Name: an alternative approach to study primary events in neurodegeneration using ex vivo rat brain slices
Uploaded: 2018-04-11T15:00:00.000+00:00
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この作品会社ニューロ バイオで賄われていた我々 感謝したい博士・ ジョヴァンニ ・ Ferrati、博士セルジオ ・ ロトンド (神経生物)、コメントや原稿にアドバイスを。

すべての動物の研究は、承認されたプロトコルの下で行われています。
注: このセクションで実験プロシージャの間に実行される一連の主なフェーズと推奨される時間間隔が表示される (図 1)。また、プロトコルの説明は脳除去から潜伏期間 (図 2) 後の組織の均質化に至るまで重要なアクションを見せて、説明パネルによって補われます。材料と装置と WB 解析のため後続のフェーズを構築する手順について詳細は、前述の22です。
1. 手術器具、Vibratome 設定と治療準備
注: は、実験の手順を開始する前に次の手順を実行します。
<ol><li>2 つ異なる人工髄液 (aCSFs)、脳をスライスするために使用される 1 つを準備し、29が前述に潜伏ステップのための他。簡単に言えば、2 つの aCSFs の (モル) で働く集中は、「スライス」アプライド: 120 塩化ナトリウム、5 KCl、20 NaHCO3、2.4 CaCl2、2 MgSO4、1.2 KH2PO4、および 10 のブドウ糖。6.7 HEPES 塩と 3.3 HEPES 酸;pH: 7.1。「記録」アプライドしばらく: 124 NaCl、3.7 KCl、26 NaHCO3、2 CaCl2、1.3 MgSO4、1.3 KH2PO4、および 10 のブドウ糖。pH: 7.1。</li>
	<li>ソリューションを混ぜると氷の上に置くし、脳とその後の断面を除去しながら寒さにスライスのアプライドに酸素を送り込みます。部屋の温度 (RT) と供給酸素記録アプライドに保ちます。</li>
	<li>斬首と脳の除去、すなわちギロチン、外科解剖キット (ハサミ、鉗子、羽根) とヘラの郭清のフードの下で楽器を配置します。</li>
	<li>Vibratome パラメーターを設定するには、スライス厚測定 (この準備で 300 μ m) と 7 の周波数と 6 で速度を選択します。その適切な場所に vibratome チャンバーを挿入し、氷とそれを囲みます。</li>
	<li>「スライス」(アプライド) 脳断面中に酸素を送り込むことカーボゲン ・ (95% O2 5% CO2) バルブを開きます。最小流量は 2 mL/分周辺を選択します。</li>
	<li>テストする条件を準備する 2 つの 15 mL チューブを取る。2 μ M (治療群) の濃度で T30 を豊かに「記録」アプライドの 10 mL 1 管 10 mL、「録音」アプライドだけで (コントロール群) のと、他を追加します。渦管し、セットアップ準備段階 (セクション 3) での使用まで氷のそれらを保ちます。</li>
</ol>2. 麻酔、脳領域抽出とスライス
注: この研究で 9 野生型 P14 雄 Wistar ラットが使用されました。脳の抽出とその後スライスを防止または組織の変性過程に少なくとも遅くために (10 分) 内ですぐに実行すべきのでプロトコルの重要な一部を構成します。
<ol><li>誘導室に綿の層にイソフルランの 100%/w の 1.5 mL を追加、中に動物を配置、ふたを閉じる。動物深く麻酔、ペダルの反射の有無を確認するまで待ち、その後、ギロチンを使用して動物の首をはねます。</li>
	<li>冷たい鍋含む内の動物の頭を保つ脳除去の段階アプライドをスライス (図 2 a -C)。</li>
	<li>頭蓋骨に手術の刃で皮膚を切開し、はさみ次の後部から、正中線を使って頭蓋骨をカット、前方 (図 2 a) OBs の上の骨に到達するまで続行します。</li>
	<li>脳 (図 2 b) へのアクセスを持つためにピンセットのペアを使用して頭蓋骨の横に 2 つの側面を引き出します。脳に腹へらを挿入し、優しくスクープ、それとそれは約 5 分 (図 2) のように冷たい「スライス」アプライドでうるおいをしっかりキープ。</li>
	<li>ろ紙上の脳を処分、ブレード (図 2 D) を用いた小脳を切り取る。Vibratome ディスクに垂直に脳を接着剤し断面のチャンバ内挿入、冷たい「スライス」のアプライドでそれ埋めるし、酸素 (図 2 e) を提供。</li>
	<li>切断間隔を調整し、脳断面 (図 2 f) に進みます。上記22内側中隔 (MS)、ブローカー (DBB) と黒 innominata (SI) の斜め帯など、関心の領域を含むセクションを収集します。上から下に、3 つのスライスには、吻側 (R)、(I)、中級、BF (図 2) の尾の (C) 部分が含まれています。</li>
	<li>小さなハサミで正中線に沿って各セクションを分割コントロールと同じ解剖学的平面で扱われる条件として個別に使用 2 つの鏡面 hemislices (図 2 H) を取得します。</li>
	<li>5-10 分の vibratome 室で、hemisections を維持し、ガラス ピペットで記録アプライドを含むバブル鍋にそれらを転送します。常温約 30 分を回復してください。</li>
	<li>記録アプライドだけ (以前に管理グループのための 1.6 の手順で準備) 3 mL で 3 つのガラス容器と扱われたグループの T30 (以前に 1.6 の手順で準備) を豊かにアプライドの 3 ml 3 バイアルを一方で、埋めます。</li>
</ol>3. セットアップ準備
<ol><li>制御グループ (緑枠、図 2 j) の 3 つの連続した hemislices (, 中間, 吻側と尾側の BF 地域を含む) を持つために彼らの対応するガラスの瓶 (図 2 i)、hemisections に転送、治療群 (赤枠、図 2 j) の対応を一致します。</li>
	<li>条件の間の任意の汚染を防ぐために制御 hemislices と処理対応の 2 つの異なるブラシを有する脳組織を転送します。</li>
	<li>対応するふたをオキシジェネイティング針 (21 G) (図 2 j) を提示、各バイアルをシールします。カーボゲン ・ ソース (図 2 K) に装置のメインのチューブを接続します。実験では脳組織と機械的損傷の任意の動きを避けるために 2 mL/min の最小流量では培養期間を通して hemislices に酸素を提供します。5 時間培養を開始します。5 分以内 3.1 3.3 の手順を実行します。 注: こまめにチェック (15-20 分毎) すべてのバイアルに酸素が供給されるかどうかと、その流れは底から組織を動いていません。</li>
</ol>4. サンプルの均質化
<ol><li>孵化後酸素の流れを停止し、バイアル瓶からすべての蓋を削除します。アイス (図 2 L) チューブを維持する換散バッファーの 250 μ L を含む 1.5 mL チューブに適切なブラシを使用して、hemislices に転送します。換散バッファー、PBS 1 をミックスするには、フォスファターゼ、プロテアーゼ阻害剤のカクテルと x で、1: 100 希釈し、サンプル間の汚染を防ぐために異なるすりこぎで組織をホモジナイズしてください。10-15 分内でこれらの操作を完了します。</li>
	<li>遠心分離機の 4 ° C で 5 分間 1,000 x g でライセートの脳上清を新しいチューブに転送し、-80 ° C のサンプル</li>
</ol>5. タンパク質濃度および西部のしみの分析を読む
<ol><li>各サンプルのタンパク質濃度を測定し、その後、上記22として西部のしみの分析試料を準備します。</li>
	<li>蛋白質の表現の治療の効果を評価するための統計分析を実行します。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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X., Lidsky, T., Wegiel, J., Grundke-Iqbal, I., Iqbal, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolically+active+rat+brain+slices+as+a+model+to+study+the+regulation+of+protein+phosphorylation+in+mammalian+brain.">Metabolically active rat brain slices as a model to study the regulation of protein phosphorylation in mammalian brain.</a> Brain Research Protocols. 6 (3), 134-140 (2001).</li></ol>

著者は、競合する金銭的な利益を宣言します。スーザン ・ a. グリーン フィールドは、創設者兼社長神経バイオ限定、個人所有の会社と会社の株を保有しております。エマヌエーレ ブライとアントネラ Cogoni 神経バイオ株式会社の従業員であります。

特定のアプリケーションの後の彼らの応答を監視、同じ解剖学的面から取得した 2 つの鏡面 hemislices を同期的にテストすることができます確立前のヴィヴォ脳の技術に基づいて、このプロトコルの主要側面条件 (制御または扱われる);したがって、できるだけしっかりと制御実験パラダイムを提供します。神経変性イベント22日中に見られるように時間、線量 - と部位?...

広告は (OB)1,2,3、嗅 (EC)、BF、海馬 (HC)、嗅球などの異なった頭脳区域に影響を与える段階的な神経変性障害によって特徴づけられる慢性的な病理 4,5。広告開発の後期の段階は、この病気の約すべての場合6の 70% を占め、認知症の最も一般的なフォームを作り、進行性認知機能の低下に します。初期 AD の原因を理解する広範な試みにもかかわらずない現在、定義された実験的徴候がそれらを解明です。AD の病態も効果的な7,8 を証明している医薬品のターゲットを説明する完全なプロフィールを提供されていないまた、最も人気のある理論 -「アミロイド仮説」- は問わ ,9。
注目されている代替理論神経変性時に発生する初期のメカニズム広告3,10,11に主に影響を受けやすい神経クラスターに関連していることを示唆しています。,12,13,14. OB、HC、EC1615,などの複数の地域が BF、中脳、脳幹、プロジェクト内で包まれてこの異種細胞ハブ。神経細胞の形態、神経伝達物質合成の多様性、にもかかわらず細胞のこのコアは非酵素的関数17,18することも痛みを表現する共通の機能を共有します。シグナリング分子は、Ca2 +線量、可用性、および神経年齢17,18に関連して栄養や有害イベントを受けることができるニューロンにカルシウム (Ca2 +) の流れを仲介する小説としてこの非古典的な役割,19。
神経変性、中に観察された細胞損失かもしれないしたがってこの非酵素的関数17,18,20、関連付けられている痛みの C 末端から切断 30mer ペプチド (T30) に起因するであります。20.、T30 誘導 BF 構造を有するラット脳スライス前のヴィヴォに基づいて新規アプローチを通じて我々 は実証以前の結果は、細胞培養と光イメージング18,21の準備、実施に伴い広告のようなプロファイル22。この新しい手法は時間のタイム ・ ウィンドウのとはいえ、解剖学的から回路保全に至るまで、そのまま組織の特性の多くを維持するための細胞培養よりもより生理的シナリオ提供しています。T30 申請急性反応をモニタリング、神経変性疾患の初期の段階で行われるイベントを探索するこのプロトコルを適用されます。
脳の使い方の文献の大きいボディにもかかわらず神経損傷で暗黙の分子経路を調査するスライスまたはより即時初めて神経新生23,24, このプロトコルを提供し、読み出す敏感な比較脊髄スライスの共通使用。ただし、脳切片の場合、この急性スライス手順できますも採用される特定の工程で発生する主な分子の変化検出神経または神経毒性分子の評価など、いくつかの目的のため免疫組織化学的解析、および中枢神経系の薬理学的アッセイ関連病態です。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td><td>S7653</td><td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride (KCl)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td><td>P9333</td><td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td><td>S5761</td><td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (MgSO4 (7H2O))</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td><td>63138</td><td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td><td>P5655</td><td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Hepes salt</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td><td>H7006</td><td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Hepes acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td><td>H3375</td><td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td><td>G7528</td><td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride dehydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Germany</td><td>223506</td><td>Reagent for aCSF preparation</td></tr><tr><td>T30 peptide</td><td>Genosphere Biotechnologies, France</td><td></td><td>AChE-derived peptide tested</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical dissecting kit</td><td>World Precision Instruments, USA</td><td>Item #: MOUSEKIT</td><td>Brain removal step</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical blades</td><td>Swann-Morton, UK</td><td>BS 2982</td><td>Brain removal step</td></tr><tr><td>Filter paper</td><td>Fisher Scientific, USA</td><td>11566873</td><td>Brain preparation for slicing</td></tr><tr><td>Glue</td><td></td><td></td><td>Brain preparation for slicing</td></tr><tr><td>Vibratome</td><td>Leica, Germany</td><td>VT1000 S</td><td>Slicing</td></tr><tr><td>Brushes</td><td></td><td></td><td>Tissue handling</td></tr><tr><td>Oxygen canister</td><td></td><td></td><td>Sectioning and incubation phase</td></tr><tr><td>1x Phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td><td>Fisher Scientific, USA</td><td>BP2438-4</td><td>Homogenization step</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphatase inhibitors</td><td>Fisher Scientific, USA</td><td>1284-1650</td><td>Homogenization step</td></tr><tr><td>Protease inhibitors</td><td>Roche complete PIC, USA</td><td>4693116001</td><td>Homogenization step</td></tr><tr><td>Pestles</td><td>Starlab, UK</td><td>I1415-5390</td><td>Homogenization step</td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pierce 660 nm Protein Assay</td><td>Thermo Scientific, USA</td><td>22660</td><td>Protein concentration</td></tr></tbody></table>

an alternative approach to study primary events in neurodegeneration using ex vivo rat brain slices

基になる神経変性を処理するプライマリを反映して信頼性の高いモデル動物の開発を試みる多くの研究にもかかわらずいくつかの非常に幅広く受け入れられてまいりました。ここでは、新しいプロシージャをよく知られている前のヴィヴォ脳スライス テクニックから、近い体内適応を提案する-として細胞の変性をトリガーする初期のイベントを調査するための体外の準備よりシナリオのようなアルツハイマー病 (AD) で観測されました。このバリエーションは、シンプルで簡単に再現できる手順を実行し、選択した脳の領域と、ローカル機能を生理学的環境での解剖学的研究の保存を有効にするで構成されています。別の解剖学的領域は、サイト、線量、および時間依存的で問題の治療法と複数の実験を実行する機会を提供すること、同じ脳から入手できます。この方法論に関連する成果に影響を与えることができる潜在的な制限を組織、すなわち、スライスとインキュベーションのステップおよび切片厚中の解剖学的な整合性の維持保全に関連します。生化学的および免疫組織化学的解析に影響を与えることができます。このアプローチは、生理学的または病理学的条件、薬物スクリーニング、または用量反応アッセイに関与する分子機構の探索など、さまざまな目的に流用できます。最後に、このプロトコルはまた動物行動学で採用数を減らすことができます。ここで報告されたアプリケーションが最近説明し、含む、前脳基底部 (BF)、広告で主に影響を受ける脳の領域の一つであるラット脳スライス前のヴィヴォの最初の時間のためにテストします。具体的には、それはアセチルコリンエステラーゼ (AChE) の C 末端から派生した有毒ペプチド投与がトリガー、BF の前後軸に沿った発現の広告のようなプロファイルを求める可能性が実証されています。alpha7 ニコチン性受容体 (α 7-nAChR) など、広告の変更蛋白質は、タウ (p-タウ) とアミロイド β (a β) にリン酸化。

ここで提示されたプロトコルは、α 7-nAChR、p の式のサイト依存的に有毒ペプチド、T30 の管理が変調を示します-タウ ・ BF 含むセクション (図 3 a) で a β。ニコチン性受容体と比べてそのコントロール、吻側治療 hemislice の大幅な増加を示しています (スライス 1、 p = 0.0310) (図 3 b)、中間のスライスは 2 つの条件 (変更?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices at JoVE.com

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

体内と体外の実験の利点を組み合わせてさらに神経変性疾患の基になる初期のイベントに対する洞察を提供することができますし、確立されたex vivo脳法に基づく手法を提案します。また、同じ解剖学的平面の処理と未処理のグループの直接の比較のためのユニークな機会を表します。

Ex Vivoラット脳切片を用いた神経変性疾患の主要なイベントを勉強する方法

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, ...

an-alternative-approach-to-study-primary-events-neurodegeneration

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

6.9K ビュー.  Culham Science Centre. 体内と体外の実験の利点を組み合わせてさらに神経変性疾患の基になる初期のイベントに対する洞察を提供することができますし、確立されたex vivo脳法に基づく手法を提案します。また、同じ解剖学的平面の処理と未処理のグループの直接の比較のためのユニークな機会を表します。

ビデオ: An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

Organotypic Slice Cultures for Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis

Here we describe a technique for studying hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis in the rodent brain using the organotypic slice culture technique. This method maintains the characteristic topographical morphology of the hippocampus while allowing direct application of pharmacological agents to the developing hippocampal dentate gyrus. Additionally, slice cultures can be maintained for up to 4 weeks and thus, allow one to study the maturation process of newborn granule neurons. Slice cultures allow for efficient pharmacological manipulation of hippocampal slices while excluding complex variables such as uncertainties related to the deep anatomic location of the hippocampus as well as the blood brain barrier. For these reasons, we sought to optimize organotypic slice cultures specifically for postnatal neurogenesis research.

Here we describe a technique for studying hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis using the organotypic slice culture technique. This method allows for in vitro manipulation of adult neurogenesis and allows for the direct application of pharmacological agents to the cultured hippocampus.

生後神経発生の研究のための器官型スライス培養

Here we describe a technique for studying hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis in the rodent brain using the organotypic slice culture technique. This ...

発生生物学

Preparation of Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rats and Transgenic Mice for the Study of Synaptic Alterations during Aging and Amyloid Pathology

The rodent hippocampal slice preparation is perhaps the most broadly used tool for investigating mammalian synaptic function and plasticity. The hippocampus can be extracted quickly and easily from rats and mice and slices remain viable for hours in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, basic electrophysisologic techniques are easily applied to the investigation of synaptic function in hippocampal slices and have provided some of the best biomarkers for cognitive impairments. The hippocampal slice is especially popular for the study of synaptic plasticity mechanisms involved in learning and memory. Changes in the induction of long-term potentiation and depression (LTP and LTD) of synaptic efficacy in hippocampal slices (or lack thereof) are frequently used to describe the neurologic phenotype of cognitively-impaired animals and/or to evaluate the mechanism of action of nootropic compounds. This article outlines the procedures we use for preparing hippocampal slices from rats and transgenic mice for the study of synaptic alterations associated with brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD)1-3. Use of aged rats and AD model mice can present a unique set of challenges to researchers accustomed to using younger rats and/or mice in their research. Aged rats have thicker skulls and tougher connective tissue than younger rats and mice, which can delay brain extraction and/or dissection and consequently negate or exaggerate real age-differences in synaptic function and plasticity. Aging and amyloid pathology may also exacerbate hippocampal damage sustained during the dissection procedure, again complicating any inferences drawn from physiologic assessment. Here, we discuss the steps taken during the dissection procedure to minimize these problems. Examples of synaptic responses acquired in "healthy" and "unhealthy" slices from rats and mice are provided, as well as representative synaptic plasticity experiments. The possible impact of other methodological factors on synaptic function in these animal models (e.g. recording solution components, stimulation parameters) are also discussed. While the focus of this article is on the use of aged rats and transgenic mice, novices to slice physiology should find enough detail here to get started on their own studies, using a variety of rodent models.

This article outlines procedures for preparing hippocampal slices from rats and transgenic mice for the study of synaptic alterations associated with brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease.

老化とアミロイド病理の間にシナプス変化の研究のためのラットおよびトランスジェニックマウスからの急性海馬スライスの準備

The rodent hippocampal slice preparation is perhaps the most broadly used tool for investigating mammalian synaptic function and plasticity. The ...

神経科学

Vibrodissociation of Neurons from Rodent Brain Slices to Study Synaptic Transmission and Image Presynaptic Terminals

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of interest. This allows for examination of synaptic transmission under conditions where the extracellular and postsynaptic intracellular environments can be well controlled. A vibration-based technique without the use of proteases, known as vibrodissociation, is the most popular technique for mechanical isolation. A micropipette, with the tip fire-polished to the shape of a small ball, is placed into a brain slice made from a P1-P21 rodent. The micropipette is vibrated parallel to the slice surface and lowered through the slice thickness resulting in the liberation of isolated neurons. The isolated neurons are ready for study within a few minutes of vibrodissociation. This technique has advantages over the use of primary neuronal cultures, brain slices and enzymatically isolated neurons including: rapid production of viable, relatively mature neurons suitable for electrophysiological and imaging studies; superior control of the extracellular environment free from the influence of neighboring cells; suitability for well-controlled pharmacological experiments using rapid drug application and total cell superfusion; and improved space-clamp in whole-cell recordings relative to neurons in slice or cell culture preparations. This preparation can be used to examine synaptic physiology, pharmacology, modulation and plasticity. Real-time imaging of both pre- and postsynaptic elements in the living cells and boutons is also possible using vibrodissociated neurons. Characterization of the molecular constituents of pre- and postsynaptic elements can also be achieved with immunological and imaging-based approaches.

This report demonstrates a technique for mechanical isolation of individual viable neurons retaining attached presynaptic boutons. Vibrodissociated neurons have the advantages of rapid production, excellent pharmacological control and improved space-clamp without influence from neighboring cells. This method can be used for imaging of synaptic elements and patch-clamp recording.

シナプス伝達とイメージシナプス前終末を研究するために齧歯類の脳スライスからの神経細胞のVibrodissociation

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

脳Microslicesの興奮毒性刺激<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;脳卒中のモデル

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

医学

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion channel, and transporter cell surface presentation on a minutes time scale.&#160;There is a broad diversity of mechanisms that control endocytic trafficking of individual proteins. Studies investigating the molecular underpinnings of trafficking have primarily relied upon surface biotinylation to quantitatively measure changes in membrane protein surface expression in response to exogenous stimuli and gene manipulation.&#160;However, this approach has been mainly limited to cultured cells, which may not faithfully reflect the physiologically relevant mechanisms at play in adult neurons.&#160;Moreover, cultured cell approaches may underestimate region-specific differences in trafficking mechanisms.&#160;Here, we describe an approach that extends cell surface biotinylation to the acute brain slice preparation.&#160;We demonstrate that this method provides a high-fidelity approach to measure rapid changes in membrane protein surface levels in adult neurons.&#160;This approach is likely to have broad utility in the field of neuronal endocytic trafficking.

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Neuronal membrane trafficking dynamically controls plasma membrane protein availability and significantly impacts neurotransmission.&#160;To date, it has been challenging to measure neuronal endocytic trafficking in adult neurons.&#160;Here, we describe a highly effective, quantitative method to measure rapid changes in surface protein expression ex vivo in acute brain slices.

脳スライスビオチン：<em&gt;生体外</emアダルトニューロンにおいて地域固有の細胞膜のタンパク質輸送を測定するために&gt;の取り組み

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion ...

The Analysis of Neurovascular Remodeling in Entorhino-hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional deficits in the affected patients. Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective treatment option available that reduces neuronal injury and protects neurons in the ischemic areas from delayed secondary death. Research in this area typically involves the use of elaborate and problematic animal models. Entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures challenged with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) are established in&#160;vitro models which mimic cerebral ischemia. The novel aspect of this study is that changes of the brain blood vessels are studied in addition to neuronal changes and the reaction of both the neuronal compartment and the vascular compartment can be compared and correlated. The methods presented in this protocol substantially broaden the potential applications of the organotypic slice culture approach. The induction of OGD or hypoxia alone can be applied by rather simple means in organotypic slice cultures and leads to reliable and reproducible damage in the neural tissue. This is in stark contrast to the complicated and problematic animal experiments inducing stroke and ischemia in vivo. By broadening the analysis to include the study of the reaction of the vasculature could provide new ways on how to preserve and restore brain functions. The slice culture approach presented here might develop into an attractive and important tool for the study of ischemic brain injury and might be useful for testing potential therapeutic measures aimed at neuroprotection.

A protocol for entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which allows reproducing many aspects of ischemic brain injury, is presented. By studying changes of the neurovasculature in addition to changes in the neurons, this protocol is a versatile tool to study plastic changes in neural tissue after injury.

Entorhino海馬器官型スライス培養における神経血管リモデリングの解析

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional ...

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have validated the utility of this method for enhancing neuronal preservation and overall brain slice viability. The implementation of this technique by early adopters has facilitated detailed investigations into brain function using diverse experimental applications and spanning a wide range of animal ages, brain regions, and cell types. Steps are outlined for carrying out the protective recovery brain slice technique using an optimized NMDG artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) media formulation and enhanced procedure to reliably obtain healthy brain slices for patch clamp electrophysiology. With this updated approach, a substantial improvement is observed in the speed and reliability of gigaohm seal formation during targeted patch clamp recording experiments while maintaining excellent neuronal preservation, thereby facilitating challenging experimental applications. Representative results are provided from multi-neuron patch clamp recording experiments to assay synaptic connectivity in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult transgenic mice and mature adult human neurosurgical specimens. Furthermore, the optimized NMDG protective recovery method of brain slicing is compatible with both juvenile and adult animals, thus resolving a limitation of the original methodology. In summary, a single media formulation and brain slicing procedure can be implemented across various species and ages to achieve excellent viability and tissue preservation.

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol demonstrates the implementation of an optimized N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. A single media formulation is used to reliably obtain healthy brain slices from animals of any age and for diverse experimental applications.

最適化されたNを使用して急性脳スライスの準備-メチル-D-glucamine 保護回復法

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

Preparing Acute Brain Slices from the Dorsal Pole of the Hippocampus from Adult Rodents

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from acute rodent brain slices are a mainstay of modern neurophysiological research, allowing precise measurement of cellular and synaptic properties. Nevertheless, there is an ever increasing need to perform correlated analyses between different experimental modes in addition to slice electrophysiology, for example: immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, in vivo imaging or electrophysiological recording; to answer evermore complex questions of brain function. However, making meaningful conclusions from these various experimental approaches is not straightforward, as even within relatively well described brain structures, a high degree of sub-regional variation of cellular function exists. Nowhere is this better exemplified than in the CA1 of the hippocampus, which has well-defined dorso-ventral properties, based on cellular and molecular properties. Nevertheless, many published studies examine protein expression patterns or behaviorally correlated in vivo activity in the dorsal extent of the hippocampus; and explain findings mechanistically with cellular electrophysiology from the ventro-medial region. This is further confounded by the fact that many acute slice electrophysiological experiments are performed in juvenile animals, when other experimental modes are performed in more mature animals. To address these issues, this method incorporates transcardial perfusion of mature (&#62;60 day old rodents) with artificial cerebrospinal fluid followed by preparation of modified coronal slices including the septal pole of the dorsal hippocampus to record from CA1 pyramidal cells. This process leads to the generation of healthy acute slices of dorsal hippocampus allowing for slice-based cellular electrophysiological interrogation matched to other measures.

The purpose of this protocol is to describe a method to produce slices of the dorsal hippocampus for electrophysiological examination. This procedure employs perfusion with chilled ACSF prior to slice preparation with a near-coronal slicing angle which allows for preservation of healthy principal neurons.

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from acute rodent brain slices are a mainstay of modern neurophysiological research, allowing precise measurement of ...

Acute Mouse Brain Slicing to Investigate Spontaneous Hippocampal Network Activity

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell resolution using electrophysiology, microscopy, and pharmacology. However, a major consideration in the design of in vitro experiments is the extent to which different slice preparations recapitulate naturalistic patterns of neural activity as observed in vivo. In the intact brain, the hippocampal network generates highly synchronized population activity reflective of the behavioral state of the animal, as exemplified by the sharp-wave ripple complexes (SWRs) that occur during waking consummatory states or non-REM sleep. SWRs and other forms of network activity can emerge spontaneously in isolated hippocampal slices under appropriate conditions. In order to apply the powerful brain slice toolkit to the investigation of hippocampal network activity, it is necessary to utilize an approach that optimizes tissue health and the preservation of functional connectivity within the hippocampal network. Mice are transcardially perfused with cold sucrose-based artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Horizontal slices containing the hippocampus are cut at a thickness of 450 &#956;m to preserve synaptic connectivity. Slices recover in an interface-style chamber and are transferred to a submerged chamber for recordings. The recording chamber is designed for dual surface superfusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid at a high flow rate to improve oxygenation of the slice. This protocol yields healthy tissue suitable for the investigation of complex and spontaneous network activity in vitro.

This protocol describes the preparation of horizontal hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HEC) slices from mice exhibiting spontaneous sharp-wave ripple activity. Slices are incubated in a simplified interface holding chamber and recordings are performed under submerged conditions with fast-flowing artificial cerebrospinal fluid to promote tissue oxygenation and the spontaneous emergence of network-level activity.

急性マウス脳スライスによる、海馬ネットワーク活動の調査

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell ...

Neuronal Death Assay to Evaluate Cell Death in Ex Vivo Epilepsy Model

Source: Carvalho, M., et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61330">A Model of Epileptogenesis in Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Organotypic Slice Cultures.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2021)
This video demonstrates the technique of assessing neuronal death in rhinal cortex-hippocampus organotypic slices. Neuronal death occurs via evolving epileptic seizures &#8212; resembling in vivo epilepsy &#8212; and is detected through dual-staining of the dead cells using propidium iodide and immunofluorescence.

Ex Vivoラット脳切片を用いた神経変性疾患の主要なイベントを勉強する方法

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