We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by National Key Research &#38; Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016YFB0600305), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21573031 and 21373038), Program for Excellent Talents in Dalian City (2016RD09) and Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi SG1617105 and THEi SG1617127).

Caution: For the proper handling methods, properties and toxicities of the chemicals described in this paper, refer to the relevant material safety data sheets (MSDS). Some of the chemicals used are toxic and carcinogenic and special cares must be taken. Nanomaterials may potentially pose safety hazards and health effects. Inhalation and skin contact should be avoided. Safety precaution must be exercised, such as performing the catalyst synthesis in the fume hood and catalyst performance evaluation with autoclave reactors. Personal protective equipment must be worn.
1. Preparation of Ni0.97Nb0.03O Catalysts where Nb:(Ni+Nb) molar ratios equal to 0.03
<ol>
	<li>Combine 0.161 g of niobium (V) oxalate hydrate with 2.821 g of nickel nitrate in 100 mL of deionized water in a 250-mL three-necked round bottom flask equipped&#160;with a stir bar.</li>
	<li>Stir the solution at 50 rpm and 70 &#176;C to dissolve the compounds until the disappearance of precipitate using a heating magnetic stirrer.</li>
	<li>Raise the temperature rapidly to 80 &#176;C at a rate of 2 &#176;C/min.</li>
	<li>Add a mixed basic solution [aqueous ammonium hydroxide (50 mL, 1.0 M) and sodium hydroxide (50 mL, 0.2 M)] into the reaction mixture dropwise until the pH of the Ni/Nb solution reaches 9.0.</li>
	<li>While stirring the reaction mixture, raise the temperature to 120 &#176;C at 2 &#176;C/min.</li>
	<li>Stir the reaction mixture overnight at 50 rpm at 120 &#176;C until the complete disappearance of the green color of the solution.</li>
	<li>Perform inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis for the solution to evaluate the concentration of remaining Ni2+ and Nb5+ ions in the solution and ensure the complete precipitation of remaining nickel nitrate.</li>
	<li>Collect the solid by filtration using B&#252;chner flask. Wash the solid by adding 2 L deionized water repeatedly within 20 min to remove the residual Na+ cation.</li>
	<li>Collect the solid in a watch glass. Dry the solid at 110 &#176;C for 12 h in dry oven.</li>
	<li>Calcine by heating the solids in synthetic air (20 mL/min O2 and 80 mL/min N2) at 450 &#176;C for 5 h in tube furnace. Check all glassware for defect prior to use the high temperature of reaction.</li>
	<li>After the calcination, obtain 1 g of Ni0.97Nb0.03O catalyst. Use appropriate protective equipment such as safety glasses, gloves, lab coat, and fume hood to perform the nanocrystal reaction due to potential safety hazards and health effects of the nanomaterials.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of Ni0.92Nb0.08O Catalysts where Nb:(Ni+Nb) molar ratios equal to 0.08
<ol>
	<li>This procedure is similar to that of 1 except for the first two steps:
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 0.43 g of niobium (V) oxalate hydrate in 100 mL of deionized water.</li>
		<li>Separately, dissolve 2.675 g of nickel nitrate in 100 mL of deionized water.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Preparation of Ni0.85Nb0.15O Catalysts where Nb:(Ni+Nb) molar ratios equal to 0.15
<ol>
	<li>The procedure is similar to that of 1 except for the first two steps:
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 0.807 g of niobium (V) oxalate hydrate in 100 mL of deionized water.</li>
		<li>Separately, dissolve 2.472 g of nickel nitrate in 100 mL of deionized water.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Preparation of Ni0.80Nb0.20O Catalysts where Nb:(Ni+Nb) molar ratios equal to 0.20
<ol>
	<li>The procedure is similar to that of 1 except for the first two steps:
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 1.076 g of niobium (V) oxalate hydrate in 100 mL of deionized water.</li>
		<li>Separately, dissolve 2.326 g of nickel nitrate in 100 mL of deionized water.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Preparation of Nb2O5 using chemical precipitation method
<ol>
	<li>Calcine niobic acid (Nb2O5&#183;nH2O) in synthetic air for 5 h at 450 &#176;C to obtain pure Nb2O5 particles. 
	NOTE: Confirm the completion of reaction using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, where Nb2O5&#183;nH2O is Amorphous and Nb2O5 is crystalline. According to the analysis, the calcination for 5 h at 450 &#176;C was enough to complete the reaction.</li>
</ol>
6. Synthesis of &#946;-O-4 lignin model compound, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-phenylethan-1-one
<ol>
	<li>Dissolve bromoacetophenone (9.0 g, 45 mmol) and 2-methoxyphenol (6.6 g, 53 mmol) in 200 mL of dimethylformamide (DMF) in a 500-mL conical flask with a magnetic stirrer. Use appropriate protective equipment and fume hood to perform the reaction using corrosive and carcinogenic chemicals and reagents.</li>
	<li>Mix the above DMF solution with potassium hydroxide (3.0 g, 53 mmol) and stir the mixture overnight at 50 rpm at room temperature using magnetic stirrers.</li>
	<li>Extract the product with the mixture solution of 200 mL of H2O and 600 mL of diethyl ether (1:3, v/v) using separation funnel. Obtain the upper diethyl ether layer of the solution.</li>
	<li>Add MgSO4 (10 g) to absorb moisture of the diethyl ether solution. Filter the MgSO4 to obtain the diethyl ether solution by using filter paper and funnel.</li>
	<li>After removal of the diethyl ether solution under reduced pressure at 0.08 MPa using rotary evaporator, dissolve the residue in 5 mL of ethanol.</li>
	<li>Slowly evaporate the ethanol solvent to recrystallize the product in a 10-mL beaker. Obtain the product (11.5 g) as yellowish powder and the yield of product is 90% based on bromoacetophenone. From the 1H NMR analysis, 1H NMR (DMSO): &#948; 3.78 (s, 3H, OCH3), 5.54 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.82-8.01 (m, 9H, aromatic) ppm.17</li>
</ol>
7. Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-derived Aromatic Ether
NOTE: The chosen lignin-derived aromatic ether is anisole in this experiment and the catalyst is Ni0.92Nb0.08O. Use appropriate protective equipment and fume hood to perform the reaction using carcinogenic reagents.
<ol>
	<li>Equip a 50-mL stainless steel autoclave reactor with a heater and a magnetic stirrer.</li>
	<li>Reduce the Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalyst (1 g) obtained from step 2 in the autoclave reactor in H2 atmosphere at 400 &#176;C for 2 h, and then passivate the catalyst under Argon (50 mL/min) overnight.</li>
	<li>Dissolve anisole (1.1712 g, 8 wt%) into n-decane (20 mL) with the use of n-dodecane (0.2928 g, 2 wt%) as an internal standard for quantitative gas chromatography (GC) analysis.</li>
	<li>Introduce the reduced catalysts (0.1 g) in into the autoclave reactor rapidly to avoid long exposure time with air (&#60; 5 mins).</li>
	<li>Seal the autoclave reactor, purge with H2 repeatedly (3 times, at 3 MPa pressure) to eliminate air, and then the reaction mixture at atmosphere pressure.</li>
	<li>Set the stirring speed at 700 rpm.</li>
	<li>After heating to the desired temperature at 160-210 &#176;C at 2 &#176;C/min, pressurize the autoclave reactor to 3 MPa and set the zero-time point (t = 0). 
	NOTE: The temperature range of 160-210 &#176;C is appropriate in this report.</li>
	<li>Subsequently, cool the mixture to room temperature at 10 &#176;C/min immediately and analyze the deoxygenated products using gas chromatography with mass selective detector.17</li>
	<li>Determine the conversion of lignin model compound according to the following equation: 
	<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56987/56987eq1.jpg" /></li>
	<li>Determine the product selectivity according to the following equation: 
	<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56987/56987eq2.jpg" /></li>
</ol>

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We have nothing to disclose.

One of the common methods to prepare the nickel-doped bulk niobium oxide nanoparticles is rotary evaporation method.9 By employing various pressure and temperature conditions during the process of rotary evaporation, the precipitation of Ni-Nb-O particles commerce with the slow removal of the solvent. In contrast to the rotary evaporation method, the chemical precipitation method reported in this study has received increasing attention to prepare the nanoparticles as this do not require the remova...

The preparation of nanocomposites has received increasing attention due to their crucial application in various field. To prepare Ni-Nb-O mixed oxide nanoparticles,1,2,3,4,5,6 different methods have been developed such as dry mixing method,7,8 evaporation method,9,10,11,12,13 sol gel method,14 thermal decomposition method,15 and auto-combustion.16 In a typical evaporation method9, aqueous solutions containing the appropriate amount of metal precursors, nickel nitrate hexahydrate and ammonium niobium oxalate were heated at 70 &#176;C. After the removal of solvent and further drying and calcination, the mixed oxide was obtained. These oxide catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activity and selectivity towards the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethane, which is related to the electronic and structural rearrangement induced by the incorporation of niobium cations in the NiO lattice.11 The insertion of Nb drastically decreases the electrophilic oxygen species, which is responsible for the oxidation reactions of ethane12. As a result, extensions of this method have been done on the preparation of different types of mixed Ni-Me-O oxides, where Me = Li, Mg, Al, Ga, Ti and Ta.13 It is found that the variation of metal dopants could alter the unselective and electrophilic oxygen radicals of NiO, thus systematically tune the ODH activity and selectivity towards ethane. However, generally the surface area of these oxides is relatively small (&#60; 100 m2/g), due to the extended phase segregation and formation of large Nb2O5 crystallites, and thus hampered their uses in other catalytic applications.
Dry mixing method, also known as the solid-state grinding method, is another commonly used method to prepare the mixed-oxide catalysts. Since the catalytic materials are obtained in a solvent-free way, this method provides a promising green and sustainable alternative to the preparation of mixed-oxide. The highest surface area obtained by this method is 172 m2/g for Ni80Nb20 at calcination temperature of 250 &#176;C.8 However, this solid-state method is not reliable as reactants are not well mixed on the atomic scale. Therefore, for better control of chemical homogeneity and specific particle size distribution and morphology, other suitable methods to prepare Ni-Nb-O mixed oxide nanoparticles are still being sought.7
Among various strategies in the development of nanoparticles, chemical precipitation serves as one of the promising methods to develop the nanocatalysts, since it allows the complete precipitation of the metal ions. Also, nanoparticles of higher surface areas are commonly prepared by using this method. To improve the catalytic properties of Ni-Nb-O nanoparticles, we herein report the protocol for the synthesis of a series of Ni-Nb-O mixed oxide catalysts with high surface area by chemical precipitation method. We demonstrated that the Nb:Ni molar ratio is a crucial factor in determining the catalytic activity of the oxides towards the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived organic compounds. With high Nb:Ni ratio above 0.087, inactive NiNb2O6 species were formed. Ni0.92Nb0.08O, which had the largest surface area (173 m2/g), exhibits fold-like nanosheets structures and showed the best activity and selectivity towards the hydrodeoxygenation of anisole to cyclohexane.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Niobium(V) oxalate hydrate, 98%</td><td>Alfa</td><td>L04481902</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nickel nitrate hexahydrate, 99%</td><td>Aladdin</td><td>N108891</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide, 98%</td><td>Aladdin</td><td>S111501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium hydroxide, 23-25%</td><td>Aladdin</td><td>A112077</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anisole, 99%</td><td>Sinopharm</td><td>81001728</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diphenyl ether, 98%</td><td>Aladdin</td><td>D110644</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenol, 98%</td><td>Sinopharm</td><td>100153008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Methoxyphenol, 98%</td><td>Sinopharm</td><td>30114526</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vanillin, 99.5%</td><td>Sinopharm</td><td>69024316</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium hydroxide, AR</td><td>Aladdin</td><td>P112284</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N,N-Dimethylformamide, 99.5%</td><td>Sinopharm</td><td>40016462</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Bromoacetophenone,98%</td><td>Aladdin</td><td>B103328</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diethyl ether,99.5%</td><td>Sinopharm</td><td>10009318</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Decane,98%</td><td>Aladdin</td><td>D105231</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dodecane,99%</td><td>Aladdin</td><td>D119697</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Niobic acid</td><td>CBMM</td><td>1313968</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating and Drying Oven</td><td></td><td></td><td>DHG Series (shanghai jinghong laboratory instrument co. ltd)</td></tr><tr><td>Autoclave Reactor</td><td></td><td></td><td>CJF-0.05&amp;mdash;0.1L (Dalian Tongda Equipment Technology Development Co., Ltd)</td></tr><tr><td>Tube&amp;nbsp;furnace</td><td></td><td></td><td>SK2-1-10/12 (Luoyang Huaxulier Electric Stove Co., Ltd)</td></tr><tr><td>Heating magnetic stirrer</td><td></td><td></td><td>DF-101 (Yu Hua Instrument Co. Ltd.)</td></tr><tr><td>Rotary evaporator</td><td></td><td></td><td>RE-3000A (Shanghai Yarong Biochemical Instrument Factory)</td></tr><tr><td>Synthetic air</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen gas</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Argon gas</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

chemical precipitation method for the synthesis of nb2o5 modified bulk nickel catalysts with high specific surface area

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of NixNb1-xO nanoparticles with different atomic compositions (x = 0.03, 0.08, 0.15, and 0.20) have been prepared by chemical precipitation. These NixNb1-xO catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The study revealed the sponge-like and fold-like appearance of Ni0.97Nb0.03O and Ni0.92Nb0.08O on the NiO surface, and the larger surface area of these NixNb1-xO catalysts, compared with the bulk NiO. Maximum surface area of 173 m2/g can be obtained for Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts. In addition, the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin-derived compounds using the synthesized Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts have been investigated.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns (Figure 1 and Figure 2), BET surface areas, temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen with hydrogen (H2-TPR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were collected for the nanoparticles NiO, Ni-Nb-O and Nb2O5 oxides17 (Figure 3...

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Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

A protocol for the synthesis of sponge-like and fold-like Ni1-xNbxO nanoparticles by chemical precipitation is presented.

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of ...

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JoVE Journal

Chemistry

11.8K Views.  Dalian University of Technology. Een protocol voor de synthese van spons-achtig en vouw-achtige Ni1-xNbxO nanodeeltjes door chemische neerslag wordt gepresenteerd.

Video: Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles

A reverse microemulsion is used to encapsulate monometallic or bimetallic early transition metal oxide nanoparticles in microporous silica shells. The silica-encapsulated metal oxide nanoparticles are then carburized in a methane/hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures over 800 &#176;C to form silica-encapsulated early transition metal carbide nanoparticles. During the carburization process, the silica shells prevent the sintering of adjacent carbide nanoparticles while also preventing the deposition of excess surface carbon. Alternatively, the silica-encapsulated metal oxide nanoparticles can be nitridized in an ammonia atmosphere at temperatures over 800 &#176;C to form silica-encapsulated early transition metal nitride nanoparticles. By adjusting the reverse microemulsion parameters, the thickness of the silica shells, and the carburization/nitridation conditions, the transition metal carbide or nitride nanoparticles can be tuned to various sizes, compositions, and crystal phases. After carburization or nitridation, the silica shells are then removed using either a room-temperature aqueous ammonium bifluoride solution or a 0.1 to 0.5 M NaOH solution at 40-60 &#176;C. While the silica shells are dissolving, a high surface area support, such as carbon black, can be added to these solutions to obtain supported early transition metal carbide or nitride nanoparticles. If no high surface area support is added, then the nanoparticles can be stored as a nanodispersion or centrifuged to obtain a nanopowder.

A &#8220;removable ceramic coating method&#8221; is presented in visual format for the synthesis of non-sintered and metal-terminated monometallic and bimetallic early transition metal carbide and nitride nanoparticles with tunable sizes and crystal structures.

A reverse microemulsion is used to encapsulate monometallic or bimetallic early transition metal oxide nanoparticles in microporous silica shells. The ...

Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation

A convenient method for the synthesis of bimetallic Pt-Cu catalysts and performance tests for propane dehydrogenation and characterization are demonstrated here. The catalyst forms a substitutional solid solution structure, with a small and uniform particle size around 2 nm. This is realized by careful control over the impregnation, calcination, and reduction steps during catalyst preparation and is identified by advanced in situ synchrotron techniques. The catalyst propane dehydrogenation performance continuously improves with increasing Cu:Pt atomic ratio.

A convenient method for the synthesis of 2 nm supported bimetallic nanoparticle Pt-Cu catalysts for propane dehydrogenation is reported here. In situ synchrotron X-ray techniques allow for the determination of the catalyst structure, which is typically unobtainable using laboratory instruments.

A convenient method for the synthesis of bimetallic Pt-Cu catalysts and performance tests for propane dehydrogenation and characterization are ...

Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications

The rock material pentlandite with the composition Fe4.5Ni4.5S8 was synthesized via high temperature synthesis from the elements. The structure and composition of the material was characterized via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), M&#246;ssbauer spectroscopy (MB), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Two preparation methods of pentlandite bulk electrodes are presented. In the first approach a piece of synthetic pentlandite rock is directly contacted via a wire ferrule. The second approach utilizes pentlandite pellets, pressed from finely ground powder, which is immobilized in a Teflon casing. Both electrodes, whilst being prepared by an additive-free method, reveal high durability during electrocatalytic conversions in comparison to common drop-coating methods. We herein showcase the striking performance of such electrodes to accomplish the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and present a standardized method to evaluate the electrocatalytic performance by electrochemical and gas chromatographic methods. Furthermore, we report stability tests via potentiostatic methods at an overpotential of 0.6 V to explore the material limitations of the electrodes during electrolysis under industrial relevant conditions.

A facile preparation method of electrodes using the bulk material Fe4.5Ni4.5S8 is presented. This method provides an alternative technique to conventional electrode fabrication and describes prerequisites for unconventional electrode materials including a straightforward electrocatalytic testing method.

The rock material pentlandite with the composition Fe4.5Ni4.5S8 was synthesized via high temperature synthesis from the elements. The structure and ...

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction. Spontaneous galvanic displacement was used to deposit Pt layers onto Ni nanowire substrates. The synthesis approach produced catalysts with high specific activities and high Pt surface areas. Hydrogen annealing improved Pt and Ni mixing and specific activity. Acid leaching was used to preferentially remove Ni near the nanowire surface, and oxygen annealing was used to stabilize near-surface Ni, improving durability and minimizing Ni dissolution. These protocols detail the optimization of each post-synthesis processing step, including hydrogen annealing to 250 &#176;C, exposure to 0.1 M nitric acid, and oxygen annealing to 175 &#176;C. Through these steps, Pt-Ni nanowires produced increased activities more than an order of magnitude than Pt nanoparticles, while offering significant durability improvements. The presented protocols are based on Pt-Ni systems in the development of fuel cell catalysts. These techniques have also been used for a variety of metal combinations, and can be applied to develop catalysts for a number of electrochemical processes.

&#160; The protocol describes the synthesis and electrochemical testing of platinum-nickel nanowires. Nanowires were synthesized by the galvanic displacement of a nickel nanowire template. Post-synthesis processing, including hydrogen annealing, acid leaching, and oxygen annealing were used to optimize nanowire performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction.

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen ...

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

This protocol presents both the synthesis method of the Ni single atom catalyst, and the electrochemical testing of its catalytic activity and selectivity in aqueous CO2 reduction. Different from traditional metal nanocrystals, the synthesis of metal single atoms involves a matrix material that can confine those single atoms and prevent them from aggregation. We report an electrospinning and thermal annealing method to prepare Ni single atoms dispersed and coordinated in a graphene shell, as active centers for CO2 reduction to CO. During the synthesis, N dopants play a critical role in generating graphene vacancies to trap Ni atoms. Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional atom probe tomography were employed to identify the single Ni atomic sites in graphene vacancies. Detailed setup of electrochemical CO2 reduction apparatus coupled with an on-line gas chromatography is also demonstrated. Compared to metallic Ni, Ni single atom catalyst exhibit dramatically improved CO2 reduction and suppressed H2 evolution side reaction.

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Here, we present a protocol for the synthesis and electrochemical testing of transition metal single atoms coordinated in graphene vacancies as active centers for selective carbon dioxide reduction to carbon monoxide in aqueous solutions.

This protocol presents both the synthesis method of the Ni single atom catalyst, and the electrochemical testing of its catalytic activity and selectivity ...

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles

In this work, a novel photocatalytic reactor for the pulsed and controlled excitation of the photocatalyst and the precise deposition of metallic nanoparticles is developed. Guidelines for the replication of the reactor and its operation are provided in detail. Three different composite systems (Pt/graphene, Pt/TiO2, and Au/TiO2) with monodisperse and uniformly distributed particles are produced by this reactor, and the photodeposition mechanism, as well as the synthesis optimization strategy, are discussed. The synthesis methods and their technical aspects are described comprehensively. The role of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (in each excitation pulse) on the photodeposition process is investigated and the optimum values for each composite system are provided.

For a continuous and scalable synthesis of noble-metal-based nanocomposites, a novel photocatalytic reactor is developed and its structure, operation principles, and product quality optimization strategies are described.

In this work, a novel photocatalytic reactor for the pulsed and controlled excitation of the photocatalyst and the precise deposition of metallic ...

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether

We herein present a method for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs. By varying the weight of various solid acid nanosheets, a series of Pt/xHMNO6/CNTs with different solid acid compositions (x = 5, 20 wt%; M = Nb, Ta; N = Mo, W) have been prepared by carbon nanotube pretreatment, protonic exchange, solid acid exfoliation, aggregation and finally Pt particles impregnation. The Pt/xHMNO6/CNTs are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and NH3-temperature programmed desorption. The study revealed that HNbWO6 nanosheets were attached on CNTs, with some edges of the nanosheets being bent in shape. The acid strength of the supported Pt catalysts increases in the following order: Pt/CNTs &#60; Pt/5HNbWO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HNbMoO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HNbWO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HTaWO6/CNTs. In addition, the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin-derived model compound: diphenyl ether using the synthesized Pt/20HNbWO6 catalyst has been investigated.

A protocol for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs is presented.

We herein present a method for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs. By varying the weight of various solid acid ...

Preparation of Silver-Palladium Alloyed Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Catalysis under Visible-Light Illumination

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) can accelerate and control the selectivity of a variety of molecular transformations. This opens possibilities for the use of visible or near-IR light as a sustainable input to drive and control reactions when plasmonic nanoparticles supporting LSPR excitation in these ranges are employed as catalysts. Unfortunately, this is not the case for several catalytic metals such as palladium (Pd). One strategy to overcome this limitation is to employ bimetallic NPs containing plasmonic and catalytic metals. In this case, the LSPR excitation in the plasmonic metal can contribute to accelerate and control transformations driven by the catalytic component. The method reported herein focuses on the synthesis of bimetallic silver-palladium (Ag-Pd) NPs supported on ZrO2 (Ag-Pd/ZrO2) that acts as a plasmonic-catalytic system. The NPs were prepared by co-impregnation of corresponding metal precursors on the ZrO2 support followed by simultaneous reduction leading to the formation of bimetallic NPs directly on the ZrO2 support. The Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs were then used as plasmonic catalysts for the reduction of nitrobenzene under 425 nm illumination by LED lamps. Using gas chromatography (GC), the conversion and selectivity of the reduction reaction under the dark and light irradiation conditions can be monitored, demonstrating the enhanced catalytic performance and control over selectivity under LSPR excitation after alloying non-plasmonic Pd with plasmonic metal Ag. This technique can be adapted to a wide range of molecular transformations and NPs compositions, making it useful for the characterization of the plasmonic catalytic activity of different types of catalysis in terms of conversion and selectivity.

Presented here is a protocol for the synthesis of silver-palladium (Ag-Pd) alloy nanoparticles (NPs) supported on ZrO2 (Ag-Pd/ZrO2). This system allows for harvesting energy from visible light irradiation to accelerate and control molecular transformations. This is illustrated by nitrobenzene reduction under light irradiation catalyzed by Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs.

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) can accelerate and control the selectivity of a variety of molecular ...

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

A method for facile synthesis of nanostructured catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes with atomically dispersed cobalt and nitrogen dopant is presented herein. The novel strategy is based on a facile one-pot pyrolysis treatment of cobalt (II) acetylacetonate and nitrogen-rich organic precursors under Ar atmosphere at 800 &#176;C, resulting in the formation of Co- and N- co-doped carbon nanotube with earthworm-like morphology. The obtained catalyst was found to have a high density of defect sites, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Here, cobalt (II) nanoparticles were stabilized on the atomically dispersed cobalt- and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes. The catalyst was confirmed to be effective in the catalytic hydrolysis of ammonia borane, in which the turnover frequency was 5.87 mol H2&#183;molCo-1&#183;min-1, and the specific hydrogen generation rate was determined to be 2447 mL H2&#183;gCo-1&#183;min-1. A synergistic function between the Co nanoparticle and the doped carbon nanotubes was proposed for the first time in the catalytic hydrolysis of ammonia borane reaction under a mild condition. The resulting hydrogen production with its high energy density and minimal refueling time could be suitable for future development as energy sources for mobile and stationary applications such as road trucks and forklifts in transport and logistics.

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize Co nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes with Co- and N- dopants for hydrogen productions.

A method for facile synthesis of nanostructured catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes with atomically dispersed cobalt and nitrogen dopant is presented ...

Microwave Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel Hydroxide Nanosheets

Effect of Microwave Synthesis Conditions on the Structure of Nickel Hydroxide Nanosheets

A protocol for rapid, microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of nickel hydroxide nanosheets under mildly acidic conditions is presented, and the effect of reaction temperature and time on the material&#39;s structure is examined. All reaction conditions studied result in aggregates of layered &#945;-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets. The reaction temperature and time strongly influence the structure of the material and product yield. Synthesizing &#945;-Ni(OH)2 at higher temperatures increases the reaction yield, lowers the interlayer spacing, increases crystalline domain size, shifts the frequencies of interlayer anion vibrational modes, and lowers the pore diameter. Longer reaction times increase reaction yields and result in similar crystalline domain sizes. Monitoring the reaction pressure in situ shows that higher pressures are obtained at higher reaction temperatures. This microwave-assisted synthesis route provides a rapid, high-throughput, scalable process that can be applied to the synthesis and production of a variety of transition metal hydroxides used for numerous energy storage, catalysis, sensor, and other applications.

Author Spotlight: A Rapid, Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis Of Nickel Hydroxide Nanosheets 

Nickel hydroxide nanosheets are synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction. This protocol demonstrates that the reaction temperature and time used for microwave synthesis affects the reaction yield, crystal structure, and local coordination environment.

A protocol for rapid, microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of nickel hydroxide nanosheets under mildly acidic conditions is presented, and the effect ...

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb₂O₅ Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

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