Name: indacenodithienothiophene-based ternary organic solar cells: concept, devices and optoelectronic analysis
Uploaded: 2016-02-01T10:16:38
Description: We report on a novel ternary bulk-heterojunction solar cell by implementing a novel conjugated polymer (ADV-2) containing alternating ...

This project has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the Grant Agreement n&#176; 607585 project OSNIRO. In addition, this project has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the Grant Agreement no. 331389. C. L. C. acknowledges the financial support of a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF) project ECOCHEM. G. P. would like to thank the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs in Greece for the financial support of this work provided under the co-operational program "AdvePol: E850". The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Cluster of Excellence ''Engineering of Advanced Materials'' at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, which is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) within the framework of its ''Excellence Initiative'', Synthetic Carbon Allotropes (SFB953) and Solar Technologies go Hybrid (SolTech).

1. Planning of experiment
<ol>
	<li>Identify two donor copolymers with complementary absorption in the visible-NIR range and with suitable energy levels in comparison with the fullerene derivative acceptor (PC71BM).</li>
</ol>
2. Synthesis of M1
<ol>
	<li>Add a 10 mL freshly distilled toluene solution containing 5,5&#39;-bis(trimethylstannyl)-3,3&#39;-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2&#39;-bithiophene (0.372 g, 0.5 mmol, the quantity as well as the representative mmol corresponds to 5,5&#...

<ol>
	<li>Brabec, C. J., Sariciftci, N. S., Hummelen, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plastic+Solar+Cells.">Plastic Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 11 (1), 15-26 (2001).</li><li>Vohra, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+inverted+polymer+solar+cells+employing+favourable+molecular+orientation.">Efficient inverted polymer solar cells employing favourable molecular orientation.</a> Nat. Photon. 9, 403-408 (2015).</li><li>He, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-junction+polymer+solar+cells+with+high+efficiency+and+photovoltage.">Single-junction polymer solar cells with high efficiency and photovoltage.</a> Nat. Photon. 9 (3), 174-179 (2015).</li><li>Chen, J. -. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Junction+Polymer+Solar+Cells+Exceeding+10%+Power+Conversion+Efficiency.">Single-Junction Polymer Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Power Conversion Efficiency.</a> Adv. Mater. 27 (6), 1035-1041 (2014).</li><li>Liu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aggregation+and+morphology+control+enables+multiple+cases+of+high-efficiency+polymer+solar+cells.">Aggregation and morphology control enables multiple cases of high-efficiency polymer solar cells.</a> Nat. Commun. 5 (9), 5293 (2014).</li><li>Po, R., Carbonera, C., Bernardi, A., Camaioni, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+buffer+layers+in+polymer+solar+cells.">The role of buffer layers in polymer solar cells.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (2), 285 (2011).</li><li>Ameri, T., Dennler, G., Lungenschmied, C., Brabec, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+tandem+solar+cells:+A+review.">Organic tandem solar cells: A review.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 2 (4), 347 (2009).</li><li>Ameri, T., Li, N., Brabec, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+organic+tandem+solar+cells:+a+follow+up+review.">Highly efficient organic tandem solar cells: a follow up review.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (8), 2390-2413 (2013).</li><li>You, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+polymer+tandem+solar+cell+with+10.6%+power+conversion+efficiency.">A polymer tandem solar cell with 10.6% power conversion efficiency.</a> Nat. Commun. 4, 1446 (2013).</li><li>Guo, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solution-Processed+Parallel+Tandem+Polymer+Solar+Cells+Using+Silver+Nanowires+as+Intermediate+Electrode.">Solution-Processed Parallel Tandem Polymer Solar Cells Using Silver Nanowires as Intermediate Electrode.</a> ACS Nano. 8 (12), 12632-12640 (2014).</li><li>Chen, C. -. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Efficient+Triple-Junction+Polymer+Solar+Cell+Having+a+Power+Conversion+Efficiency+Exceeding+11%.">An Efficient Triple-Junction Polymer Solar Cell Having a Power Conversion Efficiency Exceeding 11%.</a> Adv. Mater. 26 (32), 5670-5677 (2014).</li><li>Ameri, T., Khoram, P., Min, J., Brabec, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+ternary+solar+cells:+A+review.">Organic ternary solar cells: A review.</a> Adv. Mater. 25, 4245-4266 (2013).</li><li>Koppe, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Near+IR+Sensitization+of+Organic+Bulk+Heterojunction+Solar+Cells:+Towards+Optimization+of+the+Spectral+Response+of+Organic+Solar+Cells.">Near IR Sensitization of Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: Towards Optimization of the Spectral Response of Organic Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 (2), 338-346 (2010).</li><li>Ameri, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+enhancement+of+the+p3ht/pcbm+solar+cells+through+nir+sensitization+using+a+small-bandgap+polymer.">Performance enhancement of the p3ht/pcbm solar cells through nir sensitization using a small-bandgap polymer.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 2, 1198-1202 (2012).</li><li>Guo, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+generic+concept+to+overcome+bandgap+limitations+for+designing+highly+efficient+multi-junction+photovoltaic+cells.">A generic concept to overcome bandgap limitations for designing highly efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells.</a> Nat. Commun. 6, 7730 (2015).</li><li>Gasparini, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Alternative+Strategy+to+Adjust+the+Recombination+Mechanism+of+Organic+Photovoltaics+by+Implementing+Ternary+Compounds.">An Alternative Strategy to Adjust the Recombination Mechanism of Organic Photovoltaics by Implementing Ternary Compounds.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. , (2015).</li><li>Spyropoulos, G. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flexible+organic+tandem+solar+modules+with+6%+efficiency:+combining+roll-to-roll+compatible+processing+with+high+geometric+fill+factors.">Flexible organic tandem solar modules with 6% efficiency: combining roll-to-roll compatible processing with high geometric fill factors.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (10), 3284-3290 (2014).</li><li>Li, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+15%+energy+conversion+efficiency:+a+systematic+study+of+the+solution-processed+organic+tandem+solar+cells+based+on+commercially+available+materials.">Towards 15% energy conversion efficiency: a systematic study of the solution-processed organic tandem solar cells based on commercially available materials.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (12), 3407-3413 (2013).</li><li>Lu, L., Chen, W., Xu, T., Yu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-performance+ternary+blend+polymer+solar+cells+involving+both+energy+transfer+and+hole+relay+processes.">High-performance ternary blend polymer solar cells involving both energy transfer and hole relay processes.</a> Nat. Commun. 6, 7327 (2015).</li><li>Yang, Y. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-performance+multiple-donor+bulk+heterojunction+solar+cells.">High-performance multiple-donor bulk heterojunction solar cells.</a> Nat. Photon. 9 (3), 190-198 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+Effect+of+Polymer+and+Small+Molecules+for+High-Performance+Ternary+Organic+Solar+Cells.">Synergistic Effect of Polymer and Small Molecules for High-Performance Ternary Organic Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Mater. 27 (6), 1071-1076 (2015).</li><li>Ameri, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology+analysis+of+the+near+IR+sensitized+polymer+/+fullerene+organic+solar+cells+by+implementing+low+bandgap+polymer+analogous+of+C-/Si-PCPDTBT.">Morphology analysis of the near IR sensitized polymer / fullerene organic solar cells by implementing low bandgap polymer analogous of C-/Si-PCPDTBT.</a> J. Mater. Chem. A. 2, 19461-19472 (2014).</li><li>Cheng, P., Li, Y., Zhan, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+ternary+blend+polymer+solar+cells+with+indene-C60+bisadduct+as+an+electron-cascade+acceptor.">Efficient ternary blend polymer solar cells with indene-C60 bisadduct as an electron-cascade acceptor.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (6), 2005 (2014).</li><li>Khlyabich, P. P., Rudenko, A. E., Street, R. A., Thompson, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Polymer+Compatibility+on+the+Open-Circuit+Voltage+in+Ternary+Blend+Bulk+Heterojunction+Solar+Cells.">Influence of Polymer Compatibility on the Open-Circuit Voltage in Ternary Blend Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells.</a> ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 6 (13), 9913-9919 (2014).</li><li>Lu, L., Xu, T., Chen, W., Landry, E. S., Yu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ternary+blend+polymer+solar+cells+with+enhanced+power+conversion+efficiency.">Ternary blend polymer solar cells with enhanced power conversion efficiency.</a> Nat. Photon. 8 (9), 716-722 (2014).</li><li>Lim, B., Bloking, J. T., Ponec, A., Mcgehee, M. D., Sellinger, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ternary+Bulk+Heterojunction+Solar+Cells:+Addition+of+Soluble+NIR+Dyes+for+Photocurrent+Generation+beyond+800+nmDyes+for+Photocurrent+Generation+beyond+800+nm.">Ternary Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: Addition of Soluble NIR Dyes for Photocurrent Generation beyond 800 nmDyes for Photocurrent Generation beyond 800 nm.</a> ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 6, 6905 (2014).</li><li>Itskos, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+properties+of+organic+semiconductor+blends+with+near-infrared+quantum-dot+sensitizers+for+light+harvesting+applications.">Optical properties of organic semiconductor blends with near-infrared quantum-dot sensitizers for light harvesting applications.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 1 (5), 802-812 (2011).</li><li>Mulherin, R. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ternary+photovoltaic+blends+incorporating+an+all-conjugated+donor-acceptor+diblock+copolymer.">Ternary photovoltaic blends incorporating an all-conjugated donor-acceptor diblock copolymer.</a> Nano Lett. 11 (11), 4846-4851 (2011).</li><li>Savoie, B. M., Dunaisky, S., Marks, T. J., Ratner, M. a. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Scope+and+Limitations+of+Ternary+Blend+Organic+Photovoltaics.">The Scope and Limitations of Ternary Blend Organic Photovoltaics.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 5 (3), 1400891 (2015).</li><li>Gasparini, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photophysics+of+Molecular-Weight-Induced+Losses+in+Indacenodithienothiophene-Based+Solar+Cells.">Photophysics of Molecular-Weight-Induced Losses in Indacenodithienothiophene-Based Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 (30), 4898-4907 (2015).</li><li>Heumueller, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disorder-Induced+Open-Circuit+Voltage+Losses+in+Organic+Solar+Cells+During+Photoinduced+Burn-In.">Disorder-Induced Open-Circuit Voltage Losses in Organic Solar Cells During Photoinduced Burn-In.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. , (2015).</li><li>Pivrikas, A., Sariciftci, G. J., Juska, G., &#214;sterbacka, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Review+of+Charge+Transport+and+Recombination+in+Polymer+/+Fullerene.">A Review of Charge Transport and Recombination in Polymer / Fullerene.</a> Progr. Photovoltaics: Res. Appl. 15, 677-696 (2007).</li><li>Clarke, T. M., Lungenschmied, C., Peet, J., Drolet, N., Mozer, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Comparison+of+Five+Experimental+Techniques+to+Measure+Charge+Carrier+Lifetime+in+Polymer/Fullerene+Solar+Cells.">A Comparison of Five Experimental Techniques to Measure Charge Carrier Lifetime in Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 5 (4), (2014).</li><li>Min, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Alkyl+Terminal+Chains+on+Morphology,+Charge+Generation,+Transport,+and+Recombination+Mechanisms+in+Solution-Processed+Small+Molecule+Bulk+Heterojunction+Solar+Cells.">Effects of Alkyl Terminal Chains on Morphology, Charge Generation, Transport, and Recombination Mechanisms in Solution-Processed Small Molecule Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 5 (17), (2015).</li><li>Shuttle, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+determination+of+the+rate+law+for+charge+carrier+decay+in+a+polythiophene:+Fullerene+solar+cell.">Experimental determination of the rate law for charge carrier decay in a polythiophene: Fullerene solar cell.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 (2008), 90-93 (2008).</li><li>Street, R. a., Krakaris, A., Cowan, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombination+through+different+types+of+localized+states+in+organic+solar+cells.">Recombination through different types of localized states in organic solar cells.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 4608-4619 (2012).</li><li>Azimi, H., Senes, A., Scharber, M. C., Hingerl, K., Brabec, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Charge+Transport+and+Recombination+in+Low-Bandgap+Bulk+Heterojunction+Solar+Cell+using+Bis-adduct+Fullerene.">Charge Transport and Recombination in Low-Bandgap Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell using Bis-adduct Fullerene.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 1 (6), 1162-1168 (2011).</li><li>Salvador, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+accumulation+on+metal+nanoparticles+in+plasmon-enhanced+organic+solar+cells.">Electron accumulation on metal nanoparticles in plasmon-enhanced organic solar cells.</a> ACS Nano. 6 (11), 10024-10032 (2012).</li><li>Noone, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoinduced+charge+transfer+and+polaron+dynamics+in+polymer+and+hybrid+photovoltaic+thin+films:+Organic+vs+inorganic+acceptors.">Photoinduced charge transfer and polaron dynamics in polymer and hybrid photovoltaic thin films: Organic vs inorganic acceptors.</a> J. Phys. Chem. C. 115 (49), 24403-24410 (2011).</li><li>Gasparini, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neat+C70+-Based+Bulk-Heterojunction+Polymer+Solar+Cells+with+Excellent+Acceptor+Dispersion.">Neat C70 -Based Bulk-Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells with Excellent Acceptor Dispersion.</a> Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 6, 21416-21425 (2014).</li></ol>

We reported a novel ternary system with a clear contribution in the incident photon-to-current efficiency in the near IR region. A Jsc improvement of around 20% was obtained for PIDTTQ:ADV-2:PC71BM (0.85:0.15:2) ternary devices compared to PIDTTQ:PC71BM binary cells. However, the low FF limited the performances of the ternary BHJ solar cells.
We found that by adding ADV-2 into the host system of PIDTTQ:PC71BM the &#956;&#96...

During the last decades, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic bulk-hetorojunction (BHJ) solar cells based on donor/acceptor blends surpassed the 10% threshold, mainly due to the discovery of novel materials as well as device structure engineering.1,2,3,4,5,6 Nowadays, one of the main challenges in order to further boost the PCE of organic solar cells is to achieve better absorption match to the solar irradiance spectrum, by extending the narrow absorption window of organic polymers. In this regards, two main concepts have been developed: tandem and ternary organic solar cells.7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 The former are based on a complex multi-layer stack with the main challenge of designing a robust solution-processed intermediate layer.18 The latter, made of two donors and one acceptor, mixed together in a unique solution, overcomes the complexities of the tandem device architecture, maintaining the easy processability of a single junction organic BHJ solar cell.19,20,21,22,23,24,25 To date, polymers,20 small molecules,21 dyes,26 quantum dots27 and fullerene derivates,23 have been adopted as &#34;guest&#34; in the polymer-fullerene &#34;host&#34; system.
In addition to the need for donor materials with the complementary absorption, one of the key points to surpass the performance of binary cells in ternary devices is to find donor materials with compatible physical and chemical natures.20 This can prevent the formation of recombination centers, or morphological traps, that deteriorate the photovoltaic properties.28,29
Here, we report a ternary organic solar cell system processed in air that shows a pronounced sensitization effect, resulting in a power conversion efficiency of more than 4.6%. As a sensitizer, we incorporate the near infrared (NIR) polymer ADV-2 that contains alternating pyridyl[2,1,3]thiadiazole (PT) between two different donor fragments, dithienosilole (DTS) and indacenodithienothiophene (IDTT), into a host system of indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene,2,3-bis(3-(octyloxy)phenyl)quinoxaline (PIDTTQ)30 blended with [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). In fact, in order to have components with a similar chemical nature in the ternary blend system, we used two polymers with the same backbone unit of indacenodithienothiophene for the host and the guest donors. We studied the aforementioned ternary system by employing various optoelectronic techniques such as current-voltage (J-V) characteristics, external quantum efficiency (EQE), photoinduced charge carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage (photo-CELIV), charge extraction (CE), transient photovoltage (TPV) measurements and photo-induced absorption (PIA) spectroscopy.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1323">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">1,2-Dichlorobenzene</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">606078</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">1-Chloronaphtalene</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">970836</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">chloroform&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">1731042</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">PC71BM</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Solenne</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07099</td>
			<td>BHJ material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">2036259</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">Chloroform-d</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">1697633</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">trichlorobenzene&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">956819</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5,5&#8217;-bis(trimethylstannyl)-3,3&#8217;-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2&#8217;-bithiophene</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td>143367-56-0</td>
			<td>starting material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Pd(PPh3)4&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td>14221-01-3</td>
			<td>catalyst</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">source measurements unit&#160;</td>
			<td>BoTEst</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">Solar simulator Oriel Sol 1A</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spectrometer Lambda 950</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EQE setup</td>
			<td>Enlitech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">oscilloscope DSO-X 2024A</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">NMR setup</td>
			<td>Bruker AVANCE III 600&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">GPC setup</td>
			<td>Alliance 2000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">Doctor blade</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Zehntner ZAA 2300</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">evaporator</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">mbraun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">glove boxes</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">mbraun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">Laser 405 nm</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">THORLABS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:779px;">funtion generator</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Agilent Technologies 33500B series</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

indacenodithienothiophene-based ternary organic solar cells: concept, devices and optoelectronic analysis

We report on a novel ternary bulk-heterojunction solar cell by implementing a novel conjugated polymer (ADV-2) containing alternating pyridyl[2,1,3]thiadiazole (PT) between two different donor fragments, dithienosilole (DTS) and indacenodithienothiophene (IDTT), into a host system of indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene,2,3-bis(3-(octyloxy)phenyl)quinoxaline (PIDTTQ) and [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). A clear absorption contribution in the near infrared (NIR) region leads to a power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 4.6% in ternary device processed by doctor blading in air, fully avoiding any thermal treatment. Current-voltage (J-V) characteristics, external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectrum, charge extraction (CE) as well as photo-induced absorption (PIA) spectroscopy reveal the higher charge carrier generation in the ternary devices compared to the reference binary cells. Despite an enhancement of about 20% in the short circuit current density (Jsc), the lower fill factor (FF) achieved in PIDTTQ:ADV-2:PC71BM ternary system limits the solar cell performance. With the complementary use of photoinduced charge carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage (photo-CELIV) and transient photovoltage (TPV) measurements, we found that the ternary cells suffer from a lower mobility-lifetime (&#181;&#964;) product, adversely impacting the FF. However, the significant improvement of light harvesting in the NIR region, compensating the transport losses, results in an overall power conversion efficiency enhancement of ~7% for ternary blends as compared to the PIDTTQ: PC71BM devices.

&#160;Figure 1 shows 1H and 13C NMR spectra of M1 (a-b, respectively) and ADV-2 (c-d, respectively) with their respectively list of peaks. Figure 2 shows the synthetic route for the low band gap donor-acceptor copolymer ADV-2. Figure 3 shows the absorption spectrum of ADV-2 in DCB solution and as solid. The copolymer for both cases shows a single band in the high energy region which is assigned to a localized &#960;&#8722;&#960;* transition and another a...

In this study, in addition to the synthesis of a novel polymer, we fully characterize a ternary bulk-heterojunction solar cell, with a power conversion efficiency exceeding 4.6%, with the complementary use of optical and electrical techniques.

Indacenodithienothiophene-Based Ternary Organic Solar Cells: Concept, Devices and Optoelectronic Analysis

We report on a novel ternary bulk-heterojunction solar cell by implementing a novel conjugated polymer (ADV-2) containing alternating ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Experimental Approach for Determining Semiconductor/liquid Junction Energetics by Operando Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Operando Ambient Pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (operando AP-XPS) investigation of semiconductor/liquid junctions provides quantitative ...

A Murine Model of Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis Using Gavage Feeding, Lipopolysaccharide, and Systemic Hypoxia

This protocol describes a model of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) using rats or mice. NEC is a gastrointestinal disease unique to premature ...