboxyl (COOH) functional groups. Short chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs; carboxylic ...

Extraction and Purification of Polyphenols from Freeze-dried Berry Powder for the Treatment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro

Epidemiological studies indicate that increased flavonoid intake correlates with decreased mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the United States (US) and Europe. Berries are widely consumed in the US and have a high polyphenolic content. Polyphenols have been shown to interact with many molecular targets and to exert numerous positive biological functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. Polyphenols isolated from blackberry (BL), raspberry (RB), and black raspberry (BRB) reduce oxidative stress and cellular senescence in response to angiotensin II (Ang II). This work provides a detailed description of the protocol used to prepare the polyphenol extracts from freeze-dried berries. Polyphenol extractions from freeze-dried berry powder were performed using 80% aqueous ethanol and an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. The crude extract was further purified and fractionated using chloroform and ethyl acetate, respectively. The effects of both crude and purified extracts were tested on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) in culture.

Extraction and Purification of Polyphenols from Freeze-dried Berry Powder for the Treatment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro

This work details a step-by-step method to prepare polyphenol-rich extracts from freeze-dried berry powder. In addition, it provides a thorough description of how to use these polyphenol-rich extracts in cell culture in the presence of the peptide hormone angiotensin II (Ang II) using Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs).

血管平滑筋細胞の処理のための凍結乾燥ベリー粉末からのポリフェノールの抽出および精製<em&gt;インビトロ</em

Epidemiological studies indicate that increased flavonoid intake correlates with decreased mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the United ...

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Herein, we demonstrate that a bottom-up approach, based on halogen bonding (XB), can be successfully applied for the design of a new type of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs). Taking advantages of the high specificity of XB for haloperfluorocarbons and the ability of anions to act as XB-acceptors, we obtained supramolecular complexes based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium iodides and iodoperfluorocarbons, overcoming the well-known immiscibility between hydrocarbons (HCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). The high directionality of the XB combined with the fluorophobic effect, allowed us to obtain enantiotropic liquid crystals where a rigid, non-aromatic, XB supramolecular anion acts as mesogenic core.
X-ray structure analysis of the complex between 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and iodoperfluorooctane showed the presence of a layered structure, which is a manifestation of the well-known tendency to segregation of perfluoroalkyl chains. This is consistent with the observation of smectic mesophases. Moreover, all the reported complexes melt below 100 &#176;C, and most are mesomorphic even at room temperature, despite that the starting materials were non-mesomorphic in nature.
The supramolecular strategy reported here provides new design principles for mesogen design allowing a totally new class of functional materials.

A protocol for the synthesis of a new type of mesogens, based on the halogen-bonded supramolecular anion [CnF2n+1-I&#183;&#183;&#183;I&#183;&#183;&#183;I-CnF2n+1]&#8722;, is reported.

分子から素材まで: ハロゲン結合を介して新しいイオン液体結晶工学

Herein, we demonstrate that a bottom-up approach, based on halogen bonding (XB), can be successfully applied for the design of a new type of ionic liquid ...

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a free-radical polymerization strategy to enable the modulation of the nanotube surface properties and produce supramolecular self-assembly of the nanostructures. First, a selective hydroxylation of the pristine nanotubes through a biphasic catalytically mediated oxidation reaction creates superficially distributed reactive sites at the sidewalls. The latter reactive sites are subsequently modified with methacrylic moieties using a silylated methacrylic precursor to create polymerizable sites. Those polymerizable groups can address further polymerization of styrene to produce a hybrid nanomaterial containing PS chains grafted to the nanotube sidewalls. The polymer-graft content, amount of silylated methacrylic moieties introduced and hydroxylation modification of the nanotubes are identified and quantified by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The presence of reactive functional groups hydroxyl and silylated methacrylate are confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Polystyrene-grafted carbon nanotube solutions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) provide wall-to-wall collinearly self-assembled nanotubes when cast samples are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those self-assemblies are not obtained when suitable blanks are similarly cast from analogous solutions containing non-grafted counterparts. Therefore, this method enables the modification of the nanotube anisotropic patchiness at the sidewalls which results into spontaneous auto-organization at the nanoscale.

A procedure for the synthesis of polystyrene-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes using successive chemical modification steps to selectively introduce the polymer chains to the sidewalls and their self-assembly via anisotropic patchiness is presented.

ポリスチレン自己組織を有効にして異方的不均一性と多層カーボンナノ チューブを移植

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a ...

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This flexible tool offers a detailed observation of chemical gas-phase kinetics in reacting flows under well-controlled conditions. The vast range of operating conditions available in a laminar flow reactor enables access to extraordinary combustion applications that are typically not achievable by flame experiments. These include rich conditions at high temperatures relevant for gasification processes, the peroxy chemistry governing the low temperature oxidation regime or investigations of complex technical fuels. The presented setup allows measurements of quantitative speciation data for reaction model validation of combustion, gasification and pyrolysis processes, while enabling a systematic general understanding of the reaction chemistry. Validation of kinetic reaction models is generally performed by investigating combustion processes of pure compounds. The flow reactor has been enhanced to be suitable for technical fuels (e.g. multi-component mixtures like Jet A-1) to allow for phenomenological analysis of occurring combustion intermediates like soot precursors or pollutants. The controlled and comparable boundary conditions provided by the experimental design allow for predictions of pollutant formation tendencies. Cold reactants are fed premixed into the reactor that are highly diluted (in around 99 vol% in Ar) in order to suppress self-sustaining combustion reactions. The laminar flowing reactant mixture passes through a known temperature field, while the gas composition is determined at the reactors exhaust as a function of the oven temperature. The flow reactor is operated at atmospheric pressures with temperatures up to 1,800 K. The measurements themselves are performed by decreasing the temperature monotonically at a rate of -200 K/h. With the sensitive MBMS technique, detailed speciation data is acquired and quantified for almost all chemical species in the reactive process, including radical species.

An investigation of the oxidative combustion chemistry of novel biofuels, fuel components, or jet fuels by comparison of quantitative speciation data is presented. The data can be used for kinetic model validation and enables fuel assessment strategies.This manuscript describes the atmospheric high-temperature flow reactor and demonstrates its capabilities.

燃料の燃焼化学: と大気の高温流動反応器から得られる定量的な種分化データ結合分子線質量分析計

This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This ...

Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

The accessibility of cost-competitive renewable materials and their application in additive manufacturing is essential for an efficient biobased economy. We demonstrate the rapid prototyping of sustainable resins using a stereolithographic 3D printer. Resin formulation takes place by straightforward mixing of biobased acrylate monomers and oligomers with a photoinitiatior and optical absorber. Resin viscosity is controlled by the monomer to oligomer ratio and is determined as a function of shear rate by a rheometer with parallel plate geometry. A stereolithographic apparatus charged with the biobased resins is employed to produce complex shaped prototypes with high accuracy. The products require a post-treatment, including alcohol rinsing and UV irradiation, to ensure complete curing. The high feature resolution and excellent surface finishing of the prototypes is revealed by scanning electron microscopy.

A protocol for additive manufacturing with renewable photopolymer resins on a stereolithography apparatus is presented.

再生可能なアクリレートと Stereolithographic 3 D プリント

The accessibility of cost-competitive renewable materials and their application in additive manufacturing is essential for an efficient biobased economy. ...

メレンゲのような形態と Nanothermite: 超多孔質オブジェクトにルース パウダーから

メレンゲのような形態と Nanothermite: 超多孔質オブジェクトにルースパウダーから