identification-alternative-splicing-polyadenylation-rna-seq

Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data

As well as the typical analysis of RNA-Seq to measure differential gene expression (DGE) across experimental/biological conditions, RNA-seq data can also ...

New York University

Genomes of eusocial insects code for dramatic examples of phenotypic plasticity and social organization. We compared the genomes of seven ants, the honeybee, and various solitary insects to examine whether eusocial lineages share distinct features of genomic organization. Each ant lineage contains âˆ¼4000 novel genes, but only 64 of these genes are conserved among all seven ants. Many gene families have been expanded in ants, notably those involved in chemical communication (e.g., desaturases and odorant receptors). Alignment of the ant genomes revealed reduced purifying selection compared with Drosophila without significantly reduced synteny. Correspondingly, ant genomes exhibit dramatic divergence of noncoding regulatory elements; however, extant conserved regions are enriched for novel noncoding RNAs and transcription factor-binding sites. Comparison of orthologous gene promoters between eusocial and solitary species revealed significant regulatory evolution in both cis (e.g., Creb) and trans (e.g., fork head) for nearly 2000 genes, many of which exhibit phenotypic plasticity. Our results emphasize that genomic changes can occur remarkably fast in ants, because two recently diverged leaf-cutter ant species exhibit faster accumulation of species-specific genes and greater divergence in regulatory elements compared with other ants or Drosophila. Thus, while the "socio-genomes" of ants and the honeybee are broadly characterized by a pervasive pattern of divergence in gene composition and regulation, they preserve lineage-specific regulatory features linked to eusociality. We propose that changes in gene regulation played a key role in the origins of insect eusociality, whereas changes in gene composition were more relevant for lineage-specific eusocial adaptations.

Social insect genomes exhibit dramatic evolution in gene composition and regulation while preserving regulatory features linked to sociality.

Posttranscriptional methylation of RNA cytosine residues to 5-methylcytosine (mC) is an important modification with diverse roles, such as regulating stress responses, stem cell proliferation, and RNA metabolism. Here, we used RNA bisulfite sequencing for transcriptome-wide quantitative mapping of mC in the model plant  We discovered more than a thousand mC sites in Arabidopsis mRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and other noncoding RNAs across three tissue types (siliques, seedling shoots, and roots) and validated a number of these sites. Quantitative differences in methylated sites between these three tissues suggest tissue-specific regulation of mC. Perturbing the RNA mC methyltransferase TRM4B resulted in the loss of mC sites on mRNAs and noncoding RNAs and reduced the stability of tRNA We also demonstrate the importance of mC in plant development, as  mutants have shorter primary roots than the wild type due to reduced cell division in the root apical meristem. In addition,  mutants show increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. Finally, we provide insights into the targeting mechanism of TRM4B by demonstrating that a 50-nucleotide sequence flanking mC C3349 in  mRNA is sufficient to confer methylation of a transgene reporter in .

Transcriptome-Wide Mapping of RNA 5-Methylcytosine in Arabidopsis mRNAs and Noncoding RNAs.

For the transcriptome-wide detection and quantification of the 5-methylcytosine (mC) methylation modification of RNA, one experimental approach is via bisulfite conversion. In this chapter we discuss statistical methods, and a corresponding computational pipeline, to perform transcriptome-wide differential mC methylation analysis between RNA samples, specialized for this assay.

Statistical Methods for Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of RNA Methylation by Bisulfite Sequencing.

Maintaining a healthy proteome involves all layers of gene expression regulation. By quantifying temporal changes of the transcriptome, translatome, proteome, and RNA-protein interactome in cervical cancer cells, we systematically characterize the molecular landscape in response to proteostatic challenges. We identify shared and specific responses to misfolded proteins and to oxidative stress, two conditions that are tightly linked. We reveal new aspects of the unfolded protein response, including many genes that escape global translation shutdown. A subset of these genes supports rerouting of energy production in the mitochondria. We also find that many genes change at multiple levels, in either the same or opposing directions, and at different time points. We highlight a variety of putative regulatory pathways, including the stress-dependent alternative splicing of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and protein-RNA binding within the 3' untranslated region of molecular chaperones. These results illustrate the potential of this information-rich resource.

Brian Parker

Department of Biology

New York University

Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data

Brian Parker

.css-o250i3{font-size:18px;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;line-height:21.6px;}Department of Biology

New York University

Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data

Department of Biology