博士アレクサンドル ・ Mourot は、原稿の彼のコメントを感謝いたします。この作品は、アジャンス ナシオナル デ ラ抜き (ANR 2011 MALZ 003 01; からの補助金によって支えられました。ANR-15-CE16-0010 と ANR-17-CE37-0010-03)、BLG 財団注ぐラ凝ったシュル アルツハイマーから交わりに支えられて。IBPS (フランス ・ パリ) の動物施設に感謝いたします。

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単一セルのマルチプレックス RT-PCR によるパッチ ・ クランプすることができます同時にかつ確実にプローブ的識別されたセル5以上 30 遺伝子の発現後。単一細胞レベルの遺伝子発現解析と、非常に効率的な PCR のプライマーが必要です。最も制限の手順の 1 つは、セルの内容のコレクションです。その効率は、セル サイズをマッチングしながら可能な限り大きくする必要が?...

大脳皮質には、様々 な生理学的なプロセスに関与する様々 な細胞タイプが装備されています。同定と解析、固有の機能を理解する前提条件することができます非常に挑戦的な大脳皮質細胞の種類1 を特徴付ける大きな形態学的、生理学、分子多様を与え、2,3,4。
単一セル多重 RT-PCR は、パッチ ・ クランプと RT-PCR 技術の組み合わせに基づいています。それは同時に生理識別されたセル5以上 30 事前定義された遺伝子の発現を調べることができます。さらに録音ピペットで神経トレーサーのインクルー ジョンにより、組織化学的啓示6,7,8,9,後記録された細胞の形態的特性10ですその形質5,9,10、11,12 の多変量解析に基づく神経型の分類に非常に便利な技だ。 ,,1314。単一のセル マルチプレックス RT-PCR によるアストロ サイト15,16,17など非神経細胞の特性に適しています、すべての脳構造18、事実上適用ことができます。 19,20,21,22,23とセル型、全細胞構成で記録できると仮定すると。
この手法は、非常に便利な細胞源の同定や伝送システム7,8,15,16,20,21、ターゲット 24,25,26,27,28, 特定の抗体が不足している場合は特に。それは視覚的に識別されたセルの29日からのホールセルパッチク ランプ記録に依存し、したがって特定の細胞環境8,15,16セルのターゲットができます。さらに脳スライスにおける脳組織の細胞構築が保持されるのでこの方法もできます神経および非神経要素7,8の特徴の細胞の解剖学的関係の検討,18。
この手法は、細胞質の収穫の量によって、RT の効率によって限られているので、低コピー数で表される mRNA の検出は難しくなります。高-高価なシーケンサーが必ずしも必要があります彼ら30,31,,単一のセル3,4の全トランスクリプトームを解析する RNaseq 技術に基づいて他のアプローチを可能にしますすべての研究室が使用できます。単一セル多重 RT-PCR 法は、エンドポイント PCR を使用しているためにだけ広く利用可能な thermocyclers が必要です。電気生理学的セットアップ装備研究所で簡単に開発することができ、高価な機器を必要としません。1 日の内で、定義済みの一連の遺伝子の表現の質的分析を提供できます。したがって、このアプローチは、迅速な方法で単一細胞の分子特性解析へ簡単にアクセスを提供します。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MACAW v.2.0.5</td>
			<td>NCBI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Multiple alignement for primer design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>443852A</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Random primers</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>11034731001</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTPs</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>28-4065-52</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNasin Ribonuclease Inhibitors</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>N2511</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18064014</td>
			<td>RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>201205</td>
			<td>PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral Oil</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>M5904-5ML</td>
			<td>PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR primers</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PCR / desalted and diluted at 200 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubes, 0.5 mL, flat cap</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AB0350</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BT10 Series - 10 &#181;L Filter Tip</td>
			<td>Neptune Scientific</td>
			<td>BT10</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BT20 Series - 20 &#181;L Filter Tip</td>
			<td>Neptune Scientific</td>
			<td>BT20</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BT200 Series - 200 &#181;L Filter Tip</td>
			<td>Neptune Scientific</td>
			<td>BT200</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BT1000 Series - 1000 &#181;L Filter Tip</td>
			<td>Neptune Scientific</td>
			<td>BT1000.96</td>
			<td>RT and PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Thermal Cylcer</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Cetus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium Bromide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>E1510-10ML</td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Borate-EDTA buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>T4415-1L</td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure Agarose</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16500-500</td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#934;X174 DNA-Hae III Digest</td>
			<td>NEB (New England BioLabs)</td>
			<td>N3026S</td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDA 290</td>
			<td>Kodak</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophoresis Power supply EPS 3500</td>
			<td>Pharmacia Biotech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Midi Horizontal Elecrophoresis Unit Model SHU13</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smooth paper with satin appearance</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>1748B</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Hydroxyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>60377</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N&#8242;,N&#8242;-tetraacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium D-gluconate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>G4500</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>M1028</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5500 Vapor Pressure Osmometer</td>
			<td>Wescor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biocytin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>B4261</td>
			<td>Patch clamp internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>S5016</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>49159</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>S6191</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>60128</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>31437-M</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>S5011</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>63069</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>21115</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kynurenic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>K3375</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal Healthcare UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VT 1000S</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>14047235613</td>
			<td>Slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>H1009</td>
			<td>Patch Clamp set-up cleaning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin Wall Glass Capillaries with filament</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>TW150F-4</td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PP-83</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Microloader</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5242956003</td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BX51WI Upright microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XC-ST70/CE CCD B/W VIDEO CAMERA</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axopatch 200B Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digidata 1440</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCLAMP 10 software suite</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Patch Clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SS-10ES</td>
			<td>Expelling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E Series with Straight Body (Holder)</td>
			<td>Phymep</td>
			<td>64-0997</td>
			<td>Expelling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>S7907</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>S8282</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin from cold water fish skin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)</td>
			<td>G7041</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S11223</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td>Histochemical revelation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

single cell multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction after patch-clamp

大脳皮質は多数の細胞の種類様々 な形態学的、生理学、分子機能を展示で構成されます。この多様性は、これらの細胞の種類、固有の機能を研究するための前提条件の簡単な同定と解析を妨げます。この記事では、パッチ ・ クランプのスライスに記録後、単一のセルに同時に遺伝子の発現を検出するにより多重単一セル逆転写ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応 (RT-PCR) プロトコルについて説明します。この単純な方法は形態的特性と実装でき、血管近傍などさまざまなセルタイプおよび彼らの特定の細胞の環境の形質を決定することも多い。この議定書の原則は記録するセルを収穫し、逆に、パッチ ・ クランプの技術ではその細胞質の内容を書き写す、マルチプレックス pcr 法の定性的検出する遺伝子の定義済みセットの式。PCR のプライマーおよび RT-PCR 法と互換性がある細胞内のパッチ ・ クランプ ソリューションの注意深いデザインを必要があります。選択的かつ信頼性の高い成績を確保するため検出、この手法には細胞質が増幅ステップに収穫から適切なコントロールも必要です。注意ここで説明は厳密に従う必要があります、実質的に任意の電気生理学的検査は、RT - pcr マルチプレックスの単一のセルを使用できます。

マルチプレックス RT-PCR 法の代表的な検証を図 3に示します。プロトコルは、同時に 12 の異なる遺伝子の発現を調べるために設計されました。小胞グルタミン酸トランスポーター vGluT1 は、グルタミン酸作動性ニューロン42の肯定的な制御として取られました。GABA 合成酵素 (GAD65 と歩き 67)、ニューロペプチド Y(NPY)、およびソマ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp at JoVE.com

Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp

パッチ ・ クランプ後単一のセル多重逆のトランスクリプション ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応

このプロトコルでは、重要なステップとパッチ ・ クランプ後単一のセル多重逆転写ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応を実行に必要な注意事項をについて説明します。この手法は、あらかじめ決められた一連のホールセルパッチク ランプ記録によって特徴付けられる単一細胞からの遺伝子発現プロファイルを解析するシンプルで効果的な方法です。

The cerebral cortex is composed of numerous cell types exhibiting various morphological, physiological, and molecular features. This diversity hampers ...

single-cell-multiplex-reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.7K ビュー.  Sorbonne Université. このプロトコルでは、重要なステップとパッチ ・ クランプ後単一のセル多重逆転写ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応を実行に必要な注意事項をについて説明します。この手法は、あらかじめ決められた一連のホールセルパッチク ランプ記録によって特徴付けられる単一細胞からの遺伝子発現プロファイルを解析するシンプルで効果的な方法です。

ビデオ: Single Cell Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction After Patch-clamp

Culturing and Electrophysiology of Cells on NRCC Patch-clamp Chips

Due to its exquisite sensitivity and the ability to monitor and control individual cells at the level of ion channels, patch-clamping is the gold standard of electrophysiology applied to disease models and pharmaceutical screens alike 1. The method traditionally involves gently contacting a cell with a glass pipette filled by a physiological solution in order to isolate a patch of the membrane under its apex 2. An electrode inserted in the pipette captures ion-channel activity within the membrane patch or, when ruptured, for the whole cell. In the last decade, patch-clamp chips have been proposed as an alternative 3, 4: a suspended film separates the physiological medium from the culture medium, and an aperture microfabricated in the film replaces the apex of the pipette. Patch-clamp chips have been integrated in automated systems and commercialized for high-throughput screening 5. To increase throughput, they include the fluidic delivery of cells from suspension, their positioning on the aperture by suction, and automated routines to detect cell-to-probe seals and enter into whole cell mode. We have reported on the fabrication of a silicon patch-clamp chip with optimized impedance and orifice shape that permits the high-quality recording of action potentials in cultured snail neurons 6; recently, we have also reported progress towards interrogating mammalian neurons 7. Our patch-clamp chips are fabricated at the Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre 8, a commercial foundry, and are available in large series. We are eager to engage in collaborations with electrophysiologists to validate the use of the NRCC technology in different models. The chips are used according to the general scheme represented in Figure 1: the silicon chip is at the bottom of a Plexiglas culture vial and the back of the aperture is connected to a subterranean channel fitted with tubes at either end of the package. Cells are cultured in the vial and the cell on top of the probe is monitored by a measuring electrode inserted in the channel.The two outside fluidic ports facilitate solution exchange with minimal disturbance to the cell; this is an advantage compared to glass pipettes for intracellular perfusion.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3288/3288fig1.jpg" />
Figure 1. Principle of measurement using the NRCC patch-clamp chip
We detail here the protocols to sterilize and prime the chips, load them with medium, plate them with cells, and finally use them for electrophysiological recordings.

We show how planar patch-clamp chips fabricated at the National Research Council of Canada are sterilized, primed, loaded with medium, plated with cells, and used for electrophysiological recordings.

NRCCパッチクランプチップ上で細胞の培養と電気生理学

Due to its exquisite sensitivity and the ability to monitor and control individual cells at the level of ion channels, patch-clamping is the gold standard ...

神経科学

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

Visual stimuli are detected and conveyed over a wide dynamic range of light intensities and frequency changes by specialized neurons in the vertebrate retina. Two classes of retinal neurons, photoreceptors and bipolar cells, accomplish this by using ribbon-type active zones, which enable sustained and high-throughput neurotransmitter release over long time periods. ON-type mixed bipolar cell (Mb) terminals in the goldfish retina, which depolarize to light stimuli and receive mixed rod and cone photoreceptor input, are suitable for the study of ribbon-type synapses both due to their large size (~10-12 &mu;m diameter) and to their numerous lateral and reciprocal synaptic connections with amacrine cell dendrites. Direct access to Mb bipolar cell terminals in goldfish retinal slices with the patch-clamp technique allows the measurement of presynaptic Ca2+ currents, membrane capacitance changes, and reciprocal synaptic feedback inhibition mediated by GABAA and GABAC receptors expressed on the terminals. Presynaptic membrane capacitance measurements of exocytosis allow one to study the short-term plasticity of excitatory neurotransmitter release 14,15. In addition, short-term and long-term plasticity of inhibitory neurotransmitter release from amacrine cells can also be investigated by recordings of reciprocal feedback inhibition arriving at the Mb terminal 21. Over short periods of time (e.g. ~10 s), GABAergic reciprocal feedback inhibition from amacrine cells undergoes paired-pulse depression via GABA vesicle pool depletion 11. The synaptic dynamics of retinal microcircuits in the inner plexiform layer of the retina can thus be directly studied.
The brain-slice technique was introduced more than 40 years ago but is still very useful for the investigation of the electrical properties of neurons, both at the single cell soma, single dendrite or axon, and microcircuit synaptic level 19. Tissues that are too small to be glued directly onto the slicing chamber are often first embedded in agar (or placed onto a filter paper) and then sliced 20, 23, 18, 9. In this video, we employ the pre-embedding agar technique using goldfish retina. Some of the giant bipolar cell terminals in our slices of goldfish retina are axotomized (axon-cut) during the slicing procedure. This allows us to isolate single presynaptic nerve terminal inputs, because recording from axotomized terminals excludes the signals from the soma-dendritic compartment. Alternatively, one can also record from intact Mb bipolar cells, by recording from terminals attached to axons that have not been cut during the slicing procedure. Overall, use of this experimental protocol will aid in studies of retinal synaptic physiology, microcircuit functional analysis, and synaptic transmission at ribbon synapses.

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

Here we describe a protocol for the preparation of agar-embedded retinal slices that are suitable for electrophysiology and Ca2+ imaging. This method allows one to study ribbon-type synapses in retinal microcircuits using direct patch-clamp recordings of single presynaptic nerve terminals.

パッチクランプキャパシタンス測定とCa 2 +</sup網膜スライスにおける単一神経終末で>イメージング

Visual stimuli are detected and conveyed over a wide dynamic range of light intensities and frequency changes by specialized neurons in the vertebrate ...

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

内耳有毛細胞におけるパッチクランプ記録は、単離されたゼブラフィッシュから

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

It has been demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of any further modification of the target tissue. Infrared neural stimulation has been reported in a variety of peripheral and sensory neural tissue in vivo, with particular interest shown in stimulation of neurons in the auditory nerve. However, while INS has been shown to work in these settings, the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which infrared light causes neural excitation is currently not well understood. The protocol presented here describes a whole cell patch clamp method designed to facilitate the investigation of infrared neural stimulation in cultured primary auditory neurons. By thoroughly characterizing the response of these cells to infrared laser illumination in vitro under controlled conditions, it may be possible to gain an improved understanding of the fundamental physical and biochemical processes underlying infrared neural stimulation.

Infrared nerve stimulation has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation in a range of nerve types, including those associated with the auditory system. This protocol describes a patch clamp method for studying the mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation in a culture of primary auditory neurons.

赤外線神経刺激のメカニズムを調査するための全細胞パッチクランプ

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key neurons involved in a characteristic behavior known as the C-start or escape response that occurs when the organism perceives a threat. The M-cell has been extensively studied in adult goldfish where it has been shown to receive a wide range of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory signals1. We have been examining M-cell activity in embryonic zebrafish in order to study aspects of synaptic development in a vertebrate preparation. In the late 1990s Ali and colleagues developed a preparation for patch clamp recording from M-cells in zebrafish embryos, in which the CNS was largely intact2,3,4. The objective at that time was to record synaptic activity from hindbrain neurons, spinal cord neurons and trunk skeletal muscle while maintaining functional synaptic connections within an intact brain-spinal cord preparation. This preparation is still used in our laboratory today. To examine the mechanisms underlying developmental synaptic plasticity, we record excitatory (AMPA and NMDA-mediated)5,6 and inhibitory (GABA and glycine) synaptic currents from developing M-cells. Importantly, this unique preparation allows us to return to the same cell (M-cell) from preparation to preparation to carefully examine synaptic plasticity and neuro-development in an embryonic organism. The benefits provided by this preparation include 1) intact, functional synaptic connections onto the M-cell, 2) relatively inexpensive preparations, 3) a large supply of readily available embryos 4) the ability to return to the same cell type (i.e. M-cell) in every preparation, so that synaptic development at the level of an individual cell can be examined from fish to fish, and 5) imaging of whole preparations due to the transparent nature of the embryos.

We have developed an intact brain-spinal cord preparation to record and monitor electrical activity via patch clamp recording from the Mauthner neurons and other reticulospinal cells in zebrafish embryos. Thus, we are able to record excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents, voltage-gated channel activity and action potentials from key neurons in a developing embryo.

胚ゼブラフィッシュマウスナー細胞からパッチクランプ記録

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

The patch-clamp technique is today the most well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual neurons or their subcellular compartments. Nevertheless, achieving stable recordings, even from individual cells, remains a time-consuming procedure of considerable complexity. Automation of many steps in conjunction with efficient information display can greatly assist experimentalists in performing a larger number of recordings with greater reliability and in less time. In order to achieve large-scale recordings we concluded the most efficient approach is not to fully automatize the process but to simplify the experimental steps and reduce the chances of human error while efficiently incorporating the experimenter's experience and visual feedback. With these goals in mind we developed a computer-assisted system which centralizes all the controls necessary for a multi-electrode patch-clamp experiment in a single interface, a commercially available wireless gamepad, while displaying experiment related information and guidance cues on the computer screen. Here we describe the different components of the system which allowed us to reduce the time required for achieving the recording configuration and substantially increase the chances of successfully recording large numbers of neurons simultaneously.

Multi-electrode patch-clamp recordings constitute a complex task. Here we show how, by automating of many of the experimental steps, it is possible to accelerate the process leading to qualitative improvement in performance and number of recordings.

コンピュータ支援多電極パッチクランプシステム

The patch-clamp technique is today the most  well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual  neurons or their subcellular ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

Morphologically-と神経化学的に特定し海馬介在ニューロンからホールセルパッチクランプ記録

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Recording Light-evoked Postsynaptic Responses in Neurons in Dark-adapted, Mouse Retinal Slice Preparations Using Patch Clamp Techniques

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. Retinal neurons in the network comprise of numerous subtypes. More than 10 subtypes of bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells have been identified by morphological studies. Multiple subtypes of retinal neurons are thought to encode distinct features of visual signaling, such as motion and color, and form multiple neural pathways. However, the functional roles of each neuron in visual signal processing are not fully understood. The patch clamp method is useful to address this fundamental question. Here, a protocol to record light-evoked synaptic responses in mouse retinal neurons using patch clamp recordings in dark-adapted conditions is provided. The mouse eyes are dark-adapted O/N, and retinal slice preparations are dissected in a dark room using infrared illumination and viewers. Infrared light does not activate mouse photoreceptors and thus preserves their light responsiveness. Patch clamp is used to record light-evoked responses in retinal neurons. A fluorescent dye is injected during recordings to characterize neuronal morphological subtypes. This procedure enables us to determine the physiological functions of each neuron in the mouse retina.

We will demonstrate how to prepare retinal slices from the mouse eye and record light responses in retinal neurons. The entire procedure is conducted in dark-adapted conditions.

パッチクランプ技術を用いたダーク適応、マウス網膜スライス標本におけるニューロンにおける記録光誘発シナプス後応答

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

脳スライスにおける全細胞パッチクランプ記録

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate electrical processes in target cells. In this context, ion selectivity of a channelrhodopsin is of particular importance. This article describes the investigation of chloride selectivity for a recently identified anion-conducting channelrhodopsin of Proteomonas sulcata via electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings on HEK293 cells. The experimental procedure for measuring light-gated photocurrents demands a fast switchable &#8211; ideally monochromatic &#8211; light source coupled into the microscope of an otherwise conventional patch-clamp setup. Preparative procedures prior to the experiment are outlined involving preparation of buffered solutions, considerations on liquid junction potentials, seeding and transfection of cells, and pulling of patch pipettes. The actual recording of current-voltage relations to determine the reversal potentials for different chloride concentrations takes place 24 h to 48 h after transfection. Finally, electrophysiological data are analyzed with respect to theoretical considerations of chloride conduction.

This article describes how the ion selectivity of channelrhodopsin is determined with electrophysiological whole-cell patch-clamp recordings using HEK293 cells. Here, the experimental procedure for investigating chloride selectivity of an anion-selective channelrhodopsin is demonstrated. However, the procedure is transferable to other channelrhodopsins of distinct selectivity.

パッチ ・ クランプ後単一のセル多重逆のトランスクリプション ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応

パッチ・クランプ後単一のセル多重逆のトランスクリプションポリメラーゼ連鎖反応