Name: using a fluorescent pcr-capillary gel electrophoresis technique to genotype crispr/cas9-mediated knockout mutants in a high-throughput format
Uploaded: 2017-04-08T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 25 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Ms. Tan Shi Min, Ms. Helen Ong, and Dr. Zhao Yi for helping with the capillary gel electrophoresis experiments. This work was supported by NMRC/IRG grant NMRC/1314/2011 and MOE AcRF Tier 2 Fund grant MOE2011-T2-1-051.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

The knocking out of a specific gene in a model cell line of choice has become routine for elucidating the role that the gene plays in that particular cellular context. In fact, several genome-wide screens are currently available that use the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target virtually all known human genes in the genome14,15,16. With these large-scale screens (or even small-scale targeting of individual genes of interest), it is impo...

Reverse genetic approaches have allowed scientists to elucidate the effects of specific alterations in the genome on the cell or whole organism. For example, the expression of a particular gene can be attenuated by gene knockdown1,2 (partial reduction) or gene knockout3,4 (complete ablation) in order to determine the effect that this has on the function of the cell or on the development of the organism.
Gene knockout experiments have become easier since the introduction of sequence-specific programmable nucleases, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). However, the relatively recent characterization of the clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system has made it extremely easy for any laboratory around the world to perform gene knockout experiments. In essence, the CRISPR/Cas9 system consists of two essential components-a single guide RNA (sgRNA), which recognizes and binds via base complementarity to a specific sequence in the genome, and an endonuclease called Cas9. The aftermath of the specific binding and action of the sgRNA-Cas9 complex on genomic DNA is the double-strand cleavage of DNA. This, in turn, triggers the DNA damage response mechanism in the cell, which is subsequently repaired via the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR) pathways. Since the NHEJ repair mechanism (but not the HR mechanism) often results in the random insertion or deletion of nucleotides at the site of repair, resulting in insertion/deletion (indel) mutations, it may cause the reading frame of an exon to shift. This may then result in the knockout of the gene due to premature termination of translation and nonsense-mediated decay5,6,7.
Despite the convenience afforded by the introduction of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in knocking out a gene, the genotyping of clones of targeted cells remains a bottleneck, especially in a high-throughput setting8,9. Existing techniques either suffer major inherent limitations or are financially costly. For example, the SURVEYOR or T7E1 assay, which is an enzymatic assay that detects mismatches in DNA duplexes10, is not able to distinguish between wildtype clones and homozygous mutants (clones whose alleles are mutated identically), since these clones have identical alleles and thus do not present mismatches in their DNA sequence11. In addition, the use of Sanger sequencing, which is considered the gold standard in genotyping mutant clones, in a high-throughput setup is undesirable due to its high cost. Here, we present a detailed protocol of the fluorescent PCR-capillary gel electrophoresis technique, which can circumvent the limitations of the other existing genotyping techniques and is particularly useful in performing a high-throughput screen of nuclease-mediated knockout clones. This method is technically simple to perform and saves time and cost.

<table><tbody><tr><td>HEPG2 cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>HB-8065</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HyClone Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>SH30022.01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HyClone Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>SV30160.03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pSpCas9(BB)-2A-GFP plasmid</td><td>Addgene</td><td>PX458</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamine 2000</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>11668027</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%), phenol red</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>25200056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.5%), no phenol red</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>15400054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>15140122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HyClone Water, Molecular Biology Grade</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>SH30538.02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CRISPR sgRNA insert oligonucleotide (sense)</td><td>AITbiotech</td><td>None</td><td>Sequence: 5&#039;-CACCGCTAACCTTTCAGCCTGCCTA-3&#039;</td></tr><tr><td>CRISPR sgRNA insert oligonucleotide (anti-sense)</td><td>AITbiotech</td><td>None</td><td>Sequence: 5&#039;-AAACTAGGCAGGCTGAAAGGTTAGC-3&#039;</td></tr><tr><td>Unlabeled PCR amplification forward primer</td><td>AITbiotech</td><td>None</td><td>Sequence: 5&#039;-CACTAACTCCAATGCTTCAGTTTC-3&#039;; this primer is also used to sequence PCR amplified alleles</td></tr><tr><td>6-FAM-labeled fluorescent PCR forward primer</td><td>AITbiotech</td><td>None</td><td>Sequence: 5&#039;-6-FAM-CACTAACTCCAATGCTTCAGTTTC-3&#039;</td></tr><tr><td>HEX-labeled fluorescent PCR forward primer</td><td>AITbiotech</td><td>None</td><td>Sequence: 5&#039;-HEX-CACTAACTCCAATGCTTCAGTTTC-3&#039;</td></tr><tr><td>Unlabeled PCR reverse primer</td><td>AITbiotech</td><td>None</td><td>Sequence: 5&#039;-CCTCTTCCAAGTCTGCTTATGT-3&#039;</td></tr><tr><td>Taq PCR Core Kit</td><td>QIAGEN</td><td>201223</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hi-Di Formamide</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>4311320</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GeneScan 500 LIZ Dye Size Standard</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>4322682</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MicroAmp Optical 96-Well Reaction Plate</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>4306737</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3500xL Genetic Analyzer</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>4405633</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3500 Series 2 program</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>4476988</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gene Mapper 5 program</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>4475073</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentra Puregene Cell Kit</td><td>QIAGEN</td><td>1045696</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System</td><td>Promega</td><td>A9282</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NAP1L1 Antibody (N-term)</td><td>Abgent</td><td>AP1920b</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nuclear Matrix Protein p84 antibody [5E10]</td><td>GeneTex</td><td>GTX70220</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peroxidase AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>111-035-144</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peroxidase AffiniPure Sheep Anti-Mouse IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>515-035-003</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

using a fluorescent pcr-capillary gel electrophoresis technique to genotype crispr/cas9-mediated knockout mutants in a high-throughput format

The development of programmable genome-editing tools has facilitated the use of reverse genetics to understand the roles specific genomic sequences play in the functioning of cells and whole organisms. This cause has been tremendously aided by the recent introduction of the CRISPR/Cas9 system-a versatile tool that allows researchers to manipulate the genome and transcriptome in order to, among other things, knock out, knock down, or knock in genes in a targeted manner. For the purpose of knocking out a gene, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated double-strand breaks recruit the non-homologous end-joining DNA repair pathway to introduce the frameshift-causing insertion or deletion of nucleotides at the break site. However, an individual guide RNA may cause undesirable off-target effects, and to rule these out, the use of multiple guide RNAs is necessary. This multiplicity of targets also means that a high-volume screening of clones is required, which in turn begs the use of an efficient high-throughput technique to genotype the knockout clones. Current genotyping techniques either suffer from inherent limitations or incur high cost, hence rendering them unsuitable for high-throughput purposes. Here, we detail the protocol for using fluorescent PCR, which uses genomic DNA from crude cell lysate as a template, and then resolving the PCR fragments via capillary gel electrophoresis. This technique is accurate enough to differentiate one base-pair difference between fragments and hence is adequate in indicating the presence or absence of a frameshift in the coding sequence of the targeted gene. This precise knowledge effectively precludes the need for a confirmatory sequencing step and allows users to save time and cost in the process. Moreover, this technique has proven to be versatile in genotyping various mammalian cells of various tissue origins targeted by guide RNAs against numerous genes, as shown here and elsewhere.

The fluorescent PCR-capillary gel electrophoresis technique described here is anticipated to be applicable to any targetable region in the genome in virtually any cell line that is amenable to foreign DNA delivery. We have previously demonstrated its application by targeting three genes in a colorectal cancer cell line12. Here, we show its efficacy in genotyping a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HEPG2, targeted with a CRISPR/Cas9 construct against the Nucleosom...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format at JoVE.com

Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format

The genotyping technique described here, which couples fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to capillary gel electrophoresis, allows for high-throughput genotyping of nuclease-mediated knockout clones. It circumvents limitations faced by other genotyping techniques and is more cost effective than sequencing methods.

The development of programmable genome-editing tools has facilitated the use of reverse genetics to understand the roles specific genomic sequences play ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

13.7K Views.  Duke-NUS Medical School.  Genotypering techniek beschreven voor koppeling fluorescent polymerasekettingreactie (PCR) met capillaire gelelektroforese, maakt genotypering van nuclease-gemedieerde knockout klonen. Het omzeilt beperkingen geconfronteerd met andere genotyperingstechnieken en kosteneffectiever is dan sequencing methoden. 

Video: Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format

Selection-dependent and Independent Generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockouts in Mammalian Cells

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system has revolutionized biology by allowing for precise genome editing with little effort. Guided by a single guide RNA (sgRNA) that confers specificity, the Cas9 protein cleaves both DNA strands at the targeted locus. The DNA break can trigger either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology directed repair (HDR). NHEJ can introduce small deletions or insertions which lead to frame-shift mutations, while HDR allows for larger and more precise perturbations. Here, we present protocols for generating knockout cell lines by coupling established CRISPR/Cas9 methods with two options for downstream selection/screening. The NHEJ approach uses a single sgRNA cut site and selection-independent screening, where protein production is assessed by dot immunoblot in a high-throughput manner. The HDR approach uses two sgRNA cut sites that span the gene of interest. Together with a provided HDR template, this method can achieve deletion of tens of kb, aided by the inserted selectable resistance marker. The appropriate applications and advantages of each method are discussed.

Recent advances in the ability to genetically manipulate somatic cell lines hold great potential for basic and applied research. Here, we present two approaches for CRISPR/Cas9 generated knockout production and screening in mammalian cell lines, with and without the use of selectable markers.

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system has revolutionized biology by allowing for precise genome editing with little effort. Guided by a single guide ...

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development of a customizable platform to rapidly generate gene modifications in a wide variety of organisms, including zebrafish. CRISPR-based genome editing uses a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to target a CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease to a genomic DNA (gDNA) target of interest, where the Cas endonuclease generates a double-strand break (DSB). Repair of DSBs by error-prone mechanisms lead to insertions and/or deletions (indels). This can cause frameshift mutations that often introduce a premature stop codon within the coding sequence, thus creating a protein-null allele. CRISPR-based genome engineering requires only a few molecular components and is easily introduced into zebrafish embryos by microinjection. This protocol describes the methods used to generate CRISPR reagents for zebrafish microinjection and to identify fish exhibiting germline transmission of CRISPR-modified genes. These methods include in vitro transcription of sgRNAs, microinjection of CRISPR reagents, identification of indels induced at the target site using a PCR-based method called a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), and characterization of the indels using both a low throughput and a powerful next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based approach that can analyze multiple PCR products collected from heterozygous fish. This protocol is streamlined to minimize both the number of fish required and the types of equipment needed to perform the analyses. Furthermore, this protocol is designed to be amenable for use by laboratory personal of all levels of experience including undergraduates, enabling this powerful tool to be economically employed by any research group interested in performing CRISPR-based genomic modification in zebrafish.

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Targeted genome editing in the model system Danio rerio (zebrafish) has been greatly facilitated by the emergence of CRISPR-based approaches. Herein, we describe a streamlined, robust protocol for generation and identification of CRISPR-derived nonsense alleles that incorporates the heteroduplex mobility assay and identification of mutations using next-generation sequencing.

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development ...

Highly Efficient Gene Disruption of Murine and Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells by CRISPR/Cas9

Advances in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) field have been aided by methods to genetically engineer primary progenitor cells as well as animal models. Complete gene ablation in HSCs required the generation of knockout mice from which HSCs could be isolated, and gene ablation in primary human HSCs was not possible. Viral transduction could be used for knock-down approaches, but these suffered from variable efficacy. In general, genetic manipulation of human and mouse hematopoietic cells was hampered by low efficiencies and extensive time and cost commitments. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 has dramatically expanded the ability to engineer the DNA of mammalian cells. However, the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to hematopoietic cells has been challenging, mainly due to their low transfection efficiencies, the toxicity of plasmid-based approaches and the slow turnaround time of virus-based protocols.
A rapid method to perform CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in murine and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with knockout efficiencies of up to 90% is provided in this article. This approach utilizes a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery strategy with a streamlined three-day workflow. The use of Cas9-sgRNA RNP allows for a hit-and-run approach, introducing no exogenous DNA sequences in the genome of edited cells and reducing off-target effects. The RNP-based method is fast and straightforward: it does not require cloning of sgRNAs, virus preparation or specific sgRNA chemical modification. With this protocol, scientists should be able to successfully generate knockouts of a gene of interest in primary hematopoietic cells within a week, including downtimes for oligonucleotide synthesis. This approach will allow a much broader group of users to adapt this protocol for their needs.

A protocol for fast CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption in mouse and human primary hematopoietic cells is described in this article. Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins are introduced via electroporation with sgRNAs generated through in vitro transcription and commercial Cas9. High editing efficiencies are achieved with limited time and financial cost.

Advances in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) field have been aided by methods to genetically engineer primary progenitor cells as well as animal models. ...

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) prokaryotic adaptive immune defense system has been co-opted as a powerful tool for precise eukaryotic genome engineering. Here, we present a rapid and simple method using chimeric single guide RNAs (sgRNA) and CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) for the efficient and precise generation of genomic point mutations in C. elegans. We describe a pipeline for sgRNA target selection, homology-directed repair (HDR) template design, CRISPR-Cas9-RNP complexing and delivery, and a genotyping strategy that enables the robust and rapid identification of correctly edited animals. Our approach not only permits the facile generation and identification of desired genomic point mutant animals, but also facilitates the detection of other complex indel alleles in approximately 4 - 5 days with high efficiency and a reduced screening workload.

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

Here, we present a method to engineer the genome of C. elegans using CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins and homology dependent repair templates.

The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) prokaryotic adaptive immune defense system has been ...

Pooled CRISPR-Based Genetic Screens in Mammalian Cells

Genome editing using the CRISPR-Cas system has vastly advanced the ability to precisely edit the genomes of various organisms. In the context of mammalian cells, this technology represents a novel means to perform genome-wide genetic screens for functional genomics studies. Libraries of guide RNAs (sgRNA) targeting all open reading frames permit the facile generation of thousands of genetic perturbations in a single pool of cells that can be screened for specific phenotypes to implicate gene function and cellular processes in an unbiased and systematic way. CRISPR-Cas screens provide researchers with a simple, efficient, and inexpensive method to uncover the genetic blueprints for cellular phenotypes. Furthermore, differential analysis of screens performed in various cell lines and from different cancer types can identify genes that are contextually essential in tumor cells, revealing potential targets for specific anticancer therapies. Performing genome-wide screens in human cells can be daunting, as this involves the handling of tens of millions of cells and requires analysis of large sets of data. The details of these screens, such as cell line characterization, CRISPR library considerations, and understanding the limitations and capabilities of CRISPR technology during analysis, are often overlooked. Provided here is a detailed protocol for the successful performance of pooled genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 based screens.

CRISPR-Cas9 technology provides an efficient method to precisely edit the mammalian genome in any cell type and represents a novel means to perform genome-wide genetic screens. A detailed protocol discussing the steps required for the successful performance of pooled genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens is provided here.

Genome editing using the CRISPR-Cas system has vastly advanced the ability to precisely edit the genomes of various organisms. In the context of mammalian ...

Investigation of the Transcriptional Role of a RUNX1 Intronic Silencer by CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells

The bulk of the human genome (~98%) is comprised of non-coding sequences. Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are non-coding DNA sequences that contain binding sites for transcriptional regulators to modulate gene expression. Alterations of CREs have been implicated in various diseases including cancer. While promoters and enhancers have been the primary CREs for studying gene regulation, very little is known about the role of silencer, which is another type of CRE that mediates gene repression. Originally identified as an adaptive immunity system in prokaryotes, CRISPR/Cas9 has been exploited to be a powerful tool for eukaryotic genome editing. Here, we present the use of this technique to delete an intronic silencer in the human RUNX1 gene and investigate the impacts on gene expression in OCI-AML3 leukemic cells. Our approach relies on electroporation-mediated delivery of two preassembled Cas9/guide RNA (gRNA) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes to create two double-strand breaks (DSBs) that flank the silencer. Deletions can be readily screened by fragment analysis. Expression analyses of different mRNAs transcribed from alternative promoters help evaluate promoter-dependent effects. This strategy can be used to study other CREs and is particularly suitable for hematopoietic cells, which are often difficult to transfect with plasmid-based methods. The use of a plasmid- and virus-free strategy allows simple and fast assessments of gene regulatory functions.

Investigation of the Transcriptional Role of a RUNX1 Intronic Silencer by CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Direct delivery of preassembled Cas9/guide RNA ribonucleoprotein complexes is a fast and efficient means for genome editing in hematopoietic cells. Here, we utilize this approach to delete a RUNX1 intronic silencer and examine the transcriptional responses in OCI-AML3 leukemic cells.

The bulk of the human genome (~98%) is comprised of non-coding sequences. Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are non-coding DNA sequences that contain binding ...

Cell Surface Receptor Identification Using Genome-Scale CRISPR/Cas9 Genetic Screens

Intercellular communication mediated by direct interactions between membrane-embedded cell surface receptors is crucial for the normal development and functioning of multicellular organisms. Detecting these interactions remains technically challenging, however. This manuscript describes a systematic genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 knockout genetic screening approach that reveals cellular pathways required for specific cell surface recognition events. This assay utilizes recombinant proteins produced in a mammalian protein expression system as avid binding probes to identify interaction partners in a cell-based genetic screen. This method can be used to identify the genes necessary for cell surface interactions detected by recombinant binding probes corresponding to the ectodomains of membrane-embedded receptors. Importantly, given the genome-scale nature of this approach, it also has the advantage of not only identifying the direct receptor but also the cellular components that are required for the presentation of the receptor at the cell surface, thereby providing valuable insights into the biology of the receptor.

This manuscript describes a genome-scale cell-based screening approach to identify extracellular receptor-ligand interactions.

Intercellular communication mediated by direct interactions between membrane-embedded cell surface receptors is crucial for the normal development and ...

Genome-Wide CRISPR Screens in CART Cells to Investigate Therapy Resistance

Performing an In Vitro Genome-Wide CRISPR Knockout Screen in Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell therapy is an innovative form of targeted immunotherapy that has revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, the durable response remains limited. Recent studies have shown that the epigenetic landscape of preinfusion CART cell products can influence response to therapy, and gene editing has been proposed as a solution. However, more work needs to be done to determine the optimal gene editing strategy. Genome-wide CRISPR screens have become popular tools to both investigate mechanisms of resistance and optimize gene editing strategies. Yet their application to primary cells presents many challenges. Here we describe a method to complete a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in CART cells from healthy donors. As a proof-of-concept model, we designed this method to investigate the development of exhaustion in CART cells targeting the CD19 antigen. However, we believe that this approach can be used to address a variety of mechanisms of resistance to therapy in different CAR constructs and tumor models.

The article describes a protocol for the application of an in vitro model for exhaustion to complete a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in healthy donor chimeric antigen receptor T cells.

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell therapy is an innovative form of targeted immunotherapy that has revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, ...

Cancer Research

Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging in primary NK cells. For example, transgene delivery using lentiviral or retroviral transduction resulted in a limited yield of genetically-engineered NK cells due to substantial procedure-associated NK cell apoptosis. We describe here a DNA-free method for genome editing of human primary and expanded NK cells using Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (Cas9/RNPs). This method allowed efficient knockout of the TGFBR2 and HPRT1 genes in NK cells. RT-PCR data showed a significant decrease in gene expression level, and a cytotoxicity assay of a representative cell product suggested that the RNP-modified NK cells became less sensitive to TGF&#946;. Genetically modified cells could be expanded post-electroporation by stimulation with irradiated mbIL21-expressing feeder cells.

Here, we present a protocol to genetically modify primary or expanded human natural killer (NK) cells using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins (Cas9/RNPs). By using this protocol, we generated human NK cells deficient for transforming growth factor&#8211;b receptor 2 (TGFBR2) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1).

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging ...

Immunology and Infection

Generation of Genomic Deletions in Mammalian Cell Lines via CRISPR/Cas9

The prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system may be re-purposed for site-specific eukaryotic genome engineering. CRISPR/Cas9 is an inexpensive, facile, and efficient genome editing tool that allows genetic perturbation of genes and genetic elements. Here we present a simple methodology for CRISPR design, cloning, and delivery for the production of genomic deletions. In addition, we describe techniques for deletion, identification, and characterization. This strategy relies on cellular delivery of a pair of chimeric single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to create two double strand breaks (DSBs) at a locus in order to delete the intervening DNA segment by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair. Deletions have potential advantages as compared to single-site small indels given the efficiency of biallelic modification, ease of rapid identification by PCR, predictability of loss-of-function, and utility for the study of non-coding elements. This approach can be used for efficient loss-of-function studies of genes and genetic elements in mammalian cell lines.

CRISPR/Cas9 is a robust system to produce disruption of genes and genetic elements. Here we describe a protocol for the efficient creation of genomic deletions in mammalian cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9.

The prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system may be re-purposed for site-specific ...

Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format

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