The video details a scientific procedure for experimenting with outer segment (OS) samples and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. It describes the preparation, incubation, and analysis of rhodopsin degradation using Western blotting, highlighting differences in degradation products between control and UAM-treated cells, reflecting potential dysfunction in the phagolysosomal system.

assessing the effects of lipofuscin-like granules on rpe phagocytosis: total consumptive capacity

Quantifying Retinal Pigment Epithelial Phagocytosis and Lipofuscin Accumulation

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) provides critical support for overlying photoreceptors, including the daily uptake and degradation of photoreceptor outer segment tips or fragments (throughout this protocol, the abbreviation OS stands for OS tips or fragments rather than whole outer segments). This daily uptake in the post-mitotic RPE eventually overloads phagolysosomal capacity and leads to the buildup of undigestible, autofluorescent intracellular material, termed lipofuscin. Interestingly, several studies have also demonstrated that RPE lipofuscin can accumulate without OS phagocytosis1,2. Lipofuscin has many components, including cross-linked adducts derived from visual cycle retinoids, and can occupy nearly 20% of RPE cell volume for those over the age of 803.
Whether lipofuscin is toxic has been hotly debated. Stargardt&#39;s disease is an autosomal recessive degeneration of the photoreceptors and RPE in which a mutation in ABCA4 triggers improper processing of visual cycle retinoids contained within photoreceptor outer segments. Improper retinoid processing leads to aberrant cross-linking and formation of bis-retinoid species, including the bis-retinoid N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E). Studies have demonstrated multiple mechanisms for A2E toxicity4,5. Lipofuscin contributes to fundus autofluorescence signals during clinical imaging, and both Stargardt&#39;s patients and animal models display increased fundus autofluorescence prior to retinal degeneration, suggesting a correlation between lipofuscin levels and toxicity6,7. However, with age, lipofuscin accumulates in all humans without triggering an RPE degeneration. Further, in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), where RPE degeneration occurs only in elderly patients, those with early and intermediate forms of the disease have less fundus autofluorescence signals than age-matched non-diseased humans8. These clinical findings have been verified at the histologic level as well9,10.
Animal models of RPE lipofuscin accumulation have also left some ambiguity about lipofuscin toxicity. The ABCA4 knockout mouse does not display retinal degeneration on a pigmented background, whereas it does on an albino background or when exposed to blue light11,12. Further, the toxicity of lipofuscin derived via ABCA4 knockout likely differs from the more slowly accumulating lipofuscin that occurs with natural aging, as seen in AMD13.
In vitro models of lipofuscin accumulation provide an alternative to studying the effects of lipofuscin accumulation on RPE health. Such models allow for manipulating lipofuscin components, from feeding single retinoid components to feeding OS, and allow study in human rather than animal RPE. In the last couple of decades, multiple methods have been developed to model RPE lipofuscin in culture. Along with other groups, Dr. Boulton&#39;s group fed bovine OS daily for up to three months on passage 4 to 7 human primary RPE cells from donors aged 4 to 85 years old14. Alternatively, inhibition of autophagy has also led to lipofuscin accumulation in passages 3 to 7 primary human RPE cultures15. However, sub-lethal lysosomal inhibition in highly differentiated, passage 1, primary human pre-natal RPE (hfRPE) cultures failed to induce lipofuscin, even with the repeated addition of OS on a daily basis16.
As a more reductionist approach, others have fed single lipofuscin components to cultures, especially the bis-retinoid A2E4,17. Such studies are valuable in that they define potential direct mechanisms of toxicity for individual lipofuscin components, implicating, for example, lysosomal cholesterol and ceramide homeostasis18. At the same time, there is debate about the toxicity of A2E19, and feeding it directly to cells circumvents the typical pathway for lipofuscin accumulation, which involves phagocytosis of photoreceptor OS. In an attempt to deliver all components of lipofuscin to RPE cultures, Boulton and Marshall purified lipofuscin from human eyes and fed this to passage 4 to 7 human primary RPE cultures derived from both fetal and elderly human donors20. While innovative, this method represents a limited lipofuscin source for repeated experiments.
While repeated feedings of OS to RPE cultures produce lipofuscin in many systems, it fails to do so in highly differentiated primary RPE cultures16. Photo-oxidizing OS induces cross-linking reactions like bis-retinoid formation that naturally occurs during lipofuscin formation in vivo. This can accelerate lipofuscin-like granule formation in RPE culture systems, even those that are highly differentiated and resistant to lipofuscin accumulation16. Here, a method to induce lipofuscin-like granule accumulation in highly differentiated hfRPE and human iPSC-RPE is introduced, modified from Wihlmark&#39;s published protocol21. This method has the advantage of inducing lipofuscin-like granules employing the same source (photoreceptor OS) and pathway (phagolysosomal OS uptake) as occurs for lipofuscinogenesis in vivo. Further, it is done on human RPE cultures that are highly differentiated and validated in multiple studies to replicate human RPE in vivo22,23,24. These lipofuscin-like granules are termed undigestible autofluorescent material (UAM), and provide data and discussion in this protocol comparing UAM to in vivo lipofuscin. Along with methods for building and evaluating UAM-laden cultures in highly differentiated human RPE, an updated method to assess RPE OS phagocytosis is also introduced. Multiple excellent pulse-chase methods for quantifying OS phagocytosis have been introduced, including Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and FACS25,26,27. However, early in the OS pulse-chase, conditions that lead to poor OS uptake can be conflated with conditions that promote rapid degradation of internalized OS. The method presented here measures the total amount of introduced OS that is fully consumed/degraded by the RPE (&#34;Total Consumptive Capacity&#34;), helping eliminate this ambiguity. It is anticipated that insights about lipofuscin toxicity utilizing these protocols, including effects on OS phagocytosis rates utilizing the &#34;Total Consumptive Capacity&#34; method, will be used to shed light on the toxicity of lipofuscin in vivo.

Author Spotlight: Improved Lipofuscin Models and Quantification of Outer Segment Phagocytosis Capacity in Highly Polarized Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cultures  

Improved Lipofuscin Models and Quantification of Outer Segment Phagocytosis Capacity in Highly Polarized Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cultures

While lipofuscin universally accumulates in the RPE with aging, discerning its toxicity has been difficult. Here, we develop protocols that allow us to develop lipofuscin-like accumulation in highly polarized and mature RPE cultures to help discern lipofuscin's effects on RPE physiology. Studying lipofuscin toxicity in humans is confounded by the fact that lipofuscin decreases as the RPE dies.Animal models of lipofuscin toxicity have had widely disparate results. We have carefully created in vitro models of lipofuscin-like material accumulation to facilitate the study of lipofuscin toxicity. The key to the success of our models is maintaining highly differentiated cultures while inducing lipofuscin genesis via the same process that triggers lipofuscin in vivo, namely phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments.Our in vitro protocol is unique in that lipofuscin-like material accumulates in RPE cultures that are highly differentiated to faithfully mimic RPE in vivo. In these circumstances, we found that RPE culture are highly resistant to the lipofuscin accumulation and to toxic effect from lipofuscin. Additionally, in the process of assaying for phenotypes induced by lipofuscin-like accumulation in our RPE cultures, we created a new type of phagocytosis assay called total consumptive capacity.This assay allows us to determine the entire capacity of the RPE to phagocytose outer segments while avoiding some of the confounding interpretations that come with classical pulse-chase phagocytosis assays. We are excited to utilize this model of lipofuscin-like material accumulation to better understand what RPE stressors may take normally inert lipofuscin into a more pathological role in RPE cell deaths.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Effects of Lipofuscin-Like Granules on RPE Phagocytosis: Total Consumptive Capacity at JoVE.com

Assessing the Effects of Lipofuscin-Like Granules on RPE Phagocytosis: Total Consumptive Capacity  

To begin, calculate the number of wells needed for the experiment. Then, thaw an appropriate amount of regular OS sample. Add enough RPE media to achieve a final OS concentration of four times 10 to the sixth per milliliter.Remove the apical medium and add 50 microliters of four times 10 to the sixth OS per milliliter with appropriate concentrations of bridging ligands. After OS addition, incubate the samples for various time points. At the end of the incubation, add 16.67 microliters of four times Laemmli sample buffer with protease inhibitors to lyse both the cells and the overlying OS containing supernatant.Using a P200 pipette, scratch the Transwell surface and collect the combined cell supernatant and cell lysate together. Vortex and leave at room temperature for 30 minutes for thorough denaturation. Western blot of the rhodopsin showed that the intact rhodopsin band was indistinguishable in control and UAM laden RPE cells.However, the cleavage products of rhodopsin were higher in the UAM group, suggesting some mild degradative dysfunction in the phagolysosomal system. The equal levels of GAPDH indicate that the cell count between wells is equal. Different rhodopsin antibodies recognize different degradation fragments.4D2 recognizes the end terminus of rhodopsin which is intact until the last steps of lysosomal degradation. In contrast, 1D4 recognizes the C terminus of rhodopsin which is degraded earlier in the phagolysosomal process.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

143 조회수.  University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 시작하려면 실험에 필요한 웰 수를 계산하십시오. 그런 다음 적절한 양의 일반 OS 샘플을 해동합니다. 밀리리터당 10의 4배에서 6분의 4의 최종 OS 농도를 달성하기에 충분한 RPE 매체를 추가합니다.정점 배지를 제거하고, 적절한 농도의 가교 리간드를 사용하여 밀리리터당 6번째 OS에 10의 4배의 50마이크로리터를 첨가한다. OS를 추가한 후 다양한 시점에 대한 샘플을 배양합?...