AECは、医学研究とメルク研究所のためのジェーン棺チャイルズメモリアル基金の仲間です。我々は実験的なアドバイスや議論のためにD.エグリとC. Cowanさんに感謝。

<html>ヒト胚性幹（HES）のセルの導出に使用する凍結ヒト胚は、ハーバード大学でヒト被験者の利用に関する委員会や胚性幹細胞研究の監督委員会の両方による確認と承認された研究のプロトコールの下で適切なインフォームドコンセントは、次の研究のために寄付されました。 以下の書面によるプロトコルは、コーワンらによって報告された公開パラメータに基づいています。 2004年、わずかな修正を加えた。 胚培養拡張胚盤胞期への発展まで、15％のPlasmanateを補充グローバル培地のドロップにクインのアドバンテージ融解キットとカルチャを使用して、ヒトの胚を融解する。 内部細胞塊の免疫手術ベースの分離準備： <ol><li> 10cmのプレートに各溶液の滴を設定することによって、透明帯と免疫手術の除去（下記参照）のためのプレートを準備します。蒸発を防ぐためにミネラルオイルを重層する。導出を目的とした胚ごとに単一行を準備します。 <ul><li> EmbryoMax酸性Tyrodesは、そのまま使用してください。 </li><li> hES細胞の導出メディア：75％KO - DMEM、10％KO -血清代替、10％のPlasmanate、2.5％ES細胞テスト済みウシ胎児血清（FBS）、2mMのグルタミン- I、1％非必須アミノ酸、50ユニット/ mlペニシリン、50μg/mlストレプトマイシン、0.055mMβ-メルカプトエタノール、5ng/ml bFGFを。 </li><li>ウサギ抗ヒト赤血球一次抗体は、ヒトES細胞の派生のメディアで1:10に希釈し、メーカーの提案にしたがって再構成。 </li><li>モルモット補体血清は、ヒトES細胞の派生のメディアで1:10に希釈し、メーカーの提案にしたがって再構成。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/574_2008_9_18_6/574_Figure-01.png" alt="574_Figure - 01" width="600" height="166" /> </li></ul></li><li> ℃の組織培養インキュベーターで使用する前に、37に、すべてのプレートを平衡化させます。 </li><li>転送する胚の使用のために50μlの-100μlのキャピラリーピペット（VWR）を引き出します。ダイヤモンドのペンと0.2μmのフィルターを装備した口のピペットチューブでの使用で端をカット。 </li></ol>免疫手術の手順： 注意事項： <ul><li>この手順では、栄養外胚葉の細胞が補体活性と並行してヒト細胞に対する抗体の短期間の暴露によって破壊されています。胚盤胞の唯一の構造的な整合性は、免疫学的反応への影響を受けているからICMを防ぐしたがって、プロトコルは、無傷の栄養外胚葉と高品質の胚に最適です。 </li><li>すべての手順は、加熱ステージを装備した解剖スコープを使用して実行。 </li></ul>手順： <ol><li>くっつくの胚を防ぐためにFBSを持つ胚移植に使用される口のピペットをすすぐ。 </li><li>培養皿から皿ATのヒトES保持ドロップに胚盤胞を転送します。 </li><li>滴ATシリーズのを介してヒトESドロップダウンリストから胚盤胞を転送することで手順を開始します。 3番目のドロップでは、透明帯（通常は5〜30秒）の解散を監視します。ではない過剰治療や胚の整合性に注意してください損なわれる可能性があります。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/574_2008_7_21_2/574_Figure-02.png" alt="574_Figure - 02" width="551" height="273" /> </li><li> hES細胞の派生のメディアのシリーズを通じて、転送胚盤胞は、AT洗い流しますに低下します。メディアとのプリロードピペットは、即座に反応、AT​​中和することをお勧めします。すべてが、AT -処理されるまで、胚盤胞は、ここで開催することができます。 </li><li> 37インキュベーションの30分間3番目のドロップ°組織培養インキュベーターでCに残し、一次抗体の滴の一連の胚盤胞を転送します。 </li><li> hES細胞の派生のメディアのシリーズを通じて、転送胚盤胞は、プライマリをオフリンスに低下します。 </li><li>栄養外胚葉細胞の溶解を監視するために3番目のドロップに残して、補液滴の一連の胚盤胞を転送します。彼らは溶解と栄養外胚葉細胞の&quot;バブリング&quot;の舞台での最初の30秒間、胚盤胞を観察。溶解がこの時間枠内で観察された場合、完了するまで反応を監視するために顕微鏡のステージ上で料理をしてください。何泡立ちが最初の30秒の間に観察されていない場合は、栄養外胚葉のほとんどが溶解するまで5分ごとにチェック、インキュベーターに戻す。これは5〜15分かかることがあります。反応時間と内部細胞塊への潜在的な被害を最小限に抑えるために密接に反応を監視する。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/574_2008_7_21_3/574_Figure-03.png" alt="574_Figure - 03" width="571" height="273" /> </li><li> hES細胞の派生のメディアのシリーズを通じて、転送胚盤胞は、補体活性を洗い落とすに低下します。 </li><li> （10μlのVWRキャピラリーチューブからプル）胚盤胞よりわずかに小さい直径のガラスピペットを用いて、溶解した栄養外胚葉のほとんどを離れて除去するには、上下の胚盤胞を描く。 G&quot;ALT =&quot;574_Figure - 0&quot;幅=&quot;577&quot;高さ=&quot;270&quot;/&gt; </li><li>プレートICMは、有糸分裂不活化マウス胚繊維芽細胞（MEF）のフィーダー細胞上に隔離する。 MEFは導出前日の準備とのhES細胞の派生のメディアデーに切り替える必要があります。 4ウェルNUNC料理は、導出の最初のステップに適しています。 </li><li>第一1〜2日のためのプレートを邪魔しないでください。その後、胚性幹細胞のコロニー（通常見かけ1-2週間以内）の伸長のために毎日確認してください。メディアは3日目の初めおきに半日ボリュームに変更する必要があります。 </li></ol> ES細胞の伸長や継代 hES細胞の伸長が約0.5mm以上に達したとき、それは機械摘みによる膨張のための準備ができています。 <ol><li>機械的に伸長の半分を分散し、新鮮な餌を含む新しいプレートに移す。胚性幹細胞塊は約30〜50セルごとにする必要があります。バックアップ初通過（P1）用として、伸長の残りの半分を残す。それは拡大し続けて伸長（P0）は、数回から選択できる。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/574_2008_7_21_5/574_Figure-05.png" alt="574_Figure" width="639" height="219" /> </li><li>二次コロニーも同様に分散させ、新しい細胞株は、酵素トリプシンで継代に適応することができる時に通路3-5まで大きな培養皿全体に拡張することができます。培地の血清含有量も徐々にES細胞の分化を最小限に抑えるためにこれらの初期継代の間に1％、0％に軽減する必要があります。 </li><li>すべての確立された胚性幹細胞株は、将来の拡張のための初期の通路の部分を下に凍結するバンクレジスタすべきである。 </li><li>さらに、各細胞株は、核型分析によって特徴付けされるべきであり、in vitroおよび in vivo における分化能と分化の研究によって検証。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Cowan, C. A., Klimanskaya, I., McMahon, J., Atienza, J., Whitmyer, J., Zucker, J. P., Wang, S. P., Morton, C. C., McMahon, A. P., Powers, D., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+embryonic+stem-cell+lines+from+human+blastocysts.">Derivation of embryonic stem-cell lines from human blastocysts.</a> N ENGL J MED. 350 (13), 1353-1356 (2004).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

ここで紹介するプロトコルは、内部細胞塊のimmunosurgicalの分離により、ヒト胚性幹細胞株を導出する方法を簡潔に、わかりやすい概要を研究者に提供します。

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Quinn's Advantage Thaw Kit </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sage</td>
<td>ART-8016</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Global medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Life Global</td>
<td>GMGB-050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Plasmanate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Talecris</td>
<td>61325</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EmbryoMax Acidic Tyrodes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Chemicon/Millipore</td>
<td>MR-004-D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>KO-DMEM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>10829-018</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>KO-Serum Replacement</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>10828-028</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>ES cell-tested fetal bovine serum, Defined</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hyclone</td>
<td>SH30070.03</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glutamax-I</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>35050-079</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Non-essential amino acids</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>11140-076</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>15070-063</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>13256-029</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Beta-mercaptoethanol </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>21985-023</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rabbit anti-human red blood cell primary antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Rockland</td>
<td>109-4139</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Guinea-pig complement serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S-1639</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Capillary pipettes in 10 microL, 50 microL, 100 microL sizes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mouth pipettes with tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>supplied with capillary pipettes from VWR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0.2 microm Acrodisc syringe filter </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pall Life Sciences</td>
<td>PN4192</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.5% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
<td>25300-120</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue culture dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue culture dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NUNC</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Nikon SMZ1500 dissection scope equipped with Nikon Tokai Hit ThermoPlate warming stage </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (E12.5)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

derivation of human embryonic stem cells by immunosurgery

自己複製能と身体のあらゆる細胞タイプに分化するヒト胚性幹細胞の能力には、両方の医療アプリケーション用の開発や病気の根本的な問題に対処するための研究ツールとして有望視されて保持することを示唆している。ここでは、内部細胞塊のimmunosurgicalの分離による胚からのヒト胚性幹細胞の派生のための簡潔な、ステップバイステップのプロトコルを提供しています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery at JoVE.com

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

免疫手術でヒト胚性幹細胞の導出

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

derivation-of-human-embryonic-stem-cells-by-immunosurgery

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

33.7K ビュー.  Harvard. 自己複製能と身体のあらゆる細胞タイプに分化するヒト胚性幹細胞の能力には、両方の医療アプリケーション用の開発や病気の根本的な問題に対処するための研究ツールとして有望視されて保持することを示唆している。ここでは、内部細胞塊のimmunosurgicalの分離による胚からのヒト胚性幹細胞の派生のための簡潔な、ステップバイステップのプロトコル...

ビデオ: Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

ヒト胚性幹（ES）細胞の増殖

生物学

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

マウス胚性幹細胞から造血幹細胞の導出

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and programmed cell death. Mitochondria produce ATP, regulate the cytoplasmic redox state and Ca2+ balance, catabolize fatty acids, synthesize heme, nucleotides, steroid hormones, amino acids, and help assemble iron-sulfur clusters in proteins. Mitochondria also have an essential role in heat production. Mutations of the mitochondrial genome cause several types of human disorder. The accumulation of mtDNA mutations correlates with aging and is suspected to have an important role in the development of cancer. Due to their vitally important role in all cell types, the function of mitochondria must also be critical for stem cells. Key advances have been made in our understanding of stem cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity. But the functional activity of stem cells, in particular their energy status, was not yet been studied in detail. Almost nothing is known about the mitochondrial properties of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and their differentiated precursor progeny. One way to understand and evaluate the role of mitochondria in hESC function and developmental potential is to directly measure the activity of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Here, we describe high resolution clear native gel electrophoresis and subsequent in gel activity visualization as a method for analyzing the five respiratory chain complexes of hESCs.

In this video, we will show you how the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes of human embryonic stem cells can be analyzed using in gel activity assays.

ヒト胚性幹細胞のミトコンドリア複合体活性の状態調査

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

ヒト胚性幹細胞からクロマチン免疫沈降

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

ヒト胚性幹細胞の文化とメンテナンス

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

染色体分析のためのヒト胚性幹細胞の染色体スプレッドの準備

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

ヒト胚性幹細胞を凍結融解

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum (dpc) mouse embryos.  Developing gonadal ridges from mouse embryos (C57BL6J) were dissociated by mechanical disruption with collagenase, then plated in a mouse embryo fibroblast feeder layer (MEF-CF1) that was previously mitotically inactivated with mitomycin C in the presence of knockout media and supplemented with Leukemia Inhibitor Factor (LIF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), and Stem Cell Factor (SCF).  Using these optimized methods for PCG identification, isolation, and establishment of culture conditions permits long term cultures of EG cells for more than 40 days.  The embryonic germinal cell lines showed embryonic phenotype and expression of common used markers of the pluripotent state.  Isolation and derivation of germinal cells in culture provide a tool to understand their development in vitro and offer the opportunity to monitor cumulative damage at genetic and epigenetic levels after exposure to oxidative stress.

The ability of embryonic germinal cells to differentiate into primordial germinal cells during early development stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum mouse embryos.

マウスES胚細胞の単離と導出

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

オリゴデンドロサイト前駆体に胚性幹細胞の分化

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the trophectoderm mediates implantation and generates the fetal part of the placenta. As a result, the development of this lineage is essential for embryo survival. Derivation of trophoblast stem (TS) cells from mouse blastocysts was first described by Tanaka et al. 1998. The ability of TS cells to preserve the trophoblast specific property and their expression of stage- and cell type-specific markers after proper stimulation provides a valuable model system to investigate trophoblast lineage development whereby recapitulating early placentation events. Furthermore, trophoblast cells are one of the few somatic cell types undergoing natural genome amplification. Although the molecular pathways underlying trophoblast polyploidization have begun to unravel, the physiological role and advantage of trophoblast genome amplification remains largely elusive. The development of diploid stem cells into polyploid trophoblast cells in culture makes this ex vivo system an excellent tool for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of genome replication and instability in health and disease. Here we describe a protocol based on previous reports with modification published in Chiu et al. 2008.

In this video, we demonstrate the isolation of mouse blastocysts and the derivation of trophoblast stem cells from blastocysts. We also describe conditions for maintenance of the stem cell property as well as induction of differentiation in culture.

胚盤胞からマウス栄養膜幹細胞の導出

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the ...