Teitellラボでヒト胚性幹細胞の研究は現在、再生医療のためのカリフォルニア工科大学（CIRM）種子助成RS1 - 00313でサポートされています。我々は、これらおよびその他の研究でアドバイスや洞察を提供するための博士カルラケーラー（UCLA）とケーラー研究室のメンバーに感謝。

ゲル内活性測定法ミトコンドリア複合体のための高解像度のクリア天然ゲルのElectophoresis（hrCNE） ヒト胚性幹細胞（ヒトES）は、標準的な条件を使用してMEF -馴化培地中で5日間マトリゲル上での成長に切り替えたˠ照射またはマイトマイシンC処理したマウス胚性繊維芽細胞（MEF）、の単層上で維持された。 MEFSを汚染除去するには、ヒトES細胞をマトリゲル上に再播種し、さらに3日間MEF -馴化培地中で増殖させた。多分化能マーカーOCT - 4およびSSEA - 4の免疫蛍光顕微鏡は、hESCの分化の欠如を確認するために使用されていました。 <ol><li> 5分間トリプシン処理（6ウェルプレートにウェル当たり1 ×トリプシンを1ml）に続いて暖かい1 × PBS、pH7.4の、で細胞を洗浄する。 </li><li>新鮮なトリプシンインヒビター（1X PBSで1mg/ml、pH7.4）を等量の。 200グラムで細胞を回収し、遠心分離、5分間、室温。 </li><li>作りたての1&#39;プロテアーゼインヒビターカクテルと、1.7ミリリットル（細胞ペレットのサイズに基づいて）氷冷ミトコンドリア分離バッファー（6.6mMイミダゾール/ HClを、pH 7.0の83mMスクロース）の - 0.8の上清と再懸ペレット化した細胞を捨てる。氷上で10分間インキュベートする。 </li><li>ホモジナイザー（ - 50ストローク〜40）で細胞をダウンス。光顕微鏡を用いて均質化の完全性をチェックするためにトリパンブルーでdounced細胞のアリコートを染色。 </li><li> 4℃で10分、20,000 gで遠心° Cにも核と大きな細胞断片が含まれている原油ミトコンドリアペレットを得た。デカントして上清を破棄し、析出した粗ミトコンドリアペレットの重量を量る。これは、停止点の場合、ペレットを液体窒素中で° C以下の瞬間冷凍-80℃で保存することができます。 注記：差動遠心分離または他の勾配に基づく手続きは純粋なミトコンドリア膜画分を分離して収集するために使用することができます。 refを参照してください。詳細については4。この代替アプローチは、ミトコンドリアタンパク質の代わりに細胞の重量または細胞数mg当たり複雑な活動のmg当たりミトコンドリア複合体の活性が得られます。ミトコンドリアタンパク質の濃度は、この比較を行うために精製した後に決定する必要があります。また、別の分離バッファは、このアプローチのために必要となる場合があります。純粋なミトコンドリア膜画分の可溶化のために、以下のステップ6次の注を参照してください。 </li><li>氷冷可溶化バッファー（50mmのNaClを、50mmのイミダゾール/ HClでpHを7.0、1mMのEDTA、2mMの6 - アミノヘキサン酸）とボルテックスで氷の上で原油ミトコンドリアペレットを可溶化。 6 - アミノヘキサン酸は、1 ×プロテアーゼインヒビターカクテルに置き換えることができます。ペレットの重量の20mgのあたりの可溶化バッファーの35μlを使用してください。チューブをタッピングしペレットの重さとミックスの20mgを10％w / vのジギトニンの20μlのを追加。氷上で5〜10分間インキュベートする。ドデシル- BD -マルトシドまたはトリトンX - 100は、タンパク質を可溶化するためにジギトニンに置き換えることができます。洗剤とその量の選択は、supercomplexesまたはミトコンドリアの複合体の多量体の形態の形成に影響を与える可能性があります。詳細については、文献1を参照してください。 注：純粋なミトコンドリア膜画分を可溶化するために必要な洗剤の量は2〜6グラム/ gからまで洗剤/蛋白質の重量比に対応していますミトコンドリア膜を可溶化するための最適な比率は、ジギトニンのためのドデシル- BD -マルトシド、トリトンX - 100のための3G / gであり、6グラム/ gのG / 2.5グラムです。 </li><li> 4℃で15分間、100,000 gで可溶化したペレットを遠心透明な上清を集める。 </li><li>最後の5％（w / v）のグリセロール、0.01％w / vのポンソーS（50％w / vのグリセロール、0.1％w / vのポンソーSローディングバッファーのストック溶液を使用）にローディングバッファーを追加します。 </li><li>レーンあたり原油ミトコンドリアペレットの20 - 40mgのを含むボリュームをゲルのウェルをロードする。 3.5パーセントスタッキングゲルとアクリルアミド勾配ゲル（4 -13％）を使用してください。 注：ゲルの調製と電気泳動条件： ビスアクリルアミドのアクリルアミドと1.5グラム（49.5％T、TはAAとbisAAとCの合計濃度である3％Cはの48グラム：ゲルの調製のために、次のように、アクリルアミド/ビスアクリルアミド（AA / bisAA）3ミックスを使用してください全モノマーに対して架橋剤（bisAA）の割合）。 ゲルバッファー（3&#39;）：1.5Mの6 - アミノヘキサン酸、75mmのイミダゾール、pH 7.0の</li></ol><table style="padding-left: 60px;" border="0"><tbody><tr><td>勾配ゲル： </td><td> 4パーセント</td><td> 13パーセント</td><td>ゲルをスタッキング： </td><td> 3.5パーセント</td></tr><tr><td> AA / bisAA 3ミックス</td><td> 2ミリリットル</td><td> 6.5ミリリットル</td><td></td><td> 0.6ミリリットル</td></tr><tr><td>ゲルバッファー3&#39; </td><td> 8.3ミリリットル</td><td> 8.3ミリリットル</td><td></td><td> 2.7ミリリットル</td></tr><tr><td>グリセロール</td><td></td><td> 5グラム</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> H 2 O </td><td> 14.7ミリリットル</td><td> 5ミリリットル</td><td></td><td> 4.7ミリリットル</td></tr><tr><td>合計ボリューム</td><td> 25ミリリットル</td><td> 25ミリリットル</td><td></td><td> 8ミリリットル</td></tr><tr><td> 10％のAPS </td><td> 139μL </td><td> 125μlの</td><td></td><td> 67μlの</td></tr><tr><td> TEMED </td><td> 14μL </td><td> 12.5μL </td><td></td><td> 6.7μL </td></tr></tbody></table>陽極バッファー：25mMのイミダゾール/ HClを、pH 7.0の 陰極バッファー：50mmのトリシン、7.5mmのイミダゾール/ HClを、0.02％（w / v）のドデシル- BD -マルトシド、0.05％（w / v）のデオキシコール酸、pH 7.0の 寒い部屋（4-7℃）でゲルを注ぎ、実行する。使用する初期電圧は100Vです。サンプルがスタッキングゲルを入力したとき、電圧は15mA（0.15&#39;14&#39;14 cmのゲル用）に電流に制限を500Vに上げている。赤色のポンソーS染色のシャープなラインがゲルの正面に近づくと電気泳動は3〜4時間後に停止されます。また、ゲルを70 - 100Vの定電圧で一晩実行することができます。 <ol><li>ゲル内の活性をアッセイ。各アッセイのインキュベーションの時間は、タンパク質の可溶化の効率性とウェルあたりにロードされる材料の量に依存します。複合体I、IVおよびVは、通常、複合体IIおよびIIIよりも強いシグナルが得られる。 </li></ol>複雑なI（CI） 数時間室温でCIバッファー（2.5mg/ml NBT; 0.1mg/ml NADH 5mMのトリス- HCl、pH7.4）でゲルスライスをインキュベートする。 CIバッファ：5mMのトリス- HCl、pH7.4の100mlあたり追加： 0.01グラムNADH 0.25グラムNBT 15〜45分間50％メタノールと10％酢酸でゲルを修正。固定ゲルを10％酢酸に保存されています。 複合体II（CII） 数時間室温でCIIバッファー（5mMのトリス- HCl pH7.4の、0.2mmのフェナジンのmethasulfate; 2.5mg/ml NBTコハク酸20mMの炭酸ナトリウム）でゲルスライスをインキュベートする。 CIIバッファ：5mMのトリス- HCl、pH7.4の100mlあたり追加： 200μlの1Mコハク酸ナトリウム 80μlフェナジンのmethasulfate（250mmのPMSはDMSOに溶解） 0.25グラムNBT 私コンプレックスのために説明したようにゲルを修正複雑なIII（CIII） 室温で数時間のため、CIIIバッファー（0.05％の3,3&#39; - ジアミノベンジジン四塩酸塩（DAB）50mmのリン酸ナトリウム、pH7.2）でゲルスライスをインキュベートする。 CIIIバッファ：50mmのナトリウム - リン酸、pHが7.2の100mlあたり追加： 50mgのジアミノベンジジン四塩酸塩私コンプレックスのために説明したようにゲルを修正複雑なIV（CIV） 数時間室温で、CIVバッファー（0.05％の3,3&#39; - ジアミノベンジジン四塩酸塩（DAB）、50μMウマ心臓シトクロムc 50mmのリン酸ナトリウム、pH7.2）でゲルスライスをインキュベートする。 CIVバッファ：50mmのナトリウム - リン酸、pHが7.2の100mlあたり追加： 50mgのジアミノベンジジン四塩酸塩 0.1グラムウマ心臓シトクロムc 私コンプレックスのために説明したようにゲルを修正複雑なV（CV） CVバッファ室温（35トリス塩基、税込グリシン、25℃でpHが8.3 ° C、14mmのMgSO 4を 、0.2％w / vの鉛（NO 3）2、8MM ATP）数時間でゲルスライスをインキュベートする。 CVバッファ：ソリューションのあたり100ミリリットルを追加： <table border="0"><tbody><tr><td>トリス塩基</td><td> 0.424グラム</td></tr><tr><td>グリシン</td><td> 2.026グラム</td></tr><tr><td> MgSO 4を </td><td> 0.345グラム</td></tr><tr><td>鉛（NO 3）2 </td><td> 0.29グラム</td></tr></tbody></table> （8.3でなければなりません）、pHを調整する必要はありません - 酸または塩基を使用しないでください。フィルタリングと追加<table border="0"><tbody><tr><td> ATP </td><td> 0.441グラム</td></tr></tbody></table> 30分間50％メタノールでゲルを修正し、水に移す。

<ol>
	<li>Wittig, I., Braun, H. -. P., Sch&#747;gger, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue+native+PAGE.">Blue native PAGE.</a> Nature Protocols. 1, 418-428 (2006).</li><li>Wittig, I., Karas, M., Sch&#747;gger, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+Resolution+Clear+Native+Electrophoresis+for+In-gel+Functional+Assays+and+Fluorescence+Studies+of+Membrane+Protein+Complexes.++6.">High Resolution Clear Native Electrophoresis for In-gel Functional Assays and Fluorescence Studies of Membrane Protein Complexes. 6.</a> Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. 6, 1215-1225 (2007).</li><li>Wittig, I., Carrozzo, R., Santorelli, F. M., Sch&#747;gger, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+assays+in+high-resolution+clear+native+gels+to+quantify+mitochondrial+complexes+in+human+biopsies+and+cell+lines.">Functional assays in high-resolution clear native gels to quantify mitochondrial complexes in human biopsies and cell lines.</a> Electrophoresis. 28, 3811-3820 (2007).</li><li>Castle, J. D., Coligan, J. E., Dunn, B. M., Speicher, D. W., Wingfield, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+Organelles+from+Mammalian+Cells.">Purification of Organelles from Mammalian Cells.</a> Current Protocols in Protein Science. 4.2, 4.2.1-4.2.57 (2007).</li></ol>

このビデオでは、我々は、ヒト胚性幹細胞、高解像度の明確なネイティブゲル電気泳動（hrCNE）によるそれらの分離、およびゲル内触媒活性のアッセイによって、その後の解析からミトコンドリアタンパク質複合体の抽出を説明してきました。 hrCNEはブルーネイティブゲル電気泳動に匹敵する解像度でミトコンドリアの膜タンパク質複合体を解決し、ゲル内活性アッセイ用に優れています。この手法は、ミ?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>0.5M EDTA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>BP120-1</td>
<td>adjust pH to 8.0 with NaOH </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1M NaCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S3014-500MG</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1M Sodium succinate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>S413-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.1M Sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>BP332-1 and BP329-1</td>
<td>Mix 68.4 ml of 1M Na2HPO4 and 31.6 ml of 1M NaH2PO4 to prepare 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer with pH 7.2 at 25 C </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1M Tricine, pH 7.0 (adjusted with NaOH)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>9010</td>
<td>store at 4 C </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1M imidazole/HCl, pH 7.0</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>I-2399</td>
<td>store at 4 C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>BP153-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>20% (wt/vol) dodecyl-b-D-maltoside (DDM)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluka</td>
<td>44205-500MG</td>
<td>Dissolved in water. Store 1 ml aliquots at &#x2013;20 C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10% (wt/vol) digitonin (>50% purity, used without recrystallization)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluka</td>
<td>37008-1G</td>
<td>Dissolved in water. Store 0.1&#x2013;1 ml aliquots at &#x2013;20 C. Should be warmed up to 95 C before use.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2M 6-aminohexanoic acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluka</td>
<td>07260-100G</td>
<td>store at 4 C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10x Ponceau S/glycerol stock solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P-3504 and G6279-1L</td>
<td>0.1% Ponceau S, 50% glycerol, (wt/vol) in water.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10% w/v sodium deoxycholate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluka </td>
<td>30970-25G</td>
<td>Dissolved in water. Must be protected from light. Adjust pH to 7.0 with HCl, filter and store at room temperature.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>250 mM phenazine methasulfate (PMS)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>TCI America</td>
<td>P0083</td>
<td>Dissolved in DMSO and aliquoted. Store at &#x2013;20 C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Amresco </td>
<td>0329-1G</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>3,3&#x2019;-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>TCI America </td>
<td>D0078</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pb(NO3)2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>L62-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MgSO4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>BP213-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tris base </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>BP152-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glycine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>G45-212</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Adenosine 5&#x2019;-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma </td>
<td>A2383-5G</td>
<td>Grade I, minimum 99%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>beta-nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) reduced form </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma </td>
<td>N-8129</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cytochrome c From horse heart</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma </td>
<td>C2506-250MG</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sucrose </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific </td>
<td>BP220-212</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>100x protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma </td>
<td>P8340</td>
<td>Store at &#x2013; 20 C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>D128-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypan blue Stain 0.4%</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco </td>
<td>15250-061</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>10x Trypsin (0.5%)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco </td>
<td>15400-054</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin Inhibitor </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco </td>
<td>17075-029</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

probing for mitochondrial complex activity in human embryonic stem cells

ミトコンドリア細胞の代謝とホメオスタシス、細胞シグナル伝達ネットワークの制御、およびプログラム細胞死の主要な役割を持つ細胞質小器官です。ミトコンドリア農産物ATPは、細胞質酸化還元状態とCa2 +のバランスを調節脂肪酸を異化する、ヘム、ヌクレオチド、ステロイドホルモン、アミノ酸を合成し、タンパク質に鉄硫黄クラスターを組み立てるのに役立ちます。ミトコンドリアはまた、熱産生に不可欠な役割を持っている。ミトコンドリアゲノムの変異は、ヒトの疾患のいくつかのタイプを引き起こす。ミトコンドリアDNAの変異の蓄積は、老化や癌の発症において重要な役割を果たしていると疑われると相関する。すべての細胞型におけるそれらの極めて重要な役割のために、ミトコンドリアの機能はまた、幹細胞にとって重要でなければなりません。キーの進歩は、幹細胞の生存、増殖、及び分化能の我々の理解がなされている。しかし、幹細胞の機能活性は、特定の彼らのエネルギー状態で、まだ詳細に研究されていませんでした。ほとんど何もヒト胚性幹細胞（ヒトES）とそれらの差別化前駆体の子孫のミトコンドリアの性質については知られていない。ヒトES細胞の機能と発達の可能性のミトコンドリアの役割を理解し評価する一つの方法は、直接ミトコンドリアの呼吸器複合体の活性を測定することです。ここで、我々は、ヒトES細胞五呼吸鎖複合体を分析するための方法として、ゲルの活動の可視化で、高解像度明確なネイティブゲル電気泳動およびその後について説明します。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

このビデオでは、我々は、ヒト胚性幹細胞のミトコンドリアの呼吸鎖複合体は、ゲルの活性アッセイに使用して分析できる方法を紹介します。

ヒト胚性幹細胞のミトコンドリア複合体活性の状態調査

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and ...

probing-for-mitochondrial-complex-activity-human-embryonic-stem

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.2K ビュー.  University of California, Los Angeles. このビデオでは、我々は、ヒト胚性幹細胞のミトコンドリアの呼吸鎖複合体は、ゲルの活性アッセイに使用して分析できる方法を紹介します。

ビデオ: Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

ヒト胚性幹（ES）細胞の増殖

生物学

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

免疫手術でヒト胚性幹細胞の導出

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

ヒト胚性幹細胞からクロマチン免疫沈降

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

In vitro Labeling of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of the predominant imaging modalities to assess the restoration of the injured myocardium. Furthermore, ex-vivo labeling agents, such as iron-oxide nanoparticles, have been employed to track and localize the transplanted stem cells. However, this method does not monitor a fundamental cellular biology property regarding the viability of transplanted cells. It has been known that manganese chloride (MnCl2) enters the cells via voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels when the cells are biologically active, and accumulates intracellularly to generate T1 shortening effect. Therefore, we suggest that manganese-guided MRI can be useful to monitor cell viability after the transplantation of hESC into the myocardium.
In this video, we will show how to label hESC with MnCl2 and how those cells can be clearly seen by using MRI in vitro. At the same time, biological activity of Ca2+-channels will be modulated utilizing both Ca2+-channel agonist and antagonist to evaluate concomitant signal changes.

In this video, we are showing how to label human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with manganese chloride (MnCl2) which can enter cells via voltage-gated calcium channels when the cells are biologically active. Additionally, we show the use of MnCl2 as cellular MRI contrast agent to determine the in vitro viability of hESC.

磁気共鳴イメージングのためのヒト胚性幹細胞のin vitroでラベリングの

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have demonstrated the ability to restore the injured myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

ヒト胚性幹細胞の文化とメンテナンス

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

染色体分析のためのヒト胚性幹細胞の染色体スプレッドの準備

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

ヒト胚性幹細胞を凍結融解

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer software.  Video bioinformatics is a powerful quantitative approach for extracting spatio-temporal data from video images using computer software to perform dating mining and analysis. In this article, we introduce a video bioinformatics method for quantifying the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by analyzing time-lapse videos collected in a Nikon BioStation CT incubator equipped with a camera for video imaging. In our experiments, hESC colonies that were attached to Matrigel were filmed for 48 hours in the BioStation CT.  To determine the rate of growth of these colonies, recipes were developed using CL-Quant software which enables users to extract various types of data from video images.  To accurately evaluate colony growth, three recipes were created. The first segmented the image into the colony and background, the second enhanced the image to define colonies throughout the video sequence accurately, and the third measured the number of pixels in the colony over time.  The three recipes were run in sequence on video data collected in a BioStation CT to analyze the rate of growth of individual hESC colonies over 48 hours. To verify the truthfulness of the CL-Quant recipes, the same data were analyzed manually using Adobe Photoshop software. When the data obtained using the CL-Quant recipes and Photoshop were compared, results were virtually identical, indicating the CL-Quant recipes were truthful. The method described here could be applied to any video data to measure growth rates of hESC or other cells that grow in colonies. In addition, other video bioinformatics recipes can be developed in the future for other cell processes such as migration, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.  

Video bioinformatics is the automated processing, analysis, understanding, and data mining of biological spatio-temporal data extracted from microscopic videos. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a method for measuring human embryonic stem cell colony growth using a video bioinformatics method.

ヒト胚性幹細胞のコロニーの成長のビデオバイオインフォマティクス解析

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

オリゴデンドロサイト前駆体に胚性幹細胞の分化

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three embryonic germ layers (1). Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cell types has generated much interest in the field of regenerative medicine (e.g., (2-5)), and methods for determining the in vivo fate of selected or manipulated hESCs are essential to this endeavor. We have adapted a highly efficient teratoma formation assay for this purpose. A small number of specifically selected hESCs is mixed with undifferentiated wild type hESCs and Phaseolus vulgaris lectin to form a cell pellet. This is grafted beneath the kidney capsule in an immunodeficient mouse. As few as 2.5 x 105 hESCs are needed to form a 16 cm3 teratoma within 8-12 weeks. The fate of the originally selected hESCs can then be determined by immunohistochemistry. This method provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cells has generated much interest in regenerative medicine. We provide a concise, step-by-step protocol for determining the in vivo fate of selected hESCs that provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.