The authors thank their collaborators at RTI International, US Army Natick Soldier RD&#38;E Center, and Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center. They also thank their funding source, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.

1. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 on Fiber Mats
<ol>
	<li>Place a 2.54 x 2.54 cm2 polypropylene fabric sample in the reactor boat (a thin, rigid, metal mesh holder). A schematic of the reactor is presented in Figure 2.</li>
	<li>Open the pressure gauge. Remove the clasp from the reactor cap. Turn on manual control in the LabView system. Close the carrier nitrogen and gate valve on the ALD reactor. Open the vent nitrogen.</li>
	<li>After removing the reactor cap, load the fabric sample into the ALD reactor. Replace the reactor cap and open the gate valve. Close the vent and open the carrier nitrogen. Turn off manual control.</li>
	<li>Load the recipe for Al2O3 on fabrics. The recipe will alternately dose trimethylaluminum (TMA) for 1.2 s, followed by a 30 s dry nitrogen purge or dose water for 1 s followed by a 60 s dry nitrogen purge. Set the recipe to run 1000 cycles.</li>
	<li>Set the mass flow controller to 20 cfm and the furnace temperature to 90 &#176;C (84 &#176;C on the furnace interface).</li>
	<li>Open the manual valve to the TMA and water. Close the pressure gauge. Replace the clasp on the reactor cap. Press Start on the interface.</li>
	<li>Upon completion of the recipe, open the pressure gauge. Remove the clasp from the reactor cap. Turn on manual control in the system. Close the carrier nitrogen and gate valve on the ALD reactor. Open the vent nitrogen.</li>
	<li>Remove the reactor cap and sample boat. Re-seal the reactor. 
	NOTE: The procedure may be paused at this point.</li>
</ol>
2. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of TiO2 on Polyamide-6 (PA-6) Fiber Mats
<ol>
	<li>Place a 2.54 x 2.54 cm2 PA-6 fabric sample in the reactor boat (a thin, rigid, metal mesh holder).</li>
	<li>Open the pressure gauge. Remove the clasp from the reactor cap. Turn on manual control in the LabView system. Close the carrier nitrogen and gate valve on the ALD reactor. Open the vent nitrogen.</li>
	<li>After removing the reactor cap, load the fabric sample into the ALD reactor. Replace the reactor cap and open the gate valve. Close the vent and open the carrier nitrogen. Turn off manual control.</li>
	<li>Load the recipe for TiO2 on fabrics. The recipe will alternately dose TiCl4 for 1 s, followed by a 40 s dry nitrogen purge or dose water for 1 s followed by a 60 s dry nitrogen purge. Set the recipe to run 300 cycles.</li>
	<li>Set the mass flow controller to 20 cfm and the furnace temperature to 90 &#176;C (84 &#176;C on the furnace interface).</li>
	<li>Open the manual valve to the TiCl4 and water. Close the pressure gauge. Replace the clasp on the reactor cap. Press Start&#160;on the interface.</li>
	<li>Upon completion of the recipe, open the pressure gauge. Remove the clasp from the reactor cap. Turn on manual control in the system. Close the carrier nitrogen and gate valve on the ALD reactor. Open the vent nitrogen.</li>
	<li>Remove the reactor cap and sample boat. Re-seal the reactor. 
	NOTE: The procedure may be paused at this point.</li>
</ol>
3. Solvothermal Synthesis of MIL-96
<ol>
	<li>Add 0.0878 g of H3BTC to an 80 mL glass beaker.</li>
	<li>Add 12 mL of H2O and 12 mL of ethanol to the beaker.</li>
	<li>Stir magnetically for 10 min or until the H3BTC is fully dissolved.</li>
	<li>Place the solution in a Teflon lined pressure vessel.</li>
	<li>Add the Al2O3 coated polypropylene to the solution and prop the fabric on a mesh support so it does not lie flat against the bottom of the vessel.</li>
	<li>Seal the pressure vessel and place it in the furnace at 110 &#176;C for 24 h.</li>
	<li>After allowing the sample to cool, place the fabric sample in a mesh basket in a beaker. Wash twice with ethanol, each for 12 h.</li>
	<li>Sample activation requires heating at 85 &#176;C for 6 h under vacuum, followed by heating at 110 &#176;C for 12 h under vacuum. 
	NOTE: The procedure can be stopped here. All samples should be stored in a desiccator to maintain sample activation.</li>
</ol>
4. Solvothermal Synthesis of UiO-66-NH2
<ol>
	<li>Add 0.08 g of ZrCl4 to a 20 mL glass scintillation vial.</li>
	<li>Add 20 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to the ZrCl4 in 5 mL increments. Cap the vial between increments and allow fumes to dissipate.</li>
	<li>Sonicate the solution for 1 min.</li>
	<li>Add 0.062 g of 2-aminoterephthalic acid to the vial, and magnetically stir the solution for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Add 25 &#181;L of deionized water to the vial.</li>
	<li>Add 1.33 mL of concentrated HCl to the vial.</li>
	<li>Submerge the TiO2 ALD coated fabric swatch in the solution and cap the vial.</li>
	<li>Place the sample in the furnace at 85 &#176;C for 24 h.</li>
	<li>After allowing the sample to cool, place the fabric sample in a mesh basket in a beaker. Wash twice with 80 mL of DMF, each for 12 h. Wash 3 times with 80 mL of ethanol, each for 12 h.</li>
	<li>After removing the fabric swatch, filter the residual MOF powder. Wash twice with 80 mL of DMF, each for 12 h. Wash 3 times with 80 mL of ethanol, each for 12 h.</li>
	<li>Sample activation requires heating at 85 &#176;C for 6 h under vacuum, followed by heating at 110 &#176;C for 12 h under vacuum. 
	NOTE: The procedure can be stopped here. All samples should be stored in a desiccator to maintain sample activation.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Furukawa, H., Cordova, K. E., O'Keeffe, M., Yaghi, O. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Chemistry+and+Applications+of+Metal-Organic+Frameworks.">The Chemistry and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks.</a> Science (Washington, DC, U. S.). 341 (6149), 974 (2013).</li><li>Farha, O. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal-Organic+Framework+Materials+with+Ultrahigh+Surface+Areas:+Is+the+Sky+the+Limit?.">Metal-Organic Framework Materials with Ultrahigh Surface Areas: Is the Sky the Limit?.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 134 (36), 15016-15021 (2012).</li><li>Bobbitt, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal-organic+frameworks+for+the+removal+of+toxic+industrial+chemicals+and+chemical+warfare+agents.">Metal-organic frameworks for the removal of toxic industrial chemicals and chemical warfare agents.</a> Chemical Society Reviews. 46 (11), 3357-3385 (2017).</li><li>Prawiec, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+Hydrogen+Storage+in+the+Metal-Organic+Framework+Cu3(BTC)2.">Improved Hydrogen Storage in the Metal-Organic Framework Cu3(BTC)2.</a> Advanced Engineering Materials. 8 (4), 293-296 (2006).</li><li>Moon, S. -. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective,+Facile,+and+Selective+Hydrolysis+of+the+Chemical+Warfare+Agent+VX+Using+Zr6-Based+Metal-Organic+Frameworks.">Effective, Facile, and Selective Hydrolysis of the Chemical Warfare Agent VX Using Zr6-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks.</a> Inorganic Chemistry. 54 (22), 10829-10833 (2015).</li><li>Zhou, H., Kitagawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal-Organic+Frameworks+(MOFs).">Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs).</a> Chemical Society Reviews. 43 (16), 5415-5418 (2014).</li><li>Qiu, M., Chen, C., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+controllable+synthesis+of+Al-MIL-96+and+its+adsorption+of+nitrogenous+VOCs.">Rapid controllable synthesis of Al-MIL-96 and its adsorption of nitrogenous VOCs.</a> Catalysis Today. 258, 132-138 (2015).</li><li>Abid, H. R., Rada, Z. H., Shang, J., Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis,+characterization,+and+CO2+adsorption+of+three+metal-organic+frameworks+(MOFs):+MIL-53,+MIL-96,+and+amino-MIL-53.">Synthesis, characterization, and CO2 adsorption of three metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): MIL-53, MIL-96, and amino-MIL-53.</a> Polyhedron. 120, 103-111 (2016).</li><li>Lee, J. S., Jhung, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vapor-phase+adsorption+of+alkylaromatics+on+aluminum-trimesate+MIL-96:+An+unusual+increase+of+adsorption+capacity+with+temperature.">Vapor-phase adsorption of alkylaromatics on aluminum-trimesate MIL-96: An unusual increase of adsorption capacity with temperature.</a> Microporous Mesoporous Materials. 129 (1-2), 274-277 (2010).</li><li>Gil-San-Millan, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+Warfare+Agents+Detoxification+Properties+of+Zirconium+Metal-Organic+Frameworks+by+Synergistic+Incorporation+of+Nucleophilic+and+Basic+Sites.">Chemical Warfare Agents Detoxification Properties of Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks by Synergistic Incorporation of Nucleophilic and Basic Sites.</a> ACS Appl. Material Interfaces. 9 (28), 23967-23973 (2017).</li><li>Peterson, G. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tailoring+the+Pore+Size+and+Functionality+of+UiO-Type+Metal-Organic+Frameworks+for+Optimal+Nerve+Agent+Destruction.">Tailoring the Pore Size and Functionality of UiO-Type Metal-Organic Frameworks for Optimal Nerve Agent Destruction.</a> Inorganic Chemistry. 54 (20), 9684-9686 (2015).</li><li>Katz, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploiting+parameter+space+in+MOFs:+a+20-fold+enhancement+of+phosphate-ester+hydrolysis+with+UiO-66-NH2.">Exploiting parameter space in MOFs: a 20-fold enhancement of phosphate-ester hydrolysis with UiO-66-NH2.</a> Chemical Science. 6 (4), 2286-2291 (2015).</li><li>Zhao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Adsorptive,+MOF-Functionalized+Nonwoven+Fiber+Mats+for+Hazardous+Gas+Capture+Enabled+by+Atomic+Layer+Deposition.">Highly Adsorptive, MOF-Functionalized Nonwoven Fiber Mats for Hazardous Gas Capture Enabled by Atomic Layer Deposition.</a> Advanced Materials Interface. 1 (4), 1400040 (2014).</li><li>Peterson, G. W., Lu, A. X., Epps, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuning+the+Morphology+and+Activity+of+Electrospun+Polystyrene/+UiO-66-NH2+Metal-Organic+Framework+Composites+to+Enhance+Chemical+Warfare+Agent+Removal.">Tuning the Morphology and Activity of Electrospun Polystyrene/ UiO-66-NH2 Metal-Organic Framework Composites to Enhance Chemical Warfare Agent Removal.</a> ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 9 (37), 32248-32254 (2017).</li><li>Lee, D. T., Zhao, J., Peterson, G. W., Parsons, G. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+'+MOF-Cloth+'+Formed+via+Directed+Supramolecular+Assembly+of+UiO-66-NH+2+Crystals+on+Atomic+Layer+Deposition-+Coated+Textiles+for+Rapid+Degradation+of+Chemical+Warfare+Agent+Simulants.">Catalytic ' MOF-Cloth ' Formed via Directed Supramolecular Assembly of UiO-66-NH 2 Crystals on Atomic Layer Deposition- Coated Textiles for Rapid Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants.</a> Chemistry of Materials. 29 (11), 4894-4903 (2017).</li><li>L&#243;pez-maya, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Textile+/+Metal+-+Organic-Framework+Composites+as+Self-Detoxifying+Filters+for+Chemical-Warfare+Agents.">Textile / Metal - Organic-Framework Composites as Self-Detoxifying Filters for Chemical-Warfare Agents.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 54 (23), 6790-6794 (2015).</li><li>Zhao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conformal+and+highly+adsorptive+metal-organic+framework+thin+films+via+layer-by-layer+growth+on+ALD-coated+fiber+mats.">Conformal and highly adsorptive metal-organic framework thin films via layer-by-layer growth on ALD-coated fiber mats.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. A. 3 (4), 1458-1464 (2015).</li><li>Lemaire, P. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Copper+Benzenetricarboxylate+Metal-Organic+Framework+Nucleation+Mechanisms+on+Metal+Oxide+Powders+and+Thin+Films+formed+by+Atomic+Layer+Deposition.">Copper Benzenetricarboxylate Metal-Organic Framework Nucleation Mechanisms on Metal Oxide Powders and Thin Films formed by Atomic Layer Deposition.</a> ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 8 (14), 9514-9522 (2016).</li><li>Zacher, D., Baunemann, A., Hermes, S., Fischer, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deposition+of+microcrystalline+[Cu3(btc)2]+and+[Zn2(bdc)2(dabco)]+at+alumina+and+silica+surfaces+modified+with+patterned+self+assembled+organic+monolayers:+evidence+of+surface+selective+and+oriented+growth.">Deposition of microcrystalline [Cu3(btc)2] and [Zn2(bdc)2(dabco)] at alumina and silica surfaces modified with patterned self assembled organic monolayers: evidence of surface selective and oriented growth.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 17 (27), 2785-2792 (2007).</li><li>Parsons, G. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+and+reactions+during+atomic+layer+deposition+on+polymers.">Mechanisms and reactions during atomic layer deposition on polymers.</a> Coordination Chemisty Reviews. 257 (23-24), 3323-3331 (2013).</li><li>Zhao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facile+Conversion+of+Hydroxy+Double+Salts+to+Metal-Organic+Frameworks+Using+Metal+Oxide+Particles+and+Atomic+Layer+Deposition+Thin-Film+Templates.">Facile Conversion of Hydroxy Double Salts to Metal-Organic Frameworks Using Metal Oxide Particles and Atomic Layer Deposition Thin-Film Templates.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Soceity. 137 (43), 13756-13759 (2015).</li><li>Zhao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-Fast+Degradation+of+Chemical+Warfare+Agents+Using+MOF+-+Nanofiber+Kebabs.">Ultra-Fast Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents Using MOF - Nanofiber Kebabs.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (42), 13224-13228 (2016).</li><li>Lee, D., Zhao, J., Oldham, C., Peterson, G., Parsons, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UiO-66-NH2+Metal–Organic+Framework+(MOF)+Nucleation+on+TiO2,+ZnO,+and+Al2O3+Atomic+Layer+Deposition-Treated+Polymer+Fibers:+Role+of+Metal+Oxide+on+MOF+Growth+and+Catalytic+Hydrolysis+of+Chemical+Warfare+Agent+Simulants.">UiO-66-NH2 Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) Nucleation on TiO2, ZnO, and Al2O3 Atomic Layer Deposition-Treated Polymer Fibers: Role of Metal Oxide on MOF Growth and Catalytic Hydrolysis of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants.</a> ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 9 (51), 44847-44855 (2017).</li><li>Spagnola, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+and+sub-surface+reactions+during+low+temperature+aluminium+oxide+atomic+layer+deposition+on+fiber-forming+polymers.">Surface and sub-surface reactions during low temperature aluminium oxide atomic layer deposition on fiber-forming polymers.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 20 (20), 4213-4222 (2010).</li><li>Nalwa, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of low and high dielectric constant materials and their applications. , (1999).</li><li>Mcclure, C. D., Oldham, C., Walls, H., Parsons, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large+effect+of+titanium+precursor+on+surface+reactivity+and+mechanical+strength+of+electrospun+nanofibers+coated+with+TiO2+by+atomic+layer+deposition.">Large effect of titanium precursor on surface reactivity and mechanical strength of electrospun nanofibers coated with TiO2 by atomic layer deposition.</a> Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A. 31 (6), 61506 (2013).</li><li>Johnson, R. W., Hultqvist, A., Bent, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+brief+review+of+atomic+layer+deposition:+from+fundamentals+to+applications.">A brief review of atomic layer deposition: from fundamentals to applications.</a> Materials Today. 17 (5), 236-246 (2014).</li><li>Stassen, I., Vos, D. D. e., Ameloot, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vapor-Phase+Deposition+and+Modification+of+Metal+-+Organic+Frameworks+State-of-the-Art+and+Future+Directions.">Vapor-Phase Deposition and Modification of Metal - Organic Frameworks State-of-the-Art and Future Directions.</a> Chemistry: A European Journal. 22 (41), 14452-14460 (2016).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The ALD coating strongly influences the adhesion and loading of the MOF. First, depending on the type of substrate and ALD precursor, the ALD layer can either form a distinct outer shell around the fiber, or diffuse into the fiber to create a gradual transition to the metal oxide coating20. The hard shell has been observed on cotton and nylon substrates, while diffusive layers can be observed in polypropylene under proper conditions. Second, the diffusion into the fiber can also be controlled by v...

Metal-organic frameworks are crystalline structures consisting of reactive metal cluster centers bridged by organic molecule linkers to provide large porosities and surface areas. Their structure, porosity, and functionality can be designed by choosing appropriate clusters and linkers, leading to surface areas as high as&#160;7,000 m2/gMOF1,2. Their high porosity and surface area have made MOFs diversely applicable in adsorption, separation, and heterogeneous catalysis in fields ranging from energy production to environmental concerns to biological processes1,3,4,5,6.
Numerous MOFs have proven successful in selectively adsorbing volatile organic compounds and greenhouse gases or to catalytically degrade chemicals that may prove harmful to human health or the environment. In particular, MIL-96 (Al) has shown to selectively adsorb nitrogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to the availability of lone pair electrons in the nitrogen groups to coordinate with the weak Lewis acid Al present in the metal clusters7. MIL-96 has also been shown to adsorb gases such as CO2, p-xylene, and m-xylene8,9. MOF adsorption selectivity is dependent on both the Lewis acid of the metal cluster, as well as pore size. The pore size of MIL-96 increases with temperature, resulting in increased adsorption capacity of trimethylbenzene with increased temperature, and presents the opportunity of tuning selectivity with adsorption temperature9.
The second MOF of focus here, UiO-66-NH2 has been shown to catalytically degrade chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and simulants. The amine group on the linker provides a synergistic effect in degrading nerve agents, while preventing agent degradation products from binding irreversibly to the zirconium clusters and poisoning the MOF10. UiO-66-NH2 has catalytically hydrolyzed dimethyl p-nitrophenylphosphate (DMNP) with a half-life as short as 0.7 minutes in buffered conditions, nearly 20 times faster than its base MOF UiO-6611,12.
While these adsorption and catalytic properties are promising, the physical form of the MOFs, primarily bulk powder, can be difficult to incorporate into platforms for gas capture and filtration without adding significant bulk, clogging pores, or reducing MOF flexibility. An alternative is to create MOF functionalized fabrics. MOFs have been incorporated into fabrics in myriad ways, including electrospinning MOF powder/polymer slurries, adhesive mixes, spray coating, solvothermal growth, microwave syntheses, and a layer-by-layer growth method13,14,15,16,17,18. Of these, electrospinning and polymer adhesives can result in blocked functional sites on the MOF as they are encapsulated in the polymer, significantly decreasing adsorption capacity and reactivity. Additionally, many of these techniques fail to create conformal coatings on the fibers due to line of sight difficulties or poor adhesion/nucleation and the reliance on purely electrostatic interactions. An alternative method is to first coat the fabric with a metal oxide to allow for stronger surface interactions with the MOF18,19.
One method of metal oxide deposition is atomic layer deposition (ALD). ALD is a technique for depositing conformal thin films, controllable to the atomic scale. The process utilizes two half reactions that occur only at the surface of the substrate to be coated. The first step is to dose a metal containing precursor, which reacts with hydroxyls on the surface, leaving a metallated surface while excess reactant is purged from the system. The second reactant is an oxygen-containing reactant, typically water, which reacts with the metal sites to form a metal oxide. Again, excess water and any reaction products are purged from the system. These alternating doses and purges can be repeated until the desired film thickness is achieved (Figure 1). Atomic layer deposition is particularly useful because the small-scale vapor phase precursors allow for conformal films on every surface of substrates with complex topology, such as fiber mats. Additionally, for polymers such as polypropylene, the ALD conditions can allow the coating to diffuse into the fiber surface, providing a strong anchor for future MOF growth20.
The metal oxide coating allows for increased nucleation sites on the fibers during traditional solvothermal synthesis by increasing functional groups and roughness18,20. Our group has previously shown the ALD metal oxide base layer is effective for UiO-6X, HKUST-1, and other syntheses through various routes of solvothermal, layer-by-layer, and hydroxy-double salt conversion methods13,17,18,21,22,23. Here we demonstrate two synthesis types. The MIL materials are formed by converting the Al2O3 ALD coating directly to MOF by diffusion of the organic linker. By submerging an Al2O3 ALD coated fiber mat in trimesic acid solution and heating, the organic linker diffuses into the metal oxide coating to form MIL-96. This results in a strongly adhered, conformal MOF coating on every fiber surface. The second synthesis approach calls for typical UiO-66-NH2 hydrothermal synthesis using metal and organic precursors, but adds a metal oxide coated fiber mat on which the MOF nucleates. For both synthesis approaches, the resulting products consist of conformal thin films of MOF crystals strongly adhered to the supporting fabric. In the case of MIL-96, these can be incorporated into filters for adsorption of VOCs or greenhouse gases. For UiO-66-NH2 these fabrics can be easily incorporated into lightweight protective clothing for military personnel, first responders, and civilians for continuous defense against CWA attacks.

<table><tbody><tr><td>trimethylaluminum</td><td>Strem Chemicals</td><td>93-1360</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>home-built ALD reactor</td><td>N/A</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>nitrogen cylinder</td><td>Arc3</td><td>UN1066</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>trimesic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>482749-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Koptec</td><td>V1001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>teflon lined autoclave</td><td>PARR Instrument Company</td><td>4760-1211</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>isotemp furnace</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>F47925</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zirconium (IV) chloride</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>12104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-aminoterephthalic acid</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>278031000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N,N-dimethylformamide</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D119-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric Acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A481-212</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polypropylene fiber mats</td><td>N/A</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyamide fiber mats</td><td>N/A</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

solvothermal synthesis of mil-96 and uio-66-nh2 on atomic layer deposited metal oxide coatings on fiber mats

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which contain reactive metal clusters and organic ligands allowing for large porosities and surface areas, have proven effective in gas adsorption, separations, and catalysis. MOFs are most commonly synthesized as bulk powder, requiring additional processes to adhere them to functional devices and fabrics that risk decreasing the powder porosity and adsorption capacity. Here, we demonstrate a method of first coating fabrics with metal oxide films using atomic layer deposition (ALD). This process creates conformal films of controllable thickness on each fiber, while providing a more reactive surface for MOF nucleation. By submerging the ALD coated fabric in solution during solvothermal MOF synthesis, the MOFs create a conformal, well-adhered coating on the fibers, resulting in a MOF-functionalized fabric, without additional adhesion materials that may block MOF pores and functional sites. Here we demonstrate two solvothermal synthesis methods. First, we form a MIL-96(Al) layer on polypropylene fibers using synthetic conditions that convert the metal oxide to MOF. Using initial inorganic films of varying thicknesses, diffusion of the organic linker into the inorganic allows us to control the extent of MOF loading on the fabric. Second, we perform a solvothermal synthesis of UiO-66-NH2 in which the MOF nucleates on the conformal metal oxide coating on polyamide-6 (PA-6) fibers, thereby producing a uniform and conformal thin film of MOF on the fabric. The resulting materials can be directly incorporated into filter devices or protective clothing and eliminate the maladroit qualities of loose powder.

To describe the MOF/fabric materials, we delineate two terms related to measured surface area. First, projected surface area, cm2projected, refers to the macroscopic size of the fabric swatch as measured with a ruler, i.e., the area of the sample&#39;s projected shadow. The second surface area of interest is the BET surface area, calculated from a nitrogen isotherm obtained at 77 K. These values are given in units of m2/gFabric, m2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Solvothermal Synthesis of MIL-96 and UiO-66-NH2 on Atomic Layer Deposited Metal Oxide Coatings on Fiber Mats at JoVE.com

Solvothermal Synthesis of MIL-96 and UiO-66-NH2 on Atomic Layer Deposited Metal Oxide Coatings on Fiber Mats

Metal-organic frameworks are effective in gas storage and heterogeneous catalysis, but typical synthesis methods result in loose powders that are difficult to incorporate into smart materials. We demonstrate a method of first coating fabrics with ALD metal oxides, resulting in conformal films of MOF on the fabrics during solvothermal synthesis.

Solvothermal Synthesis of MIL-96 and UiO-66-NH2 on Atomic Layer Deposited Metal Oxide Coatings on Fiber Mats

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which contain reactive metal clusters and organic ligands allowing for large porosities and surface areas, have proven ...

solvothermal-synthesis-mil-96-uio-66-nh2-on-atomic-layer-deposited

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

11.4K Views.  North Carolina State University. Metaal-organische kaders zijn effectief in de opslag van gas en heterogene katalyse, maar typisch synthese methoden leiden tot losse poeders die moeilijk te integreren in slimme materialen. We tonen een methode van eerste coating stoffen met ALD metaaloxiden, resulterend in hoekgetrouwe films van MOF op de stoffen gedurende de synthese van solvothermal.

Video: Solvothermal Synthesis of MIL-96 and UiO-66-NH2 on Atomic Layer Deposited Metal Oxide Coatings on Fiber Mats

Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles

A reverse microemulsion is used to encapsulate monometallic or bimetallic early transition metal oxide nanoparticles in microporous silica shells. The silica-encapsulated metal oxide nanoparticles are then carburized in a methane/hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures over 800 &#176;C to form silica-encapsulated early transition metal carbide nanoparticles. During the carburization process, the silica shells prevent the sintering of adjacent carbide nanoparticles while also preventing the deposition of excess surface carbon. Alternatively, the silica-encapsulated metal oxide nanoparticles can be nitridized in an ammonia atmosphere at temperatures over 800 &#176;C to form silica-encapsulated early transition metal nitride nanoparticles. By adjusting the reverse microemulsion parameters, the thickness of the silica shells, and the carburization/nitridation conditions, the transition metal carbide or nitride nanoparticles can be tuned to various sizes, compositions, and crystal phases. After carburization or nitridation, the silica shells are then removed using either a room-temperature aqueous ammonium bifluoride solution or a 0.1 to 0.5 M NaOH solution at 40-60 &#176;C. While the silica shells are dissolving, a high surface area support, such as carbon black, can be added to these solutions to obtain supported early transition metal carbide or nitride nanoparticles. If no high surface area support is added, then the nanoparticles can be stored as a nanodispersion or centrifuged to obtain a nanopowder.

A &#8220;removable ceramic coating method&#8221; is presented in visual format for the synthesis of non-sintered and metal-terminated monometallic and bimetallic early transition metal carbide and nitride nanoparticles with tunable sizes and crystal structures.

A reverse microemulsion is used to encapsulate monometallic or bimetallic early transition metal oxide nanoparticles in microporous silica shells. The ...

Layer-by-layer Synthesis and Transfer of Freestanding Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanomembranes

CMP as large surface area materials have attracted growing interest recently, due to their high variability in the incorporation of functional groups in combination with their outstanding thermal and chemical stability, and low densities. However, their insoluble nature causes problems in their processing since usually applied techniques such as spin coating are not available. Especially for membrane applications, where the processing of CMP as thin films is desirable, the processing problems have hindered their commercial application.
Here we describe the interfacial synthesis of CMP thin films on functionalized substrates via molecular layer-by-layer (l-b-l) synthesis. This process allows the preparation of films with desired thickness and composition and even desired composition gradients.
The use of sacrificial supports allows the preparation of freestanding membranes by dissolution of the support after the synthesis. To handle such ultra-thin freestanding membranes the protection with sacrificial coatings showed great promise, to avoid rupture of the nanomembranes. To transfer the nanomembranes to the desired substrate, the coated membranes are upfloated at the air-liquid interface and then transferred via dip coating.

In this paper we describe the interfacial synthesis of conjugated microporous polymers (CMP) on sacrificial substrates, and the dissolution of the substrate for the preparation of freestanding CMP nanomembranes. In addition, we will describe how the fragile nanomembranes can be transferred to other substrates.

CMP as large surface area materials have attracted growing interest recently, due to their high variability in the incorporation of functional groups in ...

TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method

This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to develop superhydrophobic and highly IR-reflective hollow glass microspheres (HGM). The anatase TiO2 and a superhydrophobic agent were coated on the HGM surface in one step. TBT and PFOTES were selected as the Ti source and the superhydrophobic agent, respectively. They were both coated on the HGM, and after the hydrothermal process, the TBT turned to anatase TiO2. In this way, a PFOTES/TiO2-coated HGM (MCHGM) was prepared. For comparison, PFOTES single-coated HGM (F-SCHGM) and TiO2 single-coated HGM (Ti-SCHGM) were synthesized as well. The PFOTES and TiO2 coatings on the HGM surface were demonstrated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive detector (EDS) characterizations. The MCHGM showed a higher contact angle (153&#176;) but a lower sliding angle (16&#176;) than F-SCHGM, with a contact angle of 141.2&#176; and a sliding angle of 67&#176;. In addition, both Ti-SCHGM and MCHGM displayed similar IR reflectivity values, which were about 5.8% higher than the original HGM and F-SCHGM. Also, the PFOTES coating barely changed the thermal conductivity. Therefore, F-SCHGM, with a thermal conductivity of 0.0479 W/(m&#183;K), was quite like the original HGM, which was 0.0475 W/(m&#183;K). MCHGM and Ti-SCHGM were also similar. Their thermal conductivity values were 0.0543 W/(m&#183;K) and 0.0543 W/(m&#183;K), respectively. The TiO2 coating slightly increased the thermal conductivity, but with the increase in reflectivity, the overall heat-insulation property was enhanced. Finally, since the IR-reflecting property is provided by the HGM coating, if the coating is fouled, the reflectivity decreases. Therefore, with the superhydrophobic coating, the surface is protected from fouling, and its lifetime is also prolonged.

TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method

This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to synthesize superhydrophobic, TiO2-coated hollow glass microspheres (HGM) with high IR-reflective properties.

This manuscript proposes a soft-chemistry method to develop superhydrophobic and highly IR-reflective hollow glass microspheres (HGM). The anatase TiO2 ...

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia (YSZ) Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) scaffolds with tunable specific surface areas up to 80 m2&#183;g-1. An aqueous solution of a zirconium salt, yttrium salt, and glucose is mixed with propylene oxide (PO) to form a gel. The gel is dried under ambient conditions to form a xerogel. The xerogel is pressed into pellets and then sintered in an argon atmosphere. During sintering, a YSZ ceramic phase forms and the organic components decompose, leaving behind amorphous carbon. The carbon formed in situ serves as a hard template, preserving a high surface area YSZ nanomorphology at sintering temperature. The carbon is subsequently removed by oxidation in air at low temperature, resulting in a porous, nanostructured YSZ scaffold. The concentration of the carbon template and the final scaffold surface area can be systematically tuned by varying the glucose concentration in the gel synthesis. The carbon template concentration was quantified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the surface area and pore size distribution was determined by physical adsorption measurements, and the morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase purity and crystallite size was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). This fabrication approach provides a novel, flexible platform for realizing unprecedented scaffold surface areas and nanomorphologies for ceramic-based electrochemical energy conversion applications, e.g. solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes.

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

A protocol for fabricating porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) scaffolds at temperatures between 1,000 &#176;C and 1,400 &#176;C is presented.

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) ...

Engineering

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and non-porous supports (polymer, ceramic, metal, carbon, and graphene). We developed a novel crystallization technique, which is termed the ENACT approach: the electrophoretic nuclei assembly for the crystallization of highly intergrown thin films (ENACT). This approach allows for a high density of heterogeneous nucleation of MOFs on a chosen substrate via the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) directly from the precursor sol. The growth of well-packed MOF nuclei leads to a highly intergrown polycrystalline MOF film. We show that this simple approach can be used for the synthesis of thin, intergrown zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF)-7 and ZIF-8 films. The resulting 500 nm-thick ZIF-8 membranes show a considerably high H2 permeance (8.3 x 10-6 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1) and ideal gas selectivities (7.3 for H2/CO2, 15.5 for H2/N2, 16.2 for H2/CH4, and 2655 for H2/C3H8). An attractive performance for C3H6/C3H8 separation is also achieved (a C3H6 permeance of 9.9 x 10-8 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 and a C3H6/C3H8 ideal selectivity of 31.6 at 25 &#176;C). Overall, the ENACT process, owing to its simplicity, can be extended to synthesize intergrown thin films of a wide range of nanoporous crystalline materials.

A simple, reproducible, and versatile approach for the synthesis of intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and non-porous supports is presented.

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and ...

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. Here, we introduce the molten-salt synthesis (MSS) method for making metal oxide nanomaterials. Advantages over other methods include its simplicity, greenness, reliability, scalability, and generalizability. Using pyrochlore lanthanum hafnium oxide (La2Hf2O7) as a representative, we describe the MSS protocol for the successful synthesis of complex metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Furthermore, this method has the unique ability to produce NPs with different material features by changing various synthesis parameters such as pH, temperature, duration, and post-annealing. By fine-tuning these parameters, we are able to synthesize highly uniform, non-agglomerated, and highly crystalline NPs. As a specific example, we vary the particle size of the La2Hf2O7&#160;NPs by changing the concentration of the ammonium hydroxide solution used in the MSS process, which allows us to further explore the effect of particle size on various properties. It is expected that the MSS method will become a more popular synthesis method for nanomaterials and more widely employed in the nanoscience and nanotechnology community in the upcoming years.

Here, we demonstrate a unique, relatively low-temperature, molten-salt synthesis method for preparing uniform complex metal oxide lanthanum hafnate nanoparticles.

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. ...

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared according to the methodology developed by surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). In this framework, catalytic cycles can be determined by isolating crucial intermediates. All air-sensitive materials are handled under inert atmosphere (using gloveboxes or a Schlenk line) or high vacuum lines (HVLs, &#60;10-5 mbar). The preparation of SiO2-700 (silica dehydroxylated at 700 &#176;C) and subsequent applications (the grafting of complexes and catalytic runs) requires the use of HVLs and double-Schlenk techniques. Several well-known characterization methods are used, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental microanalysis, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR), and state-of-the-art dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy (DNP-SENS). FTIR and elemental microanalysis permit scientists to establish the grafting and its stoichiometry. 1H and 13C SSNMR allows the structural determination of the hydrocarbon ligands coordination sphere. DNP SENS is an emerging powerful technique in solid characterization for the detection of poorly sensitive nuclei (15N, in our case). SiO2-700 is treated with about one equivalent of the metal precursor compared to the amount of surface silanol (0.30 mmol&#183;g-1) in pentane at room temperature. Then, volatiles are removed, and the powder samples are dried under dynamic high vacuum to afford the desired materials [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(&#951;2&#960;-MeNCH2)(&#951;1-NMe2)(&#951;1-HNMe2)]. After a thermal treatment under high vacuum, the grafted complex is converted into metal imido silica complex [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)]. [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] effectively promotes the metathesis of imines, using the combination of two imine substrates, N-(4-phenylbenzylidene)benzylamine, or N-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-4-fluoroaniline, with N-benzylidenetert-butylamine as substrates. A significantly lower conversion is observed with the blank runs; thus, the presence of the imido group in [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is correlated to the catalytic performance.

A new group IV metal catalyst for imine metathesis is prepared by grafting amine metal complex onto dehydroxylated silica. Surface metal fragments are characterized using FT-IR, elemental microanalysis, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Further dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy experiments complement the determination of the coordination sphere.

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared ...

Metal Oxide Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Activities

There is a significant global demand for improvements in synthesis techniques and their optimal characteristics, especially for industrial-scale applications. Sol-gel-based solution combustion synthesis (SG-SCS) is a simple method to produce ordered porous materials. In this regard, Pearson&#39;s hard and soft acids and bases theory assists in selecting host-dopant reactivity to form a proper heterojunction.
The formation of a heterojunction also changes the essential properties of the materials, improving photocatalysis via charge transfer or synergistic activities. A calcination temperature of 500 &#176;C is ideal for this process based on the results of the stability assessment via a differential thermogravimetry ratio analysis (DTG).
The nanoscale dimensions of the nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocomposites (NCs) generated were validated using X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy micrographs and BET analyses confirmed the porosity nature of the materials. HRTEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray investigations established the materials composition. The study found that NCs degraded the acid orange 8 (AO8) color more efficiently than bare ZnO.

The development of a heterojunction boosts the photocatalytic activities of solution combustion synthesis, which is a time-/energy-efficient process. Advanced analytical characterization techniques were used in this protocol to evaluate the materials&#39; characteristics, and nanocomposites demonstrated improved acid orange-8 dye degradation.

There is a significant global demand for improvements in synthesis techniques and their optimal characteristics, especially for industrial-scale ...

Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks

Because of their designability and unprecedented synergistic effects, core-shell metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been actively examined recently. However, the synthesis of single-crystalline core-shell MOFs is very challenging, and thus a limited number of examples have been reported. Here, we suggest a method of synthesizing single-crystalline HKUST-1@MOF-5 core-shells, which is HKUST-1 at the center of MOF-5. Through the computational algorithm, this pair of MOFs was predicted to have the matched lattice parameters and chemical connection points at the interface. To construct the core-shell structure, we prepared the octahedral- and cubic-shaped HKUST-1 crystals as a core MOF, in which the (111) and (001) facets were mainly exposed, respectively. Via the sequential reaction, the MOF-5 shell was well-grown on the exposed surface, showing a seamless connect interface, which resulted in the successful synthesis of single-crystalline HKUST-1@MOF-5. Their pure phase formation was proved by optical microscopic images and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns. This method presents the potential of and insights into the single-crystalline core-shell synthesis with different kinds of MOFs.

Here, we demonstrate a protocol for the two-step synthesis of single-crystalline core-shells using a non-isostructural metal-organic framework (MOF) pair, HKUST-1 and MOF-5, which have well-matched crystal lattices.

Because of their designability and unprecedented synergistic effects, core-shell metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been actively examined recently. ...

Triazole and Tetrazole Functionalized Zr-MOFs Synthesis and Characterization

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials that are formed through coordination bonds between metal clusters and organic ligands. Given their coordinative nature, the organic ligands and strut framework can be readily removed from the MOF and/or exchanged with other coordinative molecules. By introducing target ligands to MOF-containing solutions, functionalized MOFs can be obtained with new chemical tags via a process called post-synthetic ligand exchange (PSE). PSE is a straightforward and practical approach that enables the preparation of a wide range of MOFs with new chemical tags via a solid-solution equilibrium process. Furthermore, PSE can be performed at room temperature, allowing the incorporation of thermally unstable ligands into MOFs. In this work, we demonstrate the practicality of PSE by using heterocyclic triazole- and tetrazole-containing ligands to functionalize a Zr-based MOF (UiO-66; UiO = University of Oslo). After digestion, the functionalized MOFs are characterized via various techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange 

Post-synthetic ligand exchange (PSE) is a versatile and powerful tool for installing functional groups into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Exposing MOFs to solutions containing triazole- and tetrazole-functionalized ligands can incorporate these heterocyclic moieties into Zr-MOFs through PSE processes.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials that are formed through coordination bonds between metal clusters and organic ligands. ...

Solvothermal Synthesis of MIL-96 and UiO-66-NH₂ on Atomic Layer Deposited Metal Oxide Coatings on Fiber Mats

Samenvatting

Meer video's verkennen