この作品は、中国の NSF の補助金 (41706033、91752108、41476167)、(2017A030313242 と 2016A030311042) Grangdong NSF の補助金および LTO 補助金 (LTOZZ1801) によって支えられました。

1. ワーキング タンク
注: 実験は長方形タンクで実施です。タンクは、上部と下部のプレートと側壁に含まれます。上部と下部プレートは、めっき表面の銅から成っています。トップ プレートの中で水室があります。電気加熱パッドは、底板に挿入されます。側の壁は透明なプレキシ グラス製です。水槽サイズは Lx 257 mm (長さ)、Lyを = = 65 mm (幅)、Lz = 257 mm (高さ)。側壁の厚さ 9.5 mm です。
<ol><li>銅のプレートと蒸留水で慎重にプレキシ ガラス側壁をきれい。</li>
	<li>タンクは水が漏らないようにネジを使用してタンクを組み立てます。</li>
	<li>光学テーブルのステンレス製サポート フレーム (高さ 150 mm) を設定し、テーブルに現用戦車からの熱漏れを制限するスラブ断熱の間にフレームの上タンクを修正します。</li>
	<li>各プレートに 3 つのサーミスタ (0.01 ° C の温度の安定性) を挿入し、デジタルマルチメータに接続します。上部と下部の板の温度を監視するこれらのサーミスタを使用に注意してください。</li>
	<li>タンク内微小導電率と温度計測器 (MSCTI) を配置、多機能データ集録 (MDA) に接続します。モーターを備えられた高精度翻訳段階 (MPTS) に MSCTI を修正します。 注: 作動流体の水温・塩分プロファイルを達成できるように、MSCTI が垂直方向に移動して、上下に移動できます注意してください。ここで、MSCTI、0.01 ° C と塩分の安定性は 1% の温度安定性です。MPTS が 0.005 mm の位置精度です。</li>
	<li>デジタルマルチメータと多機能データ集録、サンプリング レート、データ集録チャンネル ストレージ パスなどの対応するソフトウェア プログラムでパラメーターを設定します。ここでは、それぞれ 1.0 と 128 Hz としてデジタル マルチ メーターとマルチファンクションのデータ集録のサンプリング レートを設定します。</li>
	<li>MPTS、初期位置を含む最低と最高の位置、移動速度、加速度、MSCTI のソフトウェア プログラムで移動パラメーターを設定します。ここでは、1 mm/秒と 0.5 mm/s2、移動の速度と加速度を設定し、20 と 220 mm 底板上に最小値と最大位置を設定します。これは 404 の MPTS の期間につながる上下測定のための s。低い位置で、MSCTI の初期位置を設定します。</li>
	<li>部屋の温度にほぼ一定な 2 つの高出力のエアコン (3000 W の作業力) 約 24 ° C に保ちます。</li>
</ol>2. 光学機器
注: 実験中に DC 階段の進化が監視と満たされる影絵の手法をプロシージャの下
<ol><li>タンクの外側のトレーシング ペーパー (25.7 cm × 25.7 cm) の一部を添付します。</li>
	<li>狭いビームの LED ランプを光源として使用します。ほぼ平行光を生成することができますように、タンクの反対側から約 5 m の光のソースを配置します。了承 DC 実験中に流体構造の層が流体の密度変化 (屈折率の変化に対応する) のためトレーシング ペーパーに点灯します。</li>
	<li>高速ビデオカメラを透写紙の同じ側に配置します。フルサイズのタンクを持つ層状構造を記録できるので、タンクから約 1 m です。</li>
	<li>ビデオカメラのサンプリング レートを設定します。サンプリング レートが階段の進化の詳細をキャプチャして適切なする必要がありますに注意してください。ここでは、ビデオカメラのサンプリング レートは、25 Hz です。</li>
	<li>電源ランプとビデオカメラと若干のポーションや距離を調整、画像をオフにするようにビデオカメラで取り込むことができます。</li>
</ol>3. 作動流体
<ol><li>2 つのタンクで生理食塩水と新鮮な水を準備します。<ol>
<li>それぞれの底からフレキシブル チューブ (外径 10 mm、内径 6 mm、長さ 10 cm) で 2 つの同じ長方形タンク (タンクおよびタンク B) に参加します。</li>
		<li>塗りタンク塩水、塩 (すなわち、塩分濃度) の質量濃度は、この例では 60 g/kg です。</li>
		<li>逆に包まれた新鮮な水の等量でタンク B を満たすし、電気磁気攪拌機を使用して連続的に流体を均一します。</li>
		<li>両方のタンク内初期流体温度の室温 (24 ° C) と同じにしてください。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>現用戦車で線形密度成層を確立します。<ol>
<li>二重タンク法29を使用すると、現用戦車の塩水の初期の線形階層を確立できます。</li>
		<li>現用戦車より高い 30 cm は、同じ高さにタンク A と B を配置します。お尻からタンク B と別の柔軟な管 (内径 2 mm、外径 5 mm、長さ 50 cm) の現用戦車に参加します。これらの 2 つのタンクで液圧差タンク B 内の液体は現用戦車にゆっくりと注入することができます。</li>
		<li>0.45 mL で蠕動ポンプの流れの速度を制御/s. 注作業槽水充填の全体の時間は約 3 h29に基づいて作業タンクの下部に塩分計算 <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq1.jpg">(1) ここ SA, V, V0タンク、現用戦車の最終液量とタンク A (または B) の初期の液量の塩分濃度は、それぞれ。SB下部と上部に新鮮な水に塩分を使用して、初期階層 N0の浮力の周波数は、します。 <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq2.jpg">(2) g は重力加速度、ρ0は参照密度、β は塩分収縮係数。注 N0は、この例では 1.14 rad/秒として計算されます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 実験を実行しています。
<ol><li>現用戦車の境界条件を設定します。<ol>
<li>トップ プレートの水室部を 8 等分プラスチック軟管 (内径 10 mm 外径 15 mm、長さ 150 cm) を使用した冷凍サーキュレータに接続します。トップ プレートの温度が冷蔵サーキュレータの温度に依存することに注意してください。部屋の温度 (24 ° C) と同じようにトップ プレートの温度を設定します。</li>
		<li>底板内部電気加熱パッドを接続すると、直流電流を供給します。うに計算されるこの実験中にメモ一定熱流束は作動流体に提供されて <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq3.jpg">(3) U、R、および A は供給電圧、電気抵抗、電気暖房の有効面積パッド、それぞれ。この例では抵抗と有効面積は、44.12 オームと 1.89 × 10-2 m2。60 V、総熱量を Fh 4317 W/m2供給電圧を設定します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>フロー パターンを記録するビデオカメラを入れます。</li>
	<li>デジタルマルチメータ、上部と下部のプレートと温度の温度と、MSCTI を使用して液の塩分濃度を監視する多機能データ集録を入れます。</li>
	<li>作動流体の温度と塩分濃度のプロファイルを達成するために上下に MSCTI を移動する MPTS を入れます。</li>
	<li>冷蔵サーキュレータと作動流体の上部と下部の境界条件を達成するために直流電源を入れます。 メモ全体の実験は生成、開発、没入、および DC 階段の消失を経験し、それが続く約 5 時間。DC の階段の消失後、電源を切り、直流を供給、冷蔵サーキュレータ、MPTS、デジタルマルチメータ、多機能データ集録、ビデオカメラ順番。</li>
</ol>5 データ処理
<ol><li>影絵のイメージ<ol>
<li>Matlab プログラムを使用して、さらなる分析のための連続画像をビデオカメラで記録されたビデオを変換します。タンク内のフロー パターンを強調するためにこれらのイメージを調整します。どこ私として (x, z) は、デジタル画像の輝度を設定 (x, z) イメージの左下隅を原点との水平および垂直座標を示します。(X, z) に変化に注意してください (0, 1) 256 のグレーのレベルで。30として各画像で背景イメージを正規化します。 <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq4.jpg">(4) どこ<img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq5.jpg">冷・暖房適用されて前に撮影した 10 の画像の平均輝度は、 <img alt="Equation 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq6.jpg"> i の強度を示すthイメージ。この方法で画像の静止した欠陥を削除できます。DC パターンの時間発展を検討するために各イメージを単一の縦強度変動プロファイルに変換できる<img alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq7.jpg">、(すなわち強度の二乗) に沿ってイメージ強度変動を計算することによって、水平方向<img alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq7.jpg">。強度変動分布をプロット<img alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq7.jpg">DC 階段の進化を見るには時間の増加と共に連続画像。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>水温・塩分プロファイル<ol>
<li>この実験では上下移動 MSCTI で温度の鉛直分布と加工液の塩分濃度測定に注意してください。一時的な高さ、移動速度 w、時間 t、(最も低い位置に対応する) 開始時間 t0 、最も低い位置 hL平均値を持つ MSCTI の時間 (t) を計算し、最高 hH、として配置 <img alt="Equation 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq8.jpg">(5) どこ<img alt="Equation 9" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq9.jpg">は、MSCTI 期間最低 (最高値) から最高 (最低) の位置から移動、n そして δ は、それぞれ整数部と小数部。計算として一時的な高さの場合 <img alt="Equation 10" src="/files/ftp_upload/58316/58316eq10.jpg">(6) 方程式 (6)、n が偶数の場合のノートで、MSCTI は移動です。それ以外の場合、MSCTI は下に移動です。時間シリーズ温度 T(t) と垂直方向の水温・塩分プロファイルを取得する高さの場合の面で塩分 S(t) をプロットします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+coupled+turbulent+transports+of+salt+and+heat+across+a+sharp+density+interface.">The coupled turbulent transports of salt and heat across a sharp density interface.</a> International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 8 (5), 759-767 (1965).</li><li>Hill, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+density+gradients+in+general+domains:+the+&amp;#34;two-tank&amp;#34;+method+revisited.">General density gradients in general domains: the &amp;#34;two-tank&amp;#34; method revisited.</a> Experiments in Fluids. 32 (4), 434-440 (2002).</li><li>Zhou, S. Q., Ahlers, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+chaos+in+electroconvection+of+a+homeotropically+aligned+nematic+liquid+crystal.">Spatiotemporal chaos in electroconvection of a homeotropically aligned nematic liquid crystal.</a> Physical Review E. 74 (4), 046212 (2006).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

本稿で詳細な実験的プロトコルは矩形容器内熱塩 DC 階段構造をシミュレートに記載されます。作動流体の初期密度成層は、2 つのタンクのメソッドを使用して構築されます。トップ プレートは、一定の温度と熱流束一定の 1 つ下で保持されます。DC の階段は、生成、発展、没入、消失などの全体の進化プロセスは、影絵を用いた可視化し、高精度プローブにより温度と塩分濃度の差異を記録...

二重拡散対流 (DDC) は、最も重要な垂直混合プロセスのひとつです。それは、層状水の列の垂直方向の密度分布がコンポーネントが異なる分子拡散1をある反対の方向の 2 つ以上のスカラー部品勾配によって制御されるときに発生します。それは広く海洋2雰囲気3、地質学4、天体物理学5、材料科学6冶金7、および建築工学8で発生します。DDC は、世界の海洋のほとんど半分で現在、海洋のマルチ スケール プロセスとも気候変動9に対する重要な効果です。
DDC の主に 2 つのモードがある: 塩の指 (SF) と拡散対流 (DC)。SF は、暖かく、塩辛い水固まり成層環境でクーラー、新鮮な水を覆います。暖かく、塩辛い水は冷たい、新鮮な水の下にある、DC が形成されます。DC の顕著な特徴は、水温・塩分・密度の鉛直分布が階段のようより均一に対流する層と薄く、強く成層界面によって構成されることです。DC は高緯度の海や北極海や南極海などのいくつかの内部の salt 湖で主にオホーツク海、紅海、アフリカのキブ湖10発生します。北極海の流域と永続的な DC 階段上部と深い海11,12が存在します。それは深層海洋上層の混合に重要な影響を及ぼすし、氷の融解、最近海洋コミュニティ13より多くの興味をそそりますに大きく影響があります。
DC 階段構造最初 1969年14で、北極海で発見されました。その、パッドマン ・ ディロン15後、ティンメルマンスら。11、Sirevaag & Fer16周・魯12、ガスリーら。17Bebieva ・ ティンメルマンスは18、およびワイスマンら。19測定垂直方向を含む北極海の異なる流域で DC 階段と対流層とインターフェイス、深さと、階段の総厚さの水平スケール垂直伝で DC プロセスメソ渦と階段構造の時空変遷。シュミットら。20ゾンマーら21は、キブ湖の微細構造プロファイラーを用いて DC 階段を観察しました。彼らは主要な構造機能および DC の熱流束を報告、既存のパラメトリック式で測定した熱フラックスを比較します。コンピューターの処理速度を向上させると DC のシミュレーションが行われている最近、たとえば、インターフェイスを確認する構造と不安定性、インターフェイスを通じて熱伝達層の結合イベント22,23,24。
フィールド観測、海洋学者の海 DC の理解を大幅に強化が、測定は強く中間海洋流れ環境と楽器によって制限されます。たとえば、DC インターフェイスは、非常に小型の垂直方向のスケールをいくつか湖や海で25、0.1 m よりも薄いといくつかの特別な高解像度の器具が必要があります。実験では、DC の基本的な動的・熱力学的法則を探究することに独特な利点を示しています。室内実験と DC 階段の進化を観察、温度と塩分濃度測定、海洋アプリケーション26,27のいくつかのパラメーター化を提案できます。さらに、研究室の実験では、制御パラメーターと条件が容易に調整必要に応じて。たとえば、ターナーは最初 1965 年に実験室で DC 階段をシミュレートし、頻繁に更新され、その場で海洋観測28 で広く使用されて拡散界面熱伝達のパラメーター化を提案.
本稿で詳細な実験的プロトコルと DC 階段を下から加熱成層の食塩水で生成、開発および消失を含むの進化プロセスをシミュレートする説明です。水温・塩分は、影絵を用いた監視されている DC 階段と同様、マイクロ スケール装置によって測定されます。実験のセットアップ、進化プロセス、データ分析、および結果の検討は、詳細で説明されます。初期と境界条件を変えることによって現在の実験設定とメソッドを海洋の水平対流、深海熱水噴火、表層混合層の深化の効果などの他の海洋現象をシミュレートするために使用できます。潜水艦が海洋循環上の地熱です。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="623">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:185px;">Rectangular tank</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Custom made part</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:185px;">Plexiglas</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom made part</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:185px;">Electric heating pad</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom made part</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:185px;">Distilled water</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:185px;">Optical table</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Liansheng Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MRT-P/B</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:185px;">Thermiostors</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom made part</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:185px;">Digital multimeter</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Keithley Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 2700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:185px;">Micro-scale conductivity and temperature instrument (MSCTI)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">PME. Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:185px;">Multifunction data acquisition (MDA)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">MCC. Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">USB-2048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:185px;">Motorized precision translation stage (MPTS)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thorlabs Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LTS300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:185px;">Tracing paper</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:185px;">LED lamp</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:185px;">Camcorder</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sony Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">XDR-XR550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:185px;">De-gassed fresh water</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom made part</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:185px;">Saline water</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom made part</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:31px;width:185px;">Flexible tube</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:31px;width:185px;">Electric magnetic stirrer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Meiyingpu Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MYP2011-100</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:185px;">Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Zhisun Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DDBT-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:185px;">Refrigerated circulator</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Polyscience Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 9702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:185px;">Plastic soft tube</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:185px;">Direct-current power supply</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">GE Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GPS-3030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:185px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">MathWorks Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R2012a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evolution of staircase structures in diffusive convection

拡散対流 (DC) 密度が 2 つの異なる分子拡散スカラーのグラデーションに反対によって制御されより大きいと、小さい-拡散スカラー勾配が正と負の垂直層状するときに発生します密度分布のための貢献それぞれ。DC は、多くの自然のプロセスと工学的応用、海洋学、天体物理学、冶金などで発生します。海洋の DC の最も顕著な特徴の 1 つは鉛直水温・塩分分布が厚い均一対流層と比較的薄いと高勾配インタ フェース連続ステップの階段のような構造であることです。DC 階段は北極と南極海を中心に、いろいろな海で観察されているし、海洋循環と気候変動に重要な役割を果たします。北極海における上部と深い海の流域と永続的な DC の階段が存在します。DC プロセスは深層海洋上層の混合に重要な影響を及ぼすし、表面の氷の融解に大きく影響があります。実験観測の制限に比べると、そのユニークな利点 dc、動的・熱力学的プロセスを効果的に調べる境界条件と制御のパラメーターを厳密に調整できますのでを示しています。ここでは、詳細なプロトコルと成層の食塩水で満たされた長方形タンクの生成、開発および消失を含む DC 階段構造の進化プロセスをシミュレートする説明です。実験のセットアップ、進化プロセス、データ分析、および結果の検討は、詳細で説明されます。

実験装置の概略図を図 1に示します。そのコンポーネントは、プロトコルのとおりです。主要部品、図 1 aに示すように、詳細な現用戦車は図 1 bに示すように。図 2は、下部 (Tb、赤色の曲線) と (Tt、黒の曲線) トップ プレートの温度変化を示しています。それは 2 つのプレートの温度は?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection at JoVE.com

Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection

拡散対流 (DC) は広く自然のプロセスと同種の対流層と成層界面と階段の連続によって特徴付けられる、エンジニア リング アプリケーションで発生します。実験手順、長方形タンクの生成、開発および消失を含む、DC 階段構造の進化プロセスをシミュレートする説明します。

拡散対流における階段形状の進化

Diffusive convection (DC) occurs when the vertical stratified density is controlled by two opposing scalar gradients that have distinctly different ...

evolution-of-staircase-structures-in-diffusive-convection

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Environment

6.4K ビュー.  Chinese Academy of Sciences. 拡散対流 (DC) は広く自然のプロセスと同種の対流層と成層界面と階段の連続によって特徴付けられる、エンジニア リング アプリケーションで発生します。実験手順、長方形タンクの生成、開発および消失を含む、DC 階段構造の進化プロセスをシミュレートする説明します。

ビデオ: Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection

Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently than plants3, but also synthesize advanced biofuels2-4. Generally, atmospheric CO2 is not a sufficient source for supporting maximal algal growth5. On the other hand, the high concentrations of CO2 in industrial exhaust gases have adverse effects on algal physiology. Consequently, both cultivation conditions (such as nutrients and light) and the control of the flue gas flow into the photo-bioreactors are important to develop an efficient &ldquo;flue gas to algae&rdquo; system. Researchers have proposed different photobioreactor configurations4,6 and cultivation strategies7,8 with flue gas. Here, we present a protocol that demonstrates how to use models to predict the microalgal growth in response to flue gas settings. We perform both experimental illustration and model simulations to determine the favorable conditions for algal growth with flue gas. We develop a Monod-based model coupled with mass transfer and light intensity equations to simulate the microalgal growth in a homogenous photo-bioreactor. The model simulation compares algal growth and flue gas consumptions under different flue-gas settings. The model illustrates: 1) how algal growth is influenced by different volumetric mass transfer coefficients of CO2; 2) how we can find optimal CO2 concentration for algal growth via the dynamic optimization approach (DOA); 3) how we can design a rectangular on-off flue gas pulse to promote algal biomass growth and to reduce the usage of flue gas. On the experimental side, we present a protocol for growing Chlorella under the flue gas (generated by natural gas combustion). The experimental results qualitatively validate the model predictions that the high frequency flue gas pulses can significantly improve algal cultivation.

Flue gas from power plants is a cheap CO2 source for algal growth. We have built prototype &#34;flue gas to algal cultivation&#34; systems and described how to scale up the algal cultivation process. We have demonstrated the use of a mass-transfer bio-reaction model to simulate and to design the optimal operation of flue gas for the growth of Chlorella sp. in algal photo-bioreactors.

計算機シミュレーションを通してフォトバイオリアクターで藻類の成長を促進するために排煙設定を最適化

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently ...

環境学

Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered &#34;bee-safe,&#34; there is mounting evidence that fungicide residues in pollen are associated with bee declines (for both honey and bumble bee species). While the mechanisms remain relatively unknown, researchers have speculated that bee-microbe symbioses are involved. Microbes play a pivotal role in the preservation and/or processing of pollen, which serves as nutrition for larval bees. By altering the microbial community, it is likely that fungicides disrupt these microbe-mediated services, and thereby compromise bee health. This manuscript describes the protocols used to investigate the indirect mechanism(s) by which fungicides may be causing colony decline. Cage experiments exposing bees to fungicide-treated flowers have already provided the first evidence that fungicides cause profound colony losses in a native bumble bee (Bombus impatiens). Using field-relevant doses of fungicides, a series of experiments have been developed to provide a finer description of microbial community dynamics of fungicide-exposed pollen. Shifts in the structural composition of fungal and bacterial assemblages within the pollen microbiome are investigated by next-generation sequencing and metagenomic analysis. Experiments developed herein have been designed to provide a mechanistic understanding of how fungicides affect the microbiome of pollen-provisions. Ultimately, these findings should shed light on the indirect pathway through which fungicides may be causing colony declines.

Microbial consortia within bumble bee hives enrich and preserve pollen for bee larvae. Using next generation sequencing, along with laboratory and field-based experiments, this manuscript describes protocols used to test the hypothesis that fungicide residues alter the pollen microbiome, and colony demographics, ultimately leading to colony loss.

実証、メタゲノムと計算手法を照らす殺菌剤妥協ミツバチ健康メカニズム

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered ...

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has relevant health and economic consequences. Many cyanobacterial strains are toxin producers, and only a few cells are necessary to induce irreparable damage to the environment. Therefore, water-body authorities and administrations require rapid and efficient early-warning systems providing reliable data to support their preventive or curative decisions. This manuscript reports an experimental protocol for the in-field detection of toxin-producing cyanobacterial strains by using an antibody microarray chip with 17 antibodies (Abs) with taxonomic resolution (CYANOCHIP). Here, a multiplex fluorescent sandwich microarray immunoassay (FSMI) for the simultaneous monitoring of 17 cyanobacterial strains frequently found blooming in freshwater ecosystems, some of them toxin producers, is described. A microarray with multiple identical replicates (up to 24) of the CYANOCHIP was printed onto a single microscope slide to simultaneously test a similar number of samples. Liquid samples can be tested either by direct incubation with the antibodies (Abs) or after cell concentration by filtration through a 1- to 3-&#956;m filter. Solid samples, such as sediments and ground rocks, are first homogenized and dispersed by a hand-held ultrasonicator in an incubation buffer. They are then filtered (5 - 20 &#956;m) to remove the coarse material, and the filtrate is incubated with Abs. Immunoreactions are revealed by a final incubation with a mixture of the 17 fluorescence-labeled Abs and are read by a portable fluorescence detector. The whole process takes around 3 h, most of it corresponding to two 1-h periods of incubation. The output is an image, where bright spots correspond to the positive detection of cyanobacterial markers.

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

The presence of cyanobacterial toxins in fresh water reservoirs for human consumption is a major concern for water management authorities. To evaluate the risk of water contamination, this article describes an protocol for the in-field detection of cyanobacterial strains in liquid and solid samples by using an antibody microarray chip.

検出するための実験プロトコール<em&gt;シアノバクテリア</em&gt;抗体マイクロアレイチップと液体と固体試料中の

Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has ...

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food webs. Toxicity testing based on microorganisms are widely used because they are relatively quick, reproducible, cheap, and are not associated with ethical issues. Here, we describe an ecotoxicological method to evaluate the biological response of the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method assesses the acute toxicity of chemical compounds, including new contaminants such as nanoparticles, as well as environmental samples. The endpoint is the reduction of bacterial culturability (i.e., the capability to replicate and form colonies) due to exposure to a toxicant. This reduction can be generally referred to as mortality. The test allows for the determination of the LC50, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease of bacteria actively replicating and forming colonies, after a 6 h exposure. The culturable bacteria are counted in terms of colony forming units (CFU), and the &#34;mortality&#34; is evaluated and compared to the control. In this work, the toxicity of copper sulphate (CuSO4) was evaluated. A clear dose-response relationship was observed, with a mean LC50 of 1.13 mg/L, after three independent tests. This protocol, compared to existing methods with microorganisms, is applicable in a wider range of salinity and has no limitations for colored/turbid samples. It uses saline solution as the exposure medium, avoiding any possible interferences of growth medium with the investigated contaminants. The LC50 calculation facilitates comparisons with other bioassays commonly applied to ecotoxicological assessments of the marine environment.

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

This work describes a new protocol to assess the ecotoxicity of pollutants, including emerging contaminants such as nanomaterials, using the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method allows for the determination of the LC50, or mortality, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease in bacteria culturability, after a 6 h exposure.

海洋細菌の生態毒性学的方法<em&gt; Vibrio anguillarum</em&gt;環境汚染物質の急性毒性を評価する

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

BtM, a Low-cost Open-source Datalogger to Estimate the Water Content of Nonvascular Cryptogams

Communities of nonvascular cryptogams, such as mosses or lichens, are an important part of the Earth's biodiversity, contributing to the regulation of the carbon and nitrogen cycles in many ecosystems. Being poikilohydric organisms, they do not actively control their internal water content and need a humid environment to activate their metabolism. Therefore, studying water relationships of nonvascular cryptogams is crucial to understand both their diversity patterns and their functions in the ecosystems. We present the BtM datalogger, a low-cost open-source platform for the study of the water content of nonvascular cryptogams. The datalogger is designed to measure ambient temperature, humidity, and conductance from up to eight samples simultaneously. We provide a design for a printed circuit board (PCB), a detailed protocol to assemble the components, and the required source code. All this makes the assembly of the BtM datalogger accessible to any research group, even to those without previous specialized knowledge. Therefore, the design presented here has the potential to help popularize the use of this type of device among ecologists and field biologists.

We present a simple and cost-effective method to build an open-source datalogger that measures the conductance of nonvascular cryptogams together with the environmental temperature and humidity. We describe the hardware design of the datalogger and provide step-by-step assembly instructions, the list of required open-source logging software, the code to run the datalogger, and a calibration protocol.

東京三菱銀行、導管隠花植物の水量を推定する低コストのオープン ソース データロガー

Communities of nonvascular cryptogams, such as mosses or lichens, are an important part of the Earth's biodiversity, contributing to the regulation of the ...

Leaf Area Index Estimation Using Three Distinct Methods in Pure Deciduous Stands

Accurate estimations of leaf area index (LAI), defined as half of the total leaf surface area per unit of horizontal ground surface area, are crucial for describing the vegetation structure in the fields of ecology, forestry, and agriculture. Therefore, procedures of three commercially used methods (litter traps, needle technique, and a plant canopy analyzer) for performing LAI estimation were presented step-by-step. Specific methodological approaches were compared, and their current advantages, controversies, challenges, and future perspectives were discussed in this protocol. Litter traps are usually deemed as the reference level. Both the needle technique and the plant canopy analyzer (e.g., LAI-2000) frequently underestimate LAI values in comparison with the reference. The needle technique is easy to use in deciduous stands where the litter completely decomposes each year (e.g., oak and beech stands). However, calibration based on litter traps or direct destructive methods is necessary. The plant canopy analyzer is a commonly used device for performing LAI estimation in ecology, forestry, and agriculture, but is subject to potential error due to foliage clumping and the contribution of woody elements in the field of view (FOV) of the sensor. Eliminating these potential error sources was discussed. The plant canopy analyzer is a very suitable device for performing LAI estimations at the high spatial level, observing a seasonal LAI dynamic, and for long-term monitoring of LAI.

An accurate estimation of leaf area index (LAI) is crucial for many models of material and energy fluxes within plant ecosystems and between an ecosystem and the atmospheric boundary layer. Therefore, three methods (litter traps, needle technique, and PCA) for taking precise LAI measurements were in the presented protocol.

純粋な落葉スタンドにおける3つの異なる方法を用いてリーフエリア指数推定

Accurate estimations of leaf area index (LAI), defined as half of the total leaf surface area per unit of horizontal ground surface area, are crucial for ...

Streamlined Sampling and Cultivation of the Pelagic Cosmopolitan Larvacean, Oikopleura dioica

Oikopleura dioica is a planktonic chordate with exceptional filter-feeding ability, rapid generation time, conserved early development, and a compact genome. For these reasons, it is considered a useful model organism for marine ecological studies, evolutionary developmental biology, and genomics. As research often requires a steady supply of animal resources, it is useful to establish a reliable, low-maintenance culture system. Here we describe a step-by-step method for establishing an O. dioica culture. We describe how to select potential sampling sites, collection methods, target animal identification, and the set-up of the culturing system. We provide troubleshooting advice based on our own experiences. We also highlight critical factors that help sustain a robust culture system. Although the culture protocol provided here is optimized for O. dioica, we hope our sampling technique and culture setup will inspire new ideas for maintaining other fragile pelagic invertebrates.

Streamlined Sampling and Cultivation of the Pelagic Cosmopolitan Larvacean, Oikopleura dioica

Oikopleura dioica is a tunicate model organism in various fields of biology. We describe sampling methods, species identification, culturing setup, and culturing protocols for the animals and algal feed. We highlight key factors that helped strengthen the culture system and discuss the possible problems and resolutions.

「大子広場」の合理化されたサンプリングと栽培

Oikopleura dioica is a planktonic chordate with exceptional filter-feeding ability, rapid generation time, conserved early development, and a compact ...

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant&ndash;Environment Interactions

Food security for the growing global population is a major concern. The data provided by genomic tools far exceeds the supply of phenotypic data, creating a knowledge gap. To meet the challenge of improving crops to feed the growing global population, this gap must be bridged.
Physiological traits are considered key functional traits in the context of responsiveness or sensitivity to environmental conditions. Many recently introduced high-throughput (HTP) phenotyping techniques are based on remote sensing or imaging and are capable of directly measuring morphological traits, but measure physiological parameters mainly indirectly.
This paper describes a method for direct physiological phenotyping that has several advantages for the functional phenotyping of plant&#8211;environment interactions. It helps users overcome the many challenges encountered in the use of load-cell gravimetric systems and pot experiments. The suggested techniques will enable users to distinguish between soil weight, plant weight and soil water content, providing a method for the continuous and simultaneous measurement of dynamic soil, plant and atmosphere conditions, alongside the measurement of key physiological traits. This method allows researchers to closely mimic field stress scenarios while taking into consideration the environment&#8217;s effects on the plants&#8217; physiology. This method also minimizes pot effects, which are one of the major problems in pre-field phenotyping. It includes a feed-back fertigation system that enables a truly randomized experimental design at a field-like plant density. This system detects the soil-water-content limiting threshold (&#952;) and allows for the translation of data into knowledge through the use of a real-time analytic tool and an online statistical resource. This method for the rapid and direct measurement of the physiological responses of multiple plants to a dynamic environment has great potential for use in screening for beneficial traits associated with responses to abiotic stress, in the context of pre-field breeding and crop improvement.

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant&#8211;Environment Interactions

This high-throughput, telemetric, whole-plant water relations gravimetric phenotyping method enables direct and simultaneous real-time measurements, as well as the analysis of multiple yield-related physiological traits involved in dynamic plant&#8211;environment interactions.

植物環境相互作用のリアルタイム生理的フェノタイピングのためのテレメトリー、重力測定プラットフォーム

Food security for the growing global population is a major concern. The data provided by genomic tools far exceeds the supply of phenotypic data, creating ...

Field Measurement of Effective Leaf Area Index using Optical Device in Vegetation Canopy

Leaf area index (LAI) is an essential canopy variable describing the amount of foliage in an ecosystem. The parameter serves as the interface between green components of plants and the atmosphere, and many physiological processes occur there, primarily photosynthetic uptake, respiration, and transpiration. LAI is also an input parameter for many models involving carbon, water, and the energy cycle. Moreover, ground-based in situ measurements serve as the calibration method for LAI obtained from remote sensing products. Therefore, straightforward indirect optical methods are necessary for making precise and rapid LAI estimates. The methodological approach, advantages, controversies, and future perspectives of the newly developed LP 110 optical device based on the relation between radiation transmitted through the vegetation canopy and canopy gaps were discussed in the protocol. Furthermore, the instrument was compared to the world standard LAI-2200 Plant Canopy Analyzer. The LP 110 enables more rapid and more straightforward processing of data acquired in the field, and it is more affordable than the Plant Canopy Analyzer. The new instrument is characterized by its ease of use for both above- and below-canopy readings due to its greater sensor sensitivity, in-built digital inclinometer, and automatic logging of readings at the correct position. Therefore, the hand-held LP 110 device is a suitable gadget for performing LAI estimation in forestry, ecology, horticulture, and agriculture based on the representative results. Moreover, the same device also enables the user to take accurate measurements of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intensity.

Fast and precise leaf area index (LAI) estimation in terrestrial ecosystems is crucial for a wide range of ecological studies and calibrating remote sensing products. Presented here is the protocol for using the new LP 110 optical device for taking ground-based in situ LAI measurements.

植生キャノピーにおける光デバイスを用いた有効リーフ面積指数のフィールド測定

Leaf area index (LAI) is an essential canopy variable describing the amount of foliage in an ecosystem. The parameter serves as the interface between ...

Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive sampling of flying insects have a poor temporal resolution because it is time-consuming, costly and/or logistically difficult to perform. Effective sampling of flying insects attracted to artificial light at night (ALAN) requires sampling at user-defined time points (nighttime only) across well-replicated sites resulting in major time and labor-intensive survey effort or expensive automated technologies. Described here is a low-cost automated intercept trap that requires no specialist equipment or skills to construct and operate, making it a viable option for studies that require temporal sub-sampling across multiple sites. The trap can be used to address a wide range of other ecological questions that require a greater temporal and spatial scale than is feasible with previous trap technology.

To study the impacts of artificial light at night (ALAN) on nocturnal flying insects, sampling needs to be confined to nighttime. The protocol describes a low-cost automated flight intercept trap that allows researchers to sample at user-defined periods with increased replication.

夜間に人工光に引き寄せられた飛行昆虫の時間的サブサンプリングのための低コスト自動飛行傍受トラップ

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive ...