<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51515">A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.)</a></h2>
Jennifer L. Koch, David W. Carey
Northern Research Station, US Forest Service
Beech bark disease is initiated by feeding activities of the beech scale insect that create fungal entry points in the bark. Trees that are resistant to the scale insect are also disease resistant. Here we present the protocol we have developed to screen individual beech trees for beech scale resistance.
<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51476">Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing</a></h2>
Thomas Z. Thompson1, Farres Obeidin1, Alisa A. Davidoff2, Cody L. Hightower1, Christohper Z. Johnson1, Sonya L. Rice1, Rebecca-Lyn Sokolove1, Brandon K. Taylor1, John M. Tuck1, William G. Pearson, Jr.3,4
1Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 2Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, 3Department of Cellular Biology &amp; Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, 4Department of Otolaryngology, Georgia Regents University
Coordinate mapping is a method of documenting salient features of hyolaryngeal biomechanics in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. This methodology uses image analysis software to record coordinates of anatomical landmarks. These coordinates are imported into an excel macro and translated into kinematic variables of interest useful in dysphagia research.
<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/50977">Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis</a></h2>
Jeremy D. Smith1, Abbie E. Ferris1, Gary D. Heise1, Richard N. Hinrichs2, Philip E. Martin3
1School of Sport &amp; Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, 2Kinesiology Program, Arizona State University, 3Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University
Body segmental inertial properties are required for inverse dynamics modeling. Using an oscillation and reaction board technique, inertial properties of below-knee prostheses were measured. Using direct measures of prosthesis inertia in the inverse dynamics model of the prosthetic leg resulted in lower magnitudes of resultant joint forces and moments.
<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51534">Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras</a></h2>
Jennifer L Fish, Richard A Schneider
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco
This article describes a method to generate chimeric embryos that is designed to test the species-specific contributions of neural crest and/or other tissues to craniofacial development.

may 2014: this month in jove - bioengineering limb prostheses, protecting trees from fungal pathogens, and investigating the kinematics of swallowing

Here's a look at what's coming up in the <a href="http://www.jove.com/archive/87">May 2014 issue</a> of <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments</a>.
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/enviro">JoVE Environment</a> we examine beech bark disease, which affects susceptible trees after they are attacked by the beech scale insect. When it feeds on tree bark, the insect creates small fissures that allow the causative fungal species to establish infection. In the late 1890s, the beech scale insect was accidentally brought from Europe to Nova Scotia. By the 1930s, the insects and the associated fungal disease had reached the United States, subsequently spreading across the entire northeast towards the south and Midwest. Beech bark disease can kill up to 50% of infected trees, thus threatening biodiversity in hardwood forests. To address this concern, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51515">Koch and Carey</a> adapt a technique of artificially inoculating seedlings with beech scale eggs, and present a method for screening disease resistance and susceptibility in American beech trees. This method can help to identify resistance and susceptibility genes or to screen mature trees in the field and help minimize the environmental impact of birch bark disease.
Moving on to <a href="http://www.jove.com/bioengineering">JoVE Bioengineering</a>, much research is devoted to improving the design and function of prosthetics. This month, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/50977/">Smith et al.</a> present techniques for directly estimating the inertial properties of below-knee prosthetics. The procedure is performed with the prosthesis fully intact, which reduces the measurement time and eliminates any additional time needed to realign the prosthesis after measurements. This technique allows rapid and direct measurements of the inertial properties of below-knee prosthetics, which could potentially benefit many patients who undergo lower-limb amputations.
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/ctm">JoVE Clinical &amp; Translational Medicine</a>, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51476/">Thompson et al.</a> use coordinate mapping to analyze the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, which is a complex process that involves over 20 muscles coordinated by the autonomic nervous system. To demonstrate this technique, they examine healthy subjects, without known swallowing impairments, who undergo a modified barium swallow. In this test, an X-ray of the throat is taken while the subject ingests food or liquid containing barium. Using image analysis software, the authors record anatomical landmark coordinates during the modified barium swallow. These coordinates are then translated into kinematic variables of interest, which can be useful for studying dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing.
<a name="_GoBack" id="_GoBack"></a>In developing vertebrates, cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) migrate from the dorsal neural tube to form craniofacial structures. This month in <a href="http://www.jove.com/biology">JoVE Biology</a>, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51534/">Fish and Schneider</a> examine how these neural crest cells give rise to the wide range of beak patterns in birds. The authors head to Chinatown to obtain white Pekin duck eggs, which they grow to Hamburger-Hamilton stage 9.5. Then, they graft a quail neural fold into the mid- and anterior hindbrain of the duck embryo to generate a quail-duck chimera, or a "quck". Because the quail and the duck have very different beak morphology, this quck can help uncover the mechanisms of species-specific craniofacial patterning. 
You've just had a sneak peek of the <a href="http://www.jove.com/archive/87">May 2014 issue</a> of JoVE. Visit the website to see the full-length articles, plus many more, in <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments</a>.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about May 2014: This Month in JoVE - Bioengineering Limb Prostheses, Protecting Trees from Fungal Pathogens, and Investigating the Kinematics of Swallowing at JoVE.

May 2014: This Month in JoVE - Bioengineering Limb Prostheses, Protecting Trees from Fungal Pathogens, and Investigating the Kinematics of Swallowing

Here's a look at what's coming up in the <a href="http://www.jove.com/archive/87">May 2014</a> issue of JoVE.

Here's a look at what's coming up in the May 2014 issue of JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments.
In JoVE Environment we examine beech bark disease, ...

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1.8K Views.  Massachusetts Eye and Ear. Here's a look at what's coming up in the May 2014 issue of JoVE.

Video: May 2014: This Month in JoVE - Bioengineering Limb Prostheses, Protecting Trees from Fungal Pathogens, and Investigating the Kinematics of Swallowing

August 2012: This Month in JoVE

Traditional microscopy requires lens objectives to magnify specimens, and can involve numerous optical components like additional objectives, filters, and mirrors to refract and direct light to optical sensors. The August 2012 issue of JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) is marked by the third publication from the Ozcan Lab (University of California, Los Angeles) on their lens free lens-free "on-chip" microscopy platform, which they have pioneered.
Back in 2009, the Ozcan lab published their first article, which demonstrated the use of a lens-free imaging platform that could image cells within whole blood. This imaging technique involves placing a sample directly on an optoelectric sensor array, like the CCD or CMOS chips found in the standard camcorder. Then, LED illumination from above the sample casts shadows on the chip, which are recorded as digital holograms that can be subjected to image processing. Not only does this lensless imaging system allow for an extremely large field of view (FOV of 0.6-8 cm2), the lack of bulky optical components makes it excellent for microfluidic applications. The Ozcan group demonstrates this in their follow-up 2011 JoVE article, in which fluorescently labeled white blood cells are imaged within a microfluidic chip.
This August in JoVE, the Ozcan group demonstrates further advancements to their lens-free microscopy platform by applying it to tomographic imaging of the nematode, C. elegans. By changing the angle of illumination, using a motorized rotation stage, the Ozcan group shows how multiple holographic slices may be generated for a sample-which, following processing, can be combined into tomograms. The Ozcan group confirms that their 3D reconstruction of the worm is successful by citing that the pharyngeal tube, a 5-micron-thick structure, is only visible in a single slice and in a 3D reconstructed cross section.
The compact and inexpensive nature of the lens-free imaging systems - designed and assembled by the Ozcan group - make them well suited for point-of-care diagnostic applications, or even cell phone based microscopy that can be performed in the field.
At the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center at University of California, San Francisco JoVE learns how to visualize morphological changes in single cells using three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy and computer analysis. In this procedure, cells are given agonist, antagonist plus agonist, or no treatment, and prepared for immunofluorescence microscopy. Three-dimensional images are acquired with the help of a two-photon laser system, and the fluorescence data are processed on the computer using Imaris and Matlab.
To demonstrate the power of this technique, our authors quantify single-cell phenotypic changes in transfected HEK293 cells. Three-dimensional morphometric analysis shows dramatic changes in cells treated with agonist. These changes are not always apparent when using conventional 2D analysis. This technique allows morphological changes in single cells to be quantified and characterized in response to pharmacologic stimuli, offering a powerful new assessment tool to the arsenal of drug discovery research.
This month, in JoVE Applied Physics, we travel to South Carolina to visit the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Clemson University. Here, researchers show us how to construct lithium batteries for laboratory research.
The basic components of a lithium coin cell are the working electrode, the lithium electrolyte, and a lithium foil counter electrode. The different components of the coin cell are carefully assembled and sealed with a crimping machine. The finished coin cell can then be characterized in a battery tester. Using their homemade coin cells, our researchers can experiment with using different materials to make the cathodes of lithium coin cells.
This month in JoVE Immunology and Infection, we head to Basel, Switzerland to witness two techniques for diagnosing helminth infections. We also see how investigators perform the shuttle run test in children, in order to assess the effects of these infections on physical fitness.
Helminths are parasitic worms that can live inside humans and animals. Many species infect the intestinal tract, and may be transmitted through soil. Our authors demonstrate the Kato-Katz technique, which is used for diagnosing several common soil-transmitted helminths. They also demonstrate the Baermann technique, which uses light to stimulate the migration of certain types of phototactic helminths out of sample preparations. The various types of helminth species can subsequently be determined based on morphology.
Our authors then demonstrate how to set up and perform a 20-meter shuttle run test for children, and to measure the impact of helminth infections on physical fitness. This method can help determine the true burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections on overall health.
This brief summary highlights but a few notable video-articles that will be released in August. We'll also feature articles that demonstrate how to express genes in the midbrain of the chick embryo, study neutrophil transmigration in parallel flow chambers lined with endothelial cells, and precisely measure proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix.

Traditional microscopy requires lens objectives to magnify specimens, and can involve numerous optical components like additional objectives, filters, and mirrors to refract and direct light to optical sensors. The August 2012 issue of JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) is marked by the third publication from the Ozcan Lab (University of California, Los Angeles) on their lens-free "on-chip" microscopy platform, which they have pioneered.

Traditional microscopy requires lens objectives to magnify specimens, and can involve numerous optical components like additional objectives, filters, and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

2012: A Year In Review

Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).
At the start of 2012, JoVE reached a major milestone by publishing our 1500th article. In this publication, in JoVE Bioengineering, Yu et al. described a method for analyzing the free radical composition of cigarette smoke. This method simulated cigarette puffing with a single-port smoking device, and combined it with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to measure the degree to which antioxidant compounds can scavenge free radicals in cigarette smoke. A possible outcome of this research is the creation of less harmful cigarettes.
JoVE Bioengineering also contained the most-viewed article of 2012. Owczarczak et al. described a method for hacking a standard inkjet printer, loading ink cartridges with a cell-suspension "bioink," and printing lines of live cells onto glass slides. The thermal inkjet printing process creates temporary pores in the cell membrane, visualized by the incorporation of fluorescently labeled actin monomers. This concept, called "bioprinting," has many potential applications in cell and tissue engineering.
Also in 2012, JoVE Bioengineering featured a protocol by Hsia et al. for isolating and purifying spider silk protein, spinning it into fibers, and assessing the fiber strength. This protocol for laboratory-scale production of spider silk, which is stronger than tensile steel, can potentially be extended to large-scale manufacturing.
In JoVE Clinical and Translational Medicine, we featured a number of articles related to stroke, one of which. In one article, M&ouml;bius-Winkler et al. demonstrated placement of the WATCHMAN left atrial appendage occlusion device from Boston Scientific. This device is designed to prevent strokes by trapping clots within the left atrial appendage of the heart before they exit. Our authors demonstrated how to insert the guide wire through the femoral artery into the heart, advance the device into the left atrium, and deploy the device in the left atrial appendage.
Another article focused on stroke, Hamel et al. described the use of a driving simulator to study how patients compensate for visual field defects following stroke. By analyzing the compensatory gaze behavior of patients as they navigated through virtual driving courses with varying degrees of complexity, our authors see great potential for the use of driving simulators in stroke rehabilitation.
In JoVE Immunology and Infection, we published an article by Keyel et al. describing the real-time kinetics of immune cell responses to bacterial toxins using live cell microscopy. Combined with high-speed 3D confocal microscopy, this technique can also visualize the cellular repair response.
Also in JoVE Immunology and Infection, we featured an article by Yap et al. describing methods for diagnosing helminth infections in children. Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect the intestinal tract of humans and animals, and may be distinguished based on their morphology. The same article demonstrated how to measure the impact of helminth infections on physical fitness in children, which is a measure of overall health.
In JoVE Neuroscience, we featured a method by Hoffmann et al., who used tiny headphones to alter the auditory feedback in songbirds, and analyzed the computational and neurophysiological basis of vocal learning in birds when they adjust their singing in response to altered acoustic signals.
Also in JoVE Neuroscience, we moved from birds to bees with a method that assesses associative and non-associative tactile learning in honeybees. This method, by Mujagi&#263; et al., allowed bees to scan different metal surfaces with their antennae, then conditioned them to expect sugar water when their antennae touched particular surfaces, and analyzed the corresponding changes in antennal movement.
In 2012, we launched a brand-new section: JoVE Applied Physics, which features articles on subjects ranging from plasma physics to material science. The Applied Physics section also contained JoVE's 2000th video article, filmed in a synchrotron radiation facility, where Borisenko et al. showed how to determine the electronic structure of complex materials using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
In the JoVE General section, we published an article by Artioli et al. demonstrating the use of a portable gas analyzer to measure oxygen consumption during complex exercise - such as judo. By analyzing oxygen consumption and collecting blood for measuring plasma lactate concentration, this method can determine the relative contributions of different energy systems to specific aspects of complex exercise.
Finally, JoVE followed Dolhi et al. to a permanently ice-covered saline lake in Antarctica. There, scientists drilled through the ice to study single-celled microorganisms called protists that live in the harsh conditions of Antarctica.
This Year in Review was just a brief glimpse of a few of over 600 video articles that JoVE offered in 2012. Browse the JoVE archives to see thousands of other videos, and stay tuned for what's coming up this year in JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments.

Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).

 
 
Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).
At the start of 2012, JoVE ...

May 2014: This Month in JoVE - Bioengineering Limb Prostheses, Protecting Trees from Fungal Pathogens, and Investigating the Kinematics of Swallowing

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