Name: experimental methods of dust charging and mobilization on surfaces with exposure to ultraviolet radiation or plasmas
Uploaded: 2018-04-03T13:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 54 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas at JoVE.com

この作品は、プラズマのモデリング、大気、宇宙の塵 (インパクト) NASA/SSERVI の研究所、NASA の太陽光発電システムの仕組みのプログラムにサポートされていた (許可番号: NNX16AO81G)。

1. 真空チャンバのセットアップ
<ol><li>(厚さ 2 cm と直径 20 cm) の絶縁板に直径 1.9 cm 孔を有する断熱ゴム シート (厚さ 0.2 cm、直径 5 cm) を配置 (図 2 ab)。(直径 10 〜 50 μ m) の間の穴に絶縁性、不規則な形のダスト粒子をロードします。</li>
	<li>真空チャンバーの真ん中に金属板立って上絶縁板を配置します。電気セラミック スペーサーを用いた室から金属板を分離します。</li>
	<li>真空ポンプ (に裏打ちされた機械的粗引き真空ポンプ ターボ ポンプ) オンの基本圧力に到達する 〜 10-6 Torr。実証実験は、円筒形ステンレス製真空チャンバー、直径 50 cm 高さ 28 cm (図 2 c) で実行されます。</li>
	<li>塵の動きと 30 フレーム/秒 (fps) の通常の速度や高速 (> 2000 fps) カメラでビデオカメラでロフトを記録します。LED ライトを使用し最大照度に相当 > 500 w incandesce 光を良い品質のビデオ録画のダスト粒子に十分な照明を作り出します。 注: は、ゴムを使用してカメラに光の反射を最小限に抑える、暗い色のためです。明るい色のダスト粒子は暗いゴム表面に色のコントラストのためのより良い撮影のために使わなければなりません。絶縁板厚は、充電ほこりや動員に絶縁板の表面と金属板との間の電場の影響を排除するために使用されます。このデモで火星持ち帰り (JSC-火星-1、38-48 μ m の平均直径、1.9 g/cm-3の質量密度と SiO2 28の主要な組成にふるわれた) 使用された、内側の風通しの悪い体の一般的なレゴリスほこりに類似します。ソーラー システム。その他各種絶縁のダスト粒子のまた、月面模擬 (JSC-1)、月面模擬ハイランド (LHT) 純粋なシリカ粉塵など、テストされました。</li>
</ol>2. ビーム電子熱プラズマへの暴露
<ol><li>トリエーテッド タングステン フィラメントを添付 (0.1 mm 厚と 〜 3 cm) 電極フィードスルーに商工会議所の上にそれをインストール。その後、ポンプ基本圧力まで商工会議所。</li>
	<li>アルゴンのガスの圧力と真空チャンバー 〜 0.5 mTorr。</li>
	<li>電源をオンにし、フィラメント-120 V バイアス電圧を設定します。</li>
	<li>現在の加熱ヒーター電圧を高める 〜 現在の排出目的の値 (数 mA) に達するまでは 2 a。120 eV のエネルギーを持つ電子はフィラメントから放出されます。 注: これらのビームのような主要な電子中立アルゴン原子、イオン化させるとプラズマの電子温度約 2 eV と作成に影響を与えます。主ビーム電子の大部分直接中性原子との衝突することがなくほこりだらけの表面に達する。ダスト粒子は、したがって熱プラズマ ・ ビームの両方の電子にさらされています。</li>
	<li>ダスト輸送でエネルギッシュなビーム電子の役割を表示するには、上のダスト粒子の熱プラズマを作成する代替操作を使用します。<ol>
<li>オン バイアス電圧とチャンバーの底に代替フィラメント-40 V と排出量 400 最大電流 mA (図 2 a)。フィラメントから放出される主な電子は、(図 2 a、b) ダスト粒子が残り、侮辱的なプレートの下の金属板によって停止されます。</li>
		<li>表面上電気フィールドを変更する現在の排出量が異なります。高い流れは、プラズマ密度が高い、薄い鞘、従って大きい電界を作成します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. のみ電子ビーム露出
<ol><li>トップのフィラメントを使用して上記の実験で説明されているように、実験をセットアップします。</li>
	<li>基本圧力 10-6 Torr 下トップのフィラメントをオンに (すなわち。、商工会議所のアルゴンガス供給なし)。のみ 120 eV のビームの電子放出フィラメント攻めからダスト粒子間、プラズマは作成されません。</li>
	<li>2 つの異なるモードでフィラメントを動作します。<ol>
<li>バイアス電圧を-120 V に設定し、放出電流は数 mA に達するまで加熱電圧を増やします。</li>
		<li>現在必要な暖房に到達するヒーター電圧を高める 〜 2 A、数 mA の放出電流と電子を放出する-120 V 徐々 に 0 V からバイアス電圧を増やして。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 紫外線のみに露出
<ol><li>UV ランプ (図 2 b) と基本圧力チャンバーをポンプ上のフィラメントを交換してください。波長 172 nm の紫外線を発するキセノン エキシマ オスラム ランプを使用します。対応する光子エネルギーは 7.2 eV、塵表面の仕事関数よりも大きい (~ 5.5 eV) 光電子を放出するために。 注: 短い波長の高エネルギー光子を放射する紫外線は、ダスト粒子したがってより多く動員は、パッチを適用した電荷モデル26,27に基づいてより多くの費用を作成する予定です。</li>
	<li>ダスト粒子を放射する紫外線ランプを点灯します。デモンストレーションでは、光子放射照度は 40 mW/cm-2 UV ソースでと 〜 16 mW/cm-2挨りだらけの表面で。</li>
</ol>

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何十年も風通しの悪い体のレゴリスに静電ダスト輸送問題レゴリス ダスト粒子が動員になるか、ロフトに十分大きい料金を得るか未解決の問題に残った。最近研究室研究26,27は根本的にこの問題の理解を進めてきた。
ここでは、電子ビーム、ビーム電子のみ紫外線のみに熱プラズマによるほこりの充電と動員を表示する示され...

月や小惑星などの風通しの悪い天体は、レゴリスと呼ばれる微細な塵埃粒子で覆われています。地球とは異なり、これらの風通しの悪い体は、太陽風プラズマと太陽紫外 (紫外線) 放射、課金にレゴリスのほこりの原因に直接公開されます。これらのダスト粒子がありますしたがってする動員、ロフト、輸送、あるいは排出し、静電気力により表面から失われた満たされました。最初、いわゆるこの静電プロセスの証拠が示唆「月の地平線の輝き」、日没直後後の 5、6、および 7 の測量衛星によって観測された 5 年前 (図 1 a) 西の地平線の上の明瞭な白熱1、 2,3。この輝きが散乱を静電ロフトのダスト粒子 (5 μ m の半径) < 月面ターミネーター1,2,3近く表面上 1 m の高さに日光によって引き起こされたえられています。アポロ宇宙飛行士4,5によって報告された高度に達する線のような鯉のぼりを担当する静電リリースされた微細な塵埃が示唆されました。
以来これらのアポロ観測他風通しの悪い体の上の観測数も静電ほこり動員の機構にリンクまたはロフティング、土星の放射状のスポークなどは、6、7,リングします。8、小惑星エロス (図 1 b)9塵池および彗星 67 P10、11の主要なベルトの小惑星のスペクトルから示された多孔性の表面の土星の氷の非常に滑らかな表面月アトラス12と月面まんじ13レゴリス。さらに、静電ロフトほこり14の蓄積によって月表面のレーザーの再帰性反射物の劣化も発生可能性があります。
実験室調査主動機になっているほこり充電の物理的なプロセスを理解し、輸送するためにこれらの異常な空間の観察によって。ほこりの動員は、ガラス球表面15,16、プラズマ シース17で浮上し、導電性と絶縁の両方で移動する記録からのダスト粒子の流した様々 なプラズマ条件で観察されています。表面18,19,20,21。しかし、ダスト粒子がロフトや動員に十分な大きさの料金を得る方法のままかり。料金ロフトする動員ダスト微粒子のためあまり小さい滑らかな表面22個々 のダスト粒子とプラズマに浸漬23のほこりの多い表面の平均電荷密度の充満の測定を示します。
事前理論16,24,25の充電のみと考えられていた UV やプラズマに直接さらされているトップの表面層に発生します。料金は頻繁に全体のほこりだらけの表面、すなわち上に均一に分布すると考慮します。、それぞれ個々 のダスト粒子が担当、いわゆる"電荷モデルを共有"16によって記述されるのと同じ量を取得。ただし、このモデルから計算された料金は単独で重力の力よりはるかに小さいです。電子とイオン表面16,24のフラックスの確率過程は、静電気の力で一時的な強化を示していますが、それは比較して小さいままのアカウント料金変動理論、重力。
本稿で静電ほこりロフティングと動員は最近 3 を使用して開発実験26、エアレスの惑星ボディのレゴリスにダスト輸送を理解するために重要である示されています。これらの実験は、電子ビーム、ビーム電子のみ紫外線のみに熱プラズマの条件で実行されます。これらの実験は、最近開発された「パッチ電荷モデル」26,27の有効性を示す、どの微小共振器形成の間に近隣の表面の下のダスト粒子再吸収できる出力された写真や大規模な生成する二次電子は負隣接のダスト粒子の表面電荷です。これらの負電荷の間の冷淡な力を動員したり、ほこりの粒子を持ち上げるのに十分な大きさになることができます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Vacuum chamber</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum electrode feedthrough</td><td>Lesker</td><td>EFT0113053</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten filament (0.1 mm thick)</td><td>Goodfellow</td><td>W055250</td><td>Thoriated</td></tr><tr><td>Power supply #1 (0-8V, 3A)</td><td>Agilent</td><td>E3610A</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Power supply #2 (0-140V, 0.5A)</td><td>Agilent</td><td>E3612A</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>UV lamp</td><td>Osram</td><td>XERADEX L40/120/SB-SX48/KF50HV</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Dust sample</td><td>Any</td><td>Mars or Lunar simulants or other types</td><td>Irregularly-shaped, sieved, insulating</td></tr><tr><td>Insulating plate</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Thickness &gt; 1 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Rubber sheet</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Thickness &gt; 1 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Metal plate</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic stands</td><td>McMaster</td><td>94335A130</td><td>1/2&quot; diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Video camera (consumer)</td><td>Panasonic</td><td>HC-VX870</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Video camera (high-speed)</td><td>Phantom</td><td>V2512</td><td>&gt; 1000 fps</td></tr><tr><td>LED lamp</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>&gt; 500W Tungsten Equivalent</td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental methods of dust charging and mobilization on surfaces with exposure to ultraviolet radiation or plasmas

静電ダスト輸送に異常な惑星現象の観察の数を説明する仮定されたが。ここでは、最近 3 を使用して開発の切り粉の粒子は電子ビーム、ビーム電子のみ、または紫外 (紫外線) 放射のみを熱プラズマにさらされている実験を示した。UV 光源は、172 を中心とした波長狭帯域 nm。120 eV のエネルギーを持つビーム電子は負バイアスのホット フィラメントで作成されます。ところてんはアルゴンのガス満ちている、電子ビームに加え熱プラズマが作成されます。数十ミクロン径の絶縁のダスト粒子は、実験で使用されます。ダスト粒子は、最大 1 m/秒の起動速度と数センチまでの高さにロフトに記録されます。これらの実験は、ダスト粒子の帯電機構を表面からほこりの多い写真や二次電子の放出に変化を示しています。最近開発された「パッチ電荷モデル」、によると周辺のほこりに強化された負電荷の蓄積引き起こす表面の下の近隣のダスト粒子間微小共振器中励起された電子を再吸収できる粒子。この間斥力の荷電粒子を動員し、表面を離れてそれらを持ち上げるのに十分な大きさがあります。これらの実験は挨りだらけの表面にほこり充電と輸送の高度な理解を示しエアレスの惑星ボディの表面の進化におけるその役割の将来の調査の基礎を築いた。

上部または下部のフィラメントを使用して、一連の実験を行った。トップのフィラメントのセットアップでは、ダスト粒子のホッピング記録された (図 3 a)。対照的に、下部フィラメントを使用する場合、ダスト粒子は残りの部分にとどまっています。それは、表面に垂直電界では、両方の実験プロトコル手順 226に記載されて?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas at JoVE.com

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

ほこりの充電と動員は、電子ビーム、ビーム電子のみ、または紫外 (紫外線) 放射のみを熱プラズマへの露出で 3 つの実験で示されます。これらの実験は、静電ダスト輸送の高度な理解とエアレスの惑星ボディの表面を形作る上でその役割を紹介します。

ほこりの充電と紫外放射またはプラズマへの露出表面上動員の実験方法

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

experimental-methods-dust-charging-mobilization-on-surfaces-with

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.1K ビュー.  University of Colorado. ほこりの充電と動員は、電子ビーム、ビーム電子のみ、または紫外 (紫外線) 放射のみを熱プラズマへの露出で 3 つの実験で示されます。これらの実験は、静電ダスト輸送の高度な理解とエアレスの惑星ボディの表面を形作る上でその役割を紹介します。

ビデオ: Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma polymerization of isopropanol on various solid substrates, including silica and potassium chloride. This versatile technique is used to treat nanoparticles and nanopowders with sizes ranging from 37 nm to 1 micron, by depositing films whose thickness can be anywhere from 1 nm to upwards of 100 nm. Dissolution of the core allows us to study the rate of permeation through the film. In these experiments, we determine the diffusion coefficient of KCl through the barrier film by coating KCL nanocrystals and subsequently monitoring the ionic conductivity of the coated particles suspended in water. The primary interest in this process is the encapsulation and delayed release of solutes. The thickness of the shell is one of the independent variables by which we control the rate of release. It has a strong effect on the rate of release, which increases from a six-hour release (shell thickness is 20 nm) to a long-term release over 30 days (shell thickness is 95 nm). The release profile shows a characteristic behavior: a fast release (35% of the final materials) during the first five minutes after the beginning of the dissolution, and a slower release till all of the core materials come out.

We have used plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to deposit thin films ranging from a few nm to several 100 nm on nano-sized particles of various materials. We subsequently etch the core material to produce hollow nanoshells whose permeability is controlled by the thickness of the shell. We characterize the permeability of these coatings to small solutes and demonstrate that these barriers can provide sustained release of the core material over several days.

プラズマ重合中空粒子のカプセル化と透水特性

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma ...

工学

Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation

Tunable soft ionization coupled to mass spectroscopy is a powerful method to investigate isolated molecules, complexes and clusters and their spectroscopy and dynamics1-4. Fundamental studies of photoionization processes of biomolecules provide information about the electronic structure of these systems. Furthermore determinations of ionization energies and other properties of biomolecules in the gas phase are not trivial, and these experiments provide a platform to generate these data. We have developed a thermal vaporization technique coupled with supersonic molecular beams that provides a gentle way to transport these species into the gas phase. Judicious combination of source gas and temperature allows for formation of dimers and higher clusters of the DNA bases. The focus of this particular work is on the effects of non-covalent interactions, i.e., hydrogen bonding, stacking, and electrostatic interactions, on the ionization energies and proton transfer of individual biomolecules, their complexes and upon micro-hydration by water1, 5-9.
We have performed experimental and theoretical characterization of the photoionization dynamics of gas-phase uracil and 1,3-dimethyluracil dimers using molecular beams coupled with synchrotron radiation at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline10 located at the Advanced Light Source and the experimental details are visualized here. This allowed us to observe the proton transfer in 1,3-dimethyluracil dimers, a system with pi stacking geometry and with no hydrogen bonds1. Molecular beams provide a very convenient and efficient way to isolate the sample of interest from environmental perturbations which in return allows accurate comparison with electronic structure calculations11, 12. By tuning the photon energy from the synchrotron, a photoionization efficiency (PIE) curve can be plotted which informs us about the cationic electronic states. These values can then be compared to theoretical models and calculations and in turn, explain in detail the electronic structure and dynamics of the investigated species 1, 3.

Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet VUV Synchrotron Radiation

A molecular beam coupled to tunable vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer at a synchrotron provides a convenient tool to explore the electronic structure of isolated gas phase molecules and clusters. Proton transfer mechanisms in DNA base dimers were elucidated with this technique.

波長可変真空紫外（VUV）放射光を用いた分子線質量分析

Tunable soft ionization coupled to mass spectroscopy is a powerful method to investigate isolated molecules, complexes and clusters and their spectroscopy ...

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

The chemical and physical effects of ultrasound arise not from a direct interaction of molecules with sound waves, but rather from the acoustic cavitation: the nucleation, growth, and implosive collapse of microbubbles in liquids submitted to power ultrasound. The violent implosion of bubbles leads to the formation of chemically reactive species and to the emission of light, named sonoluminescence. In this manuscript, we describe the techniques allowing study of extreme intrabubble conditions and chemical reactivity of acoustic cavitation in solutions. The analysis of sonoluminescence spectra of water sparged with noble gases provides evidence for nonequilibrium plasma formation. The photons and the "hot" particles generated by cavitation bubbles enable to excite the non-volatile species in solutions increasing their chemical reactivity. For example the mechanism of ultrabright sonoluminescence of uranyl ions in acidic solutions varies with uranium concentration: sonophotoluminescence dominates in diluted solutions, and collisional excitation contributes at higher uranium concentration. Secondary sonochemical products may arise from chemically active species that are formed inside the bubble, but then diffuse into the liquid phase and react with solution precursors to form a variety of products. For instance, the sonochemical reduction of Pt(IV) in pure water provides an innovative synthetic route for monodispersed nanoparticles of metallic platinum without any templates or capping agents. Many studies reveal the advantages of ultrasound to activate the divided solids. In general, the mechanical effects of ultrasound strongly contribute in heterogeneous systems in addition to chemical effects. In particular, the sonolysis of PuO2 powder in pure water yields stable colloids of plutonium due to both effects.

Acoustic cavitation in liquids submitted to power ultrasound creates transient extreme conditions inside the collapsing bubbles, which are the origin of unusual chemical reactivity and light emission, known as sonoluminescence. In the presence of noble gases, nonequilibrium plasma is formed. The "hot" particles and the photons generated by collapsing bubbles are able to excite species in solution.

分子、イオン、および音響キャビテーションと固体粒子を活性化

The chemical and physical effects of ultrasound arise not from a direct interaction of molecules with sound waves, but rather from the acoustic ...

化学

How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a stable and continuous operation of the plasma is possible and the plasma torch can be used for many different applications. On one hand, the hot (3,600 K gas temperature) plasma can be used for chemical processes and on the other hand the cold afterglow (temperatures down to almost RT) can be applied for surface processes. For example chemical syntheses are interesting volume processes. Here the microwave plasma torch can be used for the decomposition of waste gases which are harmful and contribute to the global warming but are needed as etching gases in growing industry sectors like the semiconductor branch. Another application is the dissociation of CO2. Surplus electrical energy from renewable energy sources can be used to dissociate CO2 to CO and O2. The CO can be further processed to gaseous or liquid higher hydrocarbons thereby providing chemical storage of the energy, synthetic fuels or platform chemicals for the chemical industry. Applications of the afterglow of the plasma torch are the treatment of surfaces to increase the adhesion of lacquer, glue or paint, and the sterilization or decontamination of different kind of surfaces. The movie will explain how to ignite the plasma solely by microwave power without any additional igniters, e.g., electric sparks. The microwave plasma torch is based on a combination of two resonators &#8212; a coaxial one which provides the ignition of the plasma and a cylindrical one which guarantees a continuous and stable operation of the plasma after ignition. The plasma can be operated in a long microwave transparent tube for volume processes or shaped by orifices for surface treatment purposes.

This movie shows how an atmospheric plasma torch can be ignited by microwaves with no additional igniters and provides a stable and continuous plasma operation suitable for plenty of applications.

追加のイグナイタずに大気圧マイクロ波プラズマトーチに点火する方法

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a ...

Basic Research in Plasma Medicine - A Throughput Approach from Liquids to Cells

In plasma medicine, ionized gases with temperatures close to that of vertebrate systems are applied to cells and tissues. Cold plasmas generate reactive species known to redox regulate biological processes in health and disease. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence points to beneficial effects of plasma treatment in the healing of chronic ulcer of the skin. Other emerging topics, such as plasma cancer treatment, are receiving increasing attention. Plasma medical research requires interdisciplinary expertise in physics, chemistry, and biomedicine. One goal of plasma research is to characterize plasma-treated cells in a variety of specific applications. This includes, for example, cell count and viability, cellular oxidation, mitochondrial activity, cytotoxicity and mode of cell death, cell cycle analysis, cell surface marker expression, and cytokine release. This study describes the essential equipment and workflows required for such research in plasma biomedicine. It describes the proper operation of an atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet, specifically monitoring its basic emission spectra and feed gas settings to modulate reactive species output. Using a high-precision xyz-table and computer software, the jet is hovered in millisecond-precision over the cavities of 96-well plates in micrometer-precision for maximal reproducibility. Downstream assays for liquid analysis of redox-active molecules are shown, and target cells are plasma-treated. Specifically, melanoma cells are analyzed in an efficient sequence of different consecutive assays but using the same cells: measurement of metabolic activity, total cell area, and surface marker expression of calreticulin, a molecule important for the immunogenic cell death of cancer cells. These assays retrieve content-rich biological information about plasma effects from a single plate. Altogether, this study describes the essential steps and protocols for plasma medical research.

A high-throughput cold physical plasma treatment protocol of liquids and cells is shown. It involves setting up different feed gas compositions for plasma ignition, measuring the plasma&#39;s emission spectra, and the subsequent analysis of liquids and cellular activity after plasma treatment.

プラズマ医学 - セルを液体からスループット アプローチの基礎的研究

In plasma medicine, ionized gases with temperatures close to that of vertebrate systems are applied to cells and tissues. Cold plasmas generate reactive ...

環境学

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering, which is a fundamental element to the approach of nanosafety-by-design of nanostructured products for their durable development. This approach is basically a preemptive one in which the focus is put on minimizing the emission of engineered nanomaterials' aerosols during the usage phase of the product's life cycle. This can be attained by altering its material properties during its design phase without compromising with any of its added benefits. In this article, an experimental protocol is presented to investigate the nanosafety-by-design of three commercial nanostructured products with respect to their mechanical solicitation and environmental weathering. The means chosen for applying the mechanical solicitation is an abrasion process and for the environmental weathering, it is an accelerated UV exposure in the presence of humidity and heat. The eventual emission of engineered nanomaterials is studied in terms of their number concentration, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition. The purpose of the protocol is to study the emission for test samples and experimental conditions which are corresponding to real life situations. It was found that the application of the mechanical stresses alone emits the engineered nanomaterials' aerosols in which the engineered nanomaterial is always embedded inside the product matrix, thus, a representative product element. In such a case, the emitted aerosols comprise of both nanoparticles as well as microparticles. But if the mechanical stresses are coupled with the environmental weathering, the experimental protocol reveals then the eventual deterioration of the product, after a certain weathering duration, may lead to the emission of the free engineered nanomaterial aerosols too.

In this article, an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering is presented. Results on the emission of engineered nanomaterials, in the form of aerosols are presented. The specific experimental set-up is described in detail.

摩耗の下で環境風化の下で製品の粒子エアロゾル化を調査するための実験プロトコール

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental ...

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution for future high-speed reentry missions. But despite the advancements made since Apollo, heat flux prediction remains an imperfect science and engineers resort to safety factors to determine the TPS thickness. This goes at the expense of embarked payload, hampering, for example, sample return missions. 
Ground testing in plasma wind-tunnels is currently the only affordable possibility for both material qualification and validation of material response codes. The subsonic 1.2MW Inductively Coupled Plasmatron facility at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics is able to reproduce a wide range of reentry environments. This protocol describes a procedure for the study of the gas/surface interaction on ablative materials in high enthalpy flows and presents sample results of a non-pyrolyzing, ablating carbon fiber precursor. With this publication, the authors envisage the definition of a standard procedure, facilitating comparison with other laboratories and contributing to ongoing efforts to improve heat shield reliability and reduce design uncertainties.
The described core techniques are non-intrusive methods to track the material recession with a high-speed camera along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer, probed by emission spectroscopy. Although optical emission spectroscopy is limited to line-of-sight measurements and is further constrained to electronically excited atoms and molecules, its simplicity and broad applicability still make it the technique of choice for analysis of the reactive boundary layer. Recession of the ablating sample further requires that the distance of the measurement location with respect to the surface is known at all times during the experiment. Calibration of the optical system of the applied three spectrometers allowed quantitative comparison. At the fiber scale, results from a post-test microscopy analysis are presented.

Development of new ablative materials and their numerical modeling requires extensive experimental investigation. This protocol describes procedures for material response characterization in plasma flows with the core techniques being non-intrusive methods to track the material recession along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer by emission spectroscopy.

プラズマトロン内のアブレーション材料試験中の放射分光境界層調査

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution ...

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose of efficiently driving non-equilibrium chemistry is discussed. The advantage of a flowing plasma reactor is that continuous chemical processes can be driven with the flexibility of startup times in the seconds timescale. The plasma approach is generically suitable for conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. Here the reduction of CO2 to CO is used as a model system: the complementary diagnostics illustrate how a baseline thermodynamic equilibrium conversion can be exceeded by the intrinsic non-equilibrium from high vibrational excitation. Laser (Rayleigh) scattering is used to measure the reactor temperature and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to characterize in situ internal (vibrational) excitation as well as the effluent composition to monitor conversion and selectivity.

This article describes a flowing microwave reactor that is used to drive efficient non-equilibrium chemistry for the application of conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. The goal of the procedure described here is to measure the in situ gas temperature and gas conversion.

効率的な高温化学反応のための非平衡マイクロ波プラズマ

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose ...

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. The reactions of cold plasma with the surrounding atmosphere yield a variety of reactive species, which can define its effectiveness. While efficient development of cold plasma therapy requires kinetic models, model benchmarking needs empirical data. Experimental studies of the source of reactive species detected in aqueous solutions exposed to plasma are still scarce. Biomedical plasma is often operated with He or Ar feed gas, and a specific interest lies in investigation of the reactive species generated by plasma with various gas admixtures (O2, N2, air, H2O vapor, etc.) Such investigations are very complex due to difficulties in controlling the ambient atmosphere in contact with the plasma effluent. In this work, we addressed common issues of &#39;high&#39; voltage kHz frequency driven plasma jet experimental studies. A reactor was developed allowing the exclusion of ambient atmosphere from the plasma-liquid system. The system thus comprised the feed gas with admixtures and the components of the liquid sample. This controlled atmosphere allowed the investigation of the source of the reactive oxygen species induced in aqueous solutions by He-water vapor plasma. The use of isotopically labelled water allowed distinguishing between the species originating in the gas phase and those formed in the liquid. The plasma equipment was contained inside a Faraday cage to eliminate possible influence of any external field. The setup is versatile and can aid in further understanding the cold plasma-liquid interactions chemistry.

An experimental setup was created for the helium-operated kHz frequency plasma jet. The setup includes a cage for the plasma power supply and jet and an in-house built reactor to monitor plasma-induced reactive species without the interference of the ambient atmosphere.

反応種の形成を調査するための大気圧プラズマのセットアップ

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. ...

Treating Surfaces with a Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma using the COST-Jet

In recent years, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas have been used extensively for surface treatments, in particular, due to their potential in biological applications. However, the scientific results often suffer from reproducibility problems due to unreliable plasma conditions as well as complex treatment procedures. To address this issue and provide a stable and reproducible plasma source, the COST-Jet reference source was developed.
In this work, we propose a detailed protocol to perform reliable and reproducible surface treatments using the COST reference microplasma jet (COST-Jet). Common issues and pitfalls are discussed, as well as the peculiarities of the COST-Jet compared to other devices and its advantageous remote character. A detailed description of both solid and liquid surface treatment is provided. The described methods are versatile and can be adapted for other types of atmospheric pressure plasma devices.

This protocol is presented to characterize the setup, handling, and application of the COST-Jet for the treatment of diverse surfaces such as solids and liquids.

コストジェットを用いた冷気圧プラズマによる表面の処理

In recent years, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas have been used extensively for surface treatments, in particular, due to their potential in ...

ほこりの充電と紫外放射またはプラズマへの露出表面上動員の実験方法

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プラズマ重合中空粒子のカプセル化と透水特性

波長可変真空紫外（VUV）放射光を用いた分子線質量分析

分子、イオン、および音響キャビテーションと固体粒子を活性化

追加のイグナイタずに大気圧マイクロ波プラズマトーチに点火する方法

プラズマ医学 - セルを液体からスループットアプローチの基礎的研究

摩耗の下で環境風化の下で製品の粒子エアロゾル化を調査するための実験プロトコール

プラズマトロン内のアブレーション材料試験中の放射分光境界層調査

効率的な高温化学反応のための非平衡マイクロ波プラズマ

反応種の形成を調査するための大気圧プラズマのセットアップ

コストジェットを用いた冷気圧プラズマによる表面の処理

ほこりの充電と紫外放射またはプラズマへの露出表面上動員の実験方法

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この動画の章

プラズマ重合中空粒子のカプセル化と透水特性

波長可変真空紫外（VUV）放射光を用いた分子線質量分析

分子、イオン、および音響キャビテーションと固体粒子を活性化

追加のイグナイタずに大気圧マイクロ波プラズマトーチに点火する方法

プラズマ医学 - セルを液体からスループット アプローチの基礎的研究

摩耗の下で環境風化の下で製品の粒子エアロゾル化を調査するための実験プロトコール

プラズマトロン内のアブレーション材料試験中の放射分光境界層調査

効率的な高温化学反応のための非平衡マイクロ波プラズマ

反応種の形成を調査するための大気圧プラズマのセットアップ

コストジェットを用いた冷気圧プラズマによる表面の処理

プラズマ医学 - セルを液体からスループットアプローチの基礎的研究