This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81772423). The authors would like to thank the table tennis players who participated in this study.

This study was approved by The Human Ethics Committee of Ningbo University, China. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects after they were told about the goal, details, requirements, and experimental procedures of the table tennis experimental.
1. Laboratory preparation for table tennis
<ol>
	<li>Insert the USB dongle into the PC&#39;s parallel port and open the motion-capture infrared cameras and analog-to-digital converter. 
	NOTE: In this laboratory, the force platfor...

<ol>
	<li>Kondri&#269;, M., Zagatto, A. M., Sekuli&#263;, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+physiological+demands+of+table+tennis:+a+review.">The physiological demands of table tennis: a review.</a> Journal of Sports Science &amp; Medicine. 12 (3), 362 (2013).</li><li>Mueller, F. F., Gibbs, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+physical+three-way+interactive+game+based+on+table+tennis.">A physical three-way interactive game based on table tennis.</a> Proceedings of the 4th Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment. , 1-7 (2007).</li><li>Mueller, F. F., Gibbs, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+table+tennis+game+for+three+players.">A table tennis game for three players.</a> Proceedings of the 18th Australia conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Design: Activities, Artefacts and Environments. , 321-324 (2006).</li><li>Furjan-Mandi&#263;, G., Kondri&#269;, M., Tu&#353;ak, M., Rausavljevi&#263;, N., Kondri&#269;, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sports+students'+motivation+for+participating+in+table+tennis+at+the+faculty+of+kinesiology+in+Zagreb.">Sports students' motivation for participating in table tennis at the faculty of kinesiology in Zagreb.</a> International Journal of Table Tennis Sciences. 6, 44-47 (2010).</li><li>Wang, Y., Chen, M., Wang, X., Chan, R. H., Li, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IoT+for+next-generation+racket+sports+training.">IoT for next-generation racket sports training.</a> Internet of Things Journal. 5 (6), 4558-4566 (2018).</li><li>Muelling, K., Boularias, A., Mohler, B., Sch&#246;lkopf, B., Peters, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning+strategies+in+table+tennis+using+inverse+reinforcement+learning.">Learning strategies in table tennis using inverse reinforcement learning.</a> Biological Cybernetics. 108 (5), 603-619 (2014).</li><li>Shao, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+character+of+lower+limb+for+table+tennis+cross+step+maneuver.">Mechanical character of lower limb for table tennis cross step maneuver.</a> International Journal of Sports Science &amp; Coaching. 15 (4), 552-561 (2020).</li><li>Malagoli Lanzoni, I., Di Michele, R., Merni, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+notational+analysis+of+shot+characteristics+in+top-level+table+tennis+players.">A notational analysis of shot characteristics in top-level table tennis players.</a> European Journal of Sport Science. 14 (4), 309-317 (2014).</li><li>Qian, J., Zhang, Y., Baker, J. S., Gu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+performance+level+on+lower+limb+kinematics+during+table+tennis+forehand+loop.">Effects of performance level on lower limb kinematics during table tennis forehand loop.</a> Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics. 18 (3), (2016).</li><li>Le Mansec, Y., Dorel, S., Hug, F., Jubeau, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+limb+muscle+activity+during+table+tennis+strokes.">Lower limb muscle activity during table tennis strokes.</a> Sports Biomechanics. 17 (4), 442-452 (2018).</li><li>Girard, O., Micallef, J. -. P., Millet, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower-limb+activity+during+the+power+serve+in+tennis:+effects+of+performance+level.">Lower-limb activity during the power serve in tennis: effects of performance level.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 37 (6), 1021-1029 (2005).</li><li>Rajabi, R., Johnson, G. M., Alizadeh, M. H., Meghdadi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiographic+knee+osteoarthritis+in+ex-elite+table+tennis+players.">Radiographic knee osteoarthritis in ex-elite table tennis players.</a> Musculoskeletal Disorders. 13 (1), 1-6 (2012).</li><li>Malagoli Lanzoni, I., Bartolomei, S., Di Michele, R., Fantozzi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+kinematic+comparison+between+long-line+and+cross-court+top+spin+forehand+in+competitive+table+tennis+players.">A kinematic comparison between long-line and cross-court top spin forehand in competitive table tennis players.</a> Journal of Sports Sciences. 36 (23), 2637-2643 (2018).</li><li>Fu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+center+of+pressure+trajectory+characteristics+in+table+tennis+during+topspin+forehand+loop+between+superior+and+intermediate+players.">Comparison of center of pressure trajectory characteristics in table tennis during topspin forehand loop between superior and intermediate players.</a> International Journal of Sports Science &amp; Coaching. 11 (4), 559-565 (2016).</li><li>He, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+the+kinematic+characteristics+of+the+lower+limbs+in+table+tennis:+Differences+between+diagonal+and+straight+shots+using+the+forehand+loop.">Comparing the kinematic characteristics of the lower limbs in table tennis: Differences between diagonal and straight shots using the forehand loop.</a> Journal of Sports Science &amp; Medicine. 19 (3), 522 (2020).</li><li>Wong, D. W. -. C., Lee, W. C. -. C., Lam, W. -. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanics+of+table+tennis:+a+systematic+scoping+review+of+playing+levels+and+maneuvers.">Biomechanics of table tennis: a systematic scoping review of playing levels and maneuvers.</a> Applied Sciences. 10 (15), 5203 (2020).</li><li>Yu, C., Shao, S., Baker, J. S., Gu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+the+biomechanical+characteristics+between+squat+and+standing+serves+in+female+table+tennis+athletes.">Comparing the biomechanical characteristics between squat and standing serves in female table tennis athletes.</a> PeerJ. 6, 4760 (2018).</li><li>Marsan, T., Rouch, P., Thoreux, P., Jacquet-Yquel, R., Sauret, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+the+GRF+under+one+foot+knowing+the+other+one+during+table+tennis+strokes:+a+preliminary+study.">Estimating the GRF under one foot knowing the other one during table tennis strokes: a preliminary study.</a> Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. 23, 192-193 (2020).</li><li>Yu, C., Shao, S., Baker, J. S., Awrejcewicz, J., Gu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+biomechanical+analysis+of+the+performance+level+on+chasse+step+in+table+tennis.">A comparative biomechanical analysis of the performance level on chasse step in table tennis.</a> International Journal of Sports Science &amp; Coaching. 14 (3), 372-382 (2019).</li><li>Kibler, W., Van Der Meer, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mastering+the+kinetic+chain.">Mastering the kinetic chain.</a> World-Class Tennis Technique. , 99-113 (2001).</li><li>Elliott, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanics+and+tennis.">Biomechanics and tennis.</a> British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (5), 392-396 (2006).</li><li>Lam, W. -. K., Fan, J. -. X., Zheng, Y., Lee, W. C. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Joint+and+plantar+loading+in+table+tennis+topspin+forehand+with+different+footwork.">Joint and plantar loading in table tennis topspin forehand with different footwork.</a> European Journal of Sport Science. 19 (4), 471-479 (2019).</li><li>Seeley, M. K., Funk, M. D., Denning, W. M., Hager, R. L., Hopkins, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tennis+forehand+kinematics+change+as+post-impact+ball+speed+is+altered.">Tennis forehand kinematics change as post-impact ball speed is altered.</a> Sports Biomechanics. 10 (4), 415-426 (2011).</li><li>Reid, M., Elliott, B., Alderson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower-limb+coordination+and+shoulder+joint+mechanics+in+the+tennis+serve.">Lower-limb coordination and shoulder joint mechanics in the tennis serve.</a> Medicine Science in Sports Exercise. 40 (2), 308 (2008).</li><li>He, Y., Lyu, X., Sun, D., Baker, J. S., Gu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+kinematic+analysis+of+the+lower+limb+during+topspin+forehand+loop+between+different+level+table+tennis+athletes.">The kinematic analysis of the lower limb during topspin forehand loop between different level table tennis athletes.</a> PeerJ. 9, 10841 (2021).</li><li>Shimokawa, R., Nelson, A., Zois, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+ground-reaction+force+influence+post-impact+ball+speed+in+the+tennis+forehand+groundstroke.">Does ground-reaction force influence post-impact ball speed in the tennis forehand groundstroke.</a> Sports Biomechanics. , 1-11 (2020).</li></ol>

The aim of this study is to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse steps during stroke in table tennis. The key findings of this study are stated here. The anterior ground reaction force of cross-step footwork was significantly larger than the chasse step footwork. The lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork was significantly lower than the chasse step footwork. The vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork was significantly lower than the chasse step ...

Table tennis has developed continuously in sports training and competition practice for more than 100 years1. With economic globalization and cultural exchanges, table tennis has developed rapidly in various countries2,3. In Croatia, for example, table tennis is not only played in clubs, but also in universities, schools, and even in dormitories4. For athletes, the establishment of sports analysis is helpful for training and competition5. In table tennis competitions, players need good strategies to try to win the match6. Additionally, footwork is a skill that must be mastered in table tennis, and it is also the basis and one of the key points of table tennis training. The chasse step and cross-step are the basic steps of table tennis7. Every sports skill has a basic mechanical structure. The study of biomechanics is of high interest to the progress and development of table tennis skills. In training and competition, table tennis players find the accurate position through their steps7. Therefore, it is necessary to study the step of table tennis.
There are differences in the step of table tennis players from different regions, with Asian players using steps more frequently than European players both during training and in competition8. During competition, a high-level table tennis player will hit the ball in a shorter time, at a more steady step, and have enough time to hit the next ball9. In table tennis, because of the cross-step hitting action, in most cases it is a technical action to save the ball, leading to the inability to complete the hitting action with high quality. On the contrary, different from cross-step hitting, chasse step hitting is a common technical action, so athletes can better grasp the hitting technical action through practice to ensure the quality of their stroke. A chasse step is when the drive leg (right leg) moves to the right side (toward the ball) and then the left leg follows to move. A cross-step is when the drive leg (right leg) moves to the right side (toward the ball) with a large distance, and the left leg does not move.
Through previous studies, lower limb muscles play an important role in table tennis performance10. Table tennis has similarities with tennis moves. There are differences in the driving stability of lower limbs of tennis players with different levels of serving skill11. Table tennis involves knee flexion and asymmetrical torsion of the trunk12. In order to improve the skills of table tennis players, attention should be paid to the rotation of the pelvis13. When playing forehand loop, excellent table tennis players have a better sole control ability14. High-level table tennis players can better control the plantar pressure deviation, increase the inner and outer pressure deviation, and reduce the front and back pressure deviation15. Compared with a straight shot, a diagonal shot has a greater knee extension during the swing16. Table tennis service technology is diverse and has complex biomechanical characteristics. Compared with standing serves, squatting serves require higher lower-limb drive17. Compared with beginners, elite athletes are more flexible in their stride in cross-step exercises7.
In light of the above, with the increasing progress of science and the continuous development of table tennis skills, more and more players and researchers have joined table tennis, which requires high-quality biomechanical research to support the sport. However, due to the complexity of table tennis, it is difficult for researchers to measure the biomechanics1. There are few studies on the biomechanics of the lower limbs of table tennis. The purpose of this study was to measure the ground reaction force of elite college table tennis players in the movement of the racket lead and swing in chasse step and cross-step. The ground reaction force data of the two steps are compared. The first hypothesis of this study is that the chasse step and cross-step have different ground reaction force characteristics. The ground reaction force of chasse step and cross-step is used to obtain the kinetic data of two kinds of steps, which provides guidance and suggestions for table tennis players.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>14 mm Diameter Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>n=22</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For fixing markers to skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Force Platform</td>
			<td>Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Measure ground reaction force</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion Tracking Cameras</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>n= 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-Frame</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Valid Dongle</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vicon Nexus 1.4.116</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicon Datastation ADC</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comparison of kinetic characteristics of footwork during stroke in table tennis: cross-step and chasse step

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis. Sixteen healthy male national level 1 table tennis players (Age: 20.75 &plusmn; 2.06 years) volunteered to participate in the experiment after understanding the purpose and details of the experiment. All participants were asked to hit the ball into the target zone by cross-step and chasse step, respectively. The ground reaction force in the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical directions of the participant was measured by a force platform. The key finding of this study was that: the posterior ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (0.89 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly large (P = 0.014) than the chasse step footwork (0.82 &plusmn; 0.18). However, the lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (-0.38 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (-0.46 &plusmn; 0.29) as well as the vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (1.73 &plusmn; 0.19) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (1.9 &plusmn; 0.33). Based on the mechanism of the kinetic chain, the better lower limb dynamic performance of sliding stroke may be conducive to energy transmission and thus bring gain to the swing speed. Beginners should start from the chasse step to hit the ball technically, and then practice the skill of cross-step.

As shown in Figure 2 and Table 2, the posterior ground reaction force of the cross-step footwork (0.89 &#177; 0.21) was significantly larger (P = 0.014) compared with the chasse step footwork (0.82 &#177; 0.18). However, the lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (-0.38 &#177; 0.21) was significantly lower (P &#60; 0.001) than the chasse step footwork (-0.46 &#177; 0.29). Additionlly, the vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (1.73 &#177; 0.19) ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step at JoVE.com

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step

This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis.

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force ...

For the increasing progress in science and the continuous development of table tennis skills, more and more players and researchers are being attracted to table tennis, a sport that can benefit from high quality biomechanical research. This method can objectively reflect the difference in ground reaction force between chasse-step and cross-step work and provide information for the generation of optimization power. A researcher new to the field must first understand the principle of a ground reaction and what a ground reaction can reflect.To begin, insert the USB dongle into the PC's parallel port and switch on the motion capture infrared cameras and the analog to digital converter. After ensuring that there are no obstacles in the experimental environment, double click the software icon on the desktop to open the tracking software. Every camera node will show a green light if the hardware connection is fine.Then, in the local system, select eight cameras, and click on camera in the perspective window. Set the strobe intensity between 0.95 to 1, gray scale mode to auto, gain to times one, threshold between 0.2 to 0.4, minimum circularity ratio to 0.5, and max blob height to 50. Next, place the T correction rack in the center of the shooting area.After selecting eight cameras in the system, use a 2D model to confirm that the camera can discern T correction and that there are no noise points. Then, place the T correction rack in the center of the camera area, and click on system preparation. From the L-frame dropdown list, select 5 marker wand and L-frame.Then, click on the start button under the AiM MX cameras option. After clicking on system preparation again, move to the calibrate MX camera section in the tool pane, and click on the start button. Wave the T wand in the capture range.When the blue light on the infrared camera stops flashing, stop the action. Observe the progress bar until the calibration process is complete at 100%and returns to 0%At the same time, observe the image error. When the image error is less than 0.3, place the T-shaped correction frame in the center of the moving area, ensuring that the axis direction is consistent with the boundary direction of the force platform.Then, from the set volume origin section in the tool pane, select the start button. Ensure that all participants are wearing professional table tennis match shoes, identical T-shirts, and tight-fitting pants, and are using the same professional table tennis racket. After adapting to the experimental environment for five minutes, let each participant warm up for 15 minutes with light running on the professional treadmill, followed by stretching.For static calibration, ask the participants to stand on the force platform, maintaining a stable posture while looking ahead with their hands folded and raised on their chest and their feet shoulder width apart. Next, click on the data management button on the toolbar, and then on the new database tab. Click on location, and import the description of the trial.Select clinical template, then click on the create button. In the open database window, select the name of the database created. Once the new screen appears, click on the green new patient category button, the yellow new patient button, and the gray new session button to create experimental information.To create a new subject dataset in the Nexus main pane, click on subjects. Then in the subject capture section, click on the start button to create a static model. When the image frames are at 140 to 200, click on the stop button to finish the establishment of the static model.To conduct the dynamic trials, place the table tennis table and ball basket in the experimental environment to ensure that the subjects have enough space to execute two kinds of footwork. Then ask the participant to hold the ready position on the left side of the table, about half a meter away from the table, and ask the coach to serve a table tennis ball to the first impact area, followed by another to the final impact area. Ask the participants to hit the first and second served ball by forehand using maximum force and return to the ready position after finishing the second stroke task.Ask the participants to first use the chasse-step footwork to complete five successful strokes, and then use the cross-step footwork to complete another five successful strokes. In the software, click on the capture button in the pressure platform to start the recording, and click on the stop button to end the recording. Repeat this five times for each participant.For processing the data, double-click on the trial name in the data management window. Then, in the tool bar, click on the reconstruct pipeline and labels buttons to display the experiment demonstration. In the perspective window, move the blue triangle on the time bar to intercept the desired time interval.Then from the subject calibration pane, select the dynamic plug-in gate, and click on the start button to run and export the data. Upon comparing the ground reaction force between the cross-step and chasse-step footwork, the posterior ground reaction force of the cross-step footwork was significantly larger than that of the chasse-step footwork. However, the lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork was significantly lower than that of the chasse-step footwork.Additionally, the vertical ground reaction force of the cross-step footwork was significantly lower than that of the chasse-step footwork. No differences were observed between the medial or anterior ground reaction forces between the cross-step and the chasse-step footwork during stroke in table tennis. The key steps are to intercept the motion interval accurately, and activate the motion phase.By combining this method with the insole type pressure measuring system, the relationship between the dynamic characteristics of each area of the sole and the ground reaction force can be understood.

comparison-kinetic-characteristics-footwork-during-stroke-table

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

2.5K ビュー.  Ningbo University. 科学の進歩と卓球のスキルの継続的な発展のために、より多くの選手や研究者が卓球、高品質の生体力学的研究の恩恵を受けることができるスポーツに引き付けられています。この方法は、チャスステップとクロスステップの作業の間の地上反力の差を客観的に反映し、最適化力の生成のための情報を提供することができます。現場に新しい研究者は、まず地盤反応の?...