We would like to thank Jean-Fran&#231;ois Papon, Bruno Louis, Estelle Escudier and all team members of PCD diagnostic center of Paris-Est for their availability and hearty welcome during the visit to their PCD diagnostic center, and the numerous exchanges. We also thank Robert Hirst and all team members at the PCD center of Leicester for their welcome and time, advice, and expertise.

These authors have nothing to disclose.

This paper aims to provide a standard operating procedure for CFA using nasal brushing samples, with adjustments made for appropriate infection control considerations during the COVID-19 pandemic. PCD diagnosis is challenging, and currently requires a panel of different diagnostic tests, according to international recommendation, including nasal nitric oxide measurement, CFA using DHSV, ciliary ultrastructural analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), labelling of ciliary proteins using immunofluorescence, a...

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an inherited heterogeneous motile ciliopathy, in which respiratory cilia are stationary, slow or dyskinetic, leading to impaired mucociliary clearance and chronic oto-sino-pulmonary disease1,2,3,4. The clinical manifestations of PCD are chronic wet cough and chronic nasal congestion starting in early infancy, recurrent or chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections leading to bronchiectasis, and recurrent or chronic otitis media and sinusitis5,6,7. Approximately half of PCD patients present with organ laterality defects such as situs inversus or situs ambiguus. Some patients also present with infertility issues due to immotile sperm in men and immotile cilia in the Fallopian tubes in women1,2,8. PCD is rare, but the prevalence is difficult to define, and ranges from 1:10,000 to 1:20,0009,10. However, the real prevalence of PCD is thought to be higher due to difficulties in diagnosis and a lack of clinical suspicion. Symptoms of PCD mimic common respiratory manifestations of other acute or chronic respiratory conditions, and the diagnostic challenges of confirming the diagnosis are well known, leading to inadequate treatment and follow-up2,5,9,11.
Ciliary videomicroscopy, using Digital High-Speed Videomicroscopy (DHSV), is one of the diagnostic tools for PCD4,8,12,13. DHSV is considered the optimal method to perform ciliary functional analysis (CFA), comprising of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and beat pattern (CBP) analysis2,14,15,16. DHSV uses living respiratory epithelium, usually obtained from nasal brushing13.
In view of the current COVID-19 outbreak, confirmation of a PCD diagnosis is now even more important as evidence suggests that underlying respiratory disease may lead to worse outcomes following COVID-19 infection17,18. A safe and efficient PCD diagnostic service during the current pandemic will also allow confirmed PCD patients to benefit from additional protective measures, compared with the general population19.
Transmission of COVID-19 occurs primarily through droplet spread20. High potential of transmission from asymptomatic (or minimally symptomatic) patients is suggested by the high viral load in nose sample20. Additionally, if viral particles become aerosolized, they stay in the air for at least 3 hours21. Therefore, respiratory healthcare workers are exposed to a high reservoir of viral load while performing clinical care and sample collection for diagnostic techniques22. Furthermore, manipulation of living respiratory samples exposes the technician to COVID-19 contamination. While best-practice recommendations for respiratory physicians and ENT surgeons caring for COVID-19 patients are being implemented23, there is a lack of recommendations for performing DHSV during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In order to continue providing a PCD diagnostic service, while ensuring the safety of the healthcare worker (performing sample collection) and technician (performing sample processing), the ciliary videomicroscopy protocol had to be adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic. The technique of ciliary videomicroscopy is currently limited to research service and specialized diagnostic centers, as CFA requires extensive training and experience. Furthermore, currently, there is a lack of standardization and precise operating procedure for processing and analyzing samples using DHSV4,13.
The aim of this paper is to describe standard operating procedures for DHSV, with particular reference to infection control measures and safety when sampling and processing living nasal epithelium. This will allow for high-quality PCD diagnosis and care to continue, despite the current COVID-19 outbreak.

<table><tbody><tr><td>15 mL conical tubes</td><td>FisherScientific</td><td>352096</td><td>15 ml High-Clarity Polypropylene Conical Tube with lid</td></tr><tr><td>Amphotericin B</td><td>LONZA</td><td>17-836E</td><td>Antifungal solution</td></tr><tr><td>Blakesley-weil nasal forceps</td><td>NOVO SURGICAL</td><td>E7739-12</td><td>Used to hold the brush to perform the nasal brushing</td></tr><tr><td>Bronchial cytology brush</td><td>CONMED</td><td>129</td><td>Used for nasal brushing</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton swab</td><td>NUOVA APTACA</td><td>2150/SG</td><td>Used for COVID-19 testing</td></tr><tr><td>Digitial high-speed videomicroscopy camera</td><td>IDTeu Innovation in motion</td><td>CrashCam Mini 1510</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass slide</td><td>ThermoScientific</td><td>12372098</td><td>Microscope slides used to create the visualization chamber</td></tr><tr><td>Heated Box</td><td>IBIDI cells in focus</td><td>10918</td><td>Used to heat the sample</td></tr><tr><td>Inverted Light microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>AXIO Vert.A1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lens Heater</td><td>TOKAI HIT</td><td>TPiE-LH</td><td>Used to heat the oil immersion lens</td></tr><tr><td>Medium 199 (M199), HEPES</td><td>TermoFisher Scientific</td><td>12340030</td><td>Cell Culture Medium</td></tr><tr><td>Motion Studio X64</td><td>IDT Motion</td><td>version 2.14.01</td><td>Software</td></tr><tr><td>Oil</td><td>FischerScientific, Carl Zeiss</td><td>11825153</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rectangular cover slip</td><td>VWR</td><td>631-0145</td><td>Used to cover the visualization chamber</td></tr><tr><td>Spacer (Ispacer) 0.25 mm</td><td>Sunjinlab</td><td>IS203</td><td>Used for the creation of the hermetic closed visualization chamber</td></tr><tr><td>Square cover slip</td><td>VWR</td><td>631-0122</td><td>Used for the creation of lab-built open visualization chamber</td></tr><tr><td>Streptomycin/Penicillin</td><td>FisherScientific, Gibco</td><td>11548876</td><td>Antiobiotics solution</td></tr></tbody></table>

nasal brushing sampling and processing using digital high speed ciliary videomicroscopy &ndash; adaptation for the covid-19 pandemic

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic motile ciliopathy, leading to significant otosinopulmonary disease. PCD diagnosis is often missed or delayed due to challenges with different diagnostic modalities. Ciliary videomicroscopy, using Digital High-Speed Videomicroscopy (DHSV), one of the diagnostic tools for PCD, is considered the optimal method to perform ciliary functional analysis (CFA), comprising of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and beat pattern (CBP) analysis. However, DHSV lacks standardized, published operating procedure for processing and analyzing samples. It also uses living respiratory epithelium, a significant infection control issue during the COVID-19 pandemic. To continue providing a diagnostic service during this health crisis, the ciliary videomicroscopy protocol has been adapted to include adequate infection control measures.
Here, we describe a revised protocol for sampling and laboratory processing of ciliated respiratory samples, highlighting adaptations made to comply with COVID-19 infection control measures. Representative results of CFA from nasal brushing samples obtained from 16 healthy subjects, processed and analyzed according to this protocol, are described. We also illustrate the importance of obtaining and processing optimal quality epithelial ciliated strips, as samples not meeting quality selection criteria do now allow for CFA, potentially decreasing the diagnostic reliability and the efficiency of this technique.

To illustrate the efficiency of the technique, we present the results of the CFA in a series of 16 healthy adult volunteers (5 males, age range 22-54 years).
Nasal brushing samples from 14 (4 males, age range 24-54 years) out of the total of 16 volunteers provided enough appropriate epithelial edges that satisfied the selection criteria needed to perform CFA. From these 14 nasal brushing samples, a total of 242 ciliated edges were recorded, and 212 edges met the defined inclusion criteria and ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy â€“ Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic at JoVE.com

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy &#8211; Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic

To guarantee a successful and high-quality ciliary functional analysis for PCD diagnosis, a precise and careful method for respiratory epithelium sampling and processing is essential. To continue providing PCD diagnostic service during the COVID-19 pandemic, the ciliary videomicroscopy protocol has been updated to include appropriate infection control measures.

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy &ndash; Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic motile ciliopathy, leading to significant otosinopulmonary disease. PCD diagnosis is often missed or delayed ...

nasal-brushing-sampling-processing-using-digital-high-speed-ciliary

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

4.6K Views.  University of Liège. Om een succesvolle en hoogwaardige ciliaire functionele analyse voor PCD-diagnose te garanderen, is een nauwkeurige en zorgvuldige methode voor respiratoire epitheelbemonstering en -verwerking essentieel. Om pcd-diagnostische service te blijven bieden tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie, is het ciliaire videomicroscopieprotocol bijgewerkt met passende infectiebeheersingsmaatregelen.

Video: Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cultivate Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells from Children and Reprogram into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Nasal epithelial cells (NECs) are the part of the airways that respond to air pollutants and are the first cells infected with respiratory viruses. They are also involved in many airway diseases through their innate immune response and interaction with immune and airway stromal cells. NECs are of particular interest for studies in children due to their accessibility during clinical visits. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been generated from multiple cell types and are a powerful tool for modeling human development and disease, as well as for their potential applications in regenerative medicine. This is the first protocol to lay out methods for successful generation of iPSCs from NECs derived from pediatric participants for research purposes. It describes how to obtain nasal epithelial cells from children, how to generate primary NEC cultures from these samples, and how to reprogram primary NECs into well-characterized iPSCs. Nasal mucosa samples are useful in epidemiological studies related to the effects of air pollution in children, and provide an important tool for studying airway disease. Primary nasal cells and iPSCs derived from them can be a tool for providing unlimited material for patient-specific research in diverse areas of airway epithelial biology, including asthma and COPD research.

This publication demonstrates methods for successful sampling and culture of nasal epithelial mucosa from children, and reprogramming these cells to induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs).

Nasal epithelial cells (NECs) are the part of the airways that respond to air pollutants and are the first cells infected with respiratory viruses. They ...

Developmental Biology

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples

The methods of nasal absorption (NA) and bronchial absorption (BA) use synthetic absorptive matrices (SAM) to absorb the mucosal lining fluid (MLF) of the human respiratory tract. NA is a non-invasive technique which absorbs fluid from the inferior turbinate, and causes minimal discomfort. NA has yielded reproducible results with the ability to frequently repeat sampling of the upper airway. 
By comparison, alternative methods of sampling the respiratory mucosa, such as nasopharyngeal aspiration (NPA) and conventional swabbing, are more invasive and may result in greater data variability. Other methods have limitations, for instance, biopsies and bronchial procedures are invasive, sputum contains many dead and dying cells and requires liquefaction, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) contains water and saliva, and lavage samples are dilute and variable.
BA can be performed through the working channel of a bronchoscope in clinic. Sampling is well tolerated and can be conducted at multiple sites in the airway. BA results in MLF samples being less dilute than bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples.
This article demonstrates the techniques of NA and BA, as well as the laboratory processing of the resulting samples, which can be tailored to the desired downstream biomarker being measured. These absorption techniques are useful alternatives to the conventional sampling techniques used in clinical respiratory research.

This manuscript describes the use of nasal and bronchial absorption techniques, specifically using synthetic absorptive matrices (SAM) to sample the mucosal lining fluid (MLF) of the upper and lower airway. These methods provide better standardization and tolerability than existing respiratory sampling techniques.

The methods of nasal absorption (NA) and bronchial absorption (BA) use synthetic absorptive matrices (SAM) to absorb the mucosal lining fluid (MLF) of the ...

Medicine

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary clearance function has been established. Freshly harvested mouse trachea is cut longitudinally through the trachealis muscle and mounted in a shallow walled chamber on a glass-bottomed dish. The trachea sample is positioned along its long axis to take advantage of the trachealis muscle to curl longitudinally. This allows imaging of ciliary motion in the profile view along the entire tracheal length. Videos at 200 frames/sec are obtained using differential interference contrast microscopy and a high speed digital camera to allow quantitative analysis of cilia beat frequency and ciliary waveform. With the addition of fluorescent beads during imaging, cilia generated fluid flow also can be determined. The protocol time spans approximately 30 min, with 5 min for chamber preparation, 5-10 min for sample mounting, and 10-15 min for videomicroscopy.

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An easy and reliable technique for visualizing and quantifying airway cilia motility and cilia generated flow using mouse trachea is described. This technique can be modified to determine how a wide range of factors influence cilia motility, including pharmacological agents, genetic factors, environmental exposures, and/or mechanical factors such as mucus load.

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative  analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary  ...

Biology

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) - SARS-CoV (2002), MERS-CoV (2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (2019) - have emerged and caused significant public health crises in the past 20 years. Four additional HCoVs cause a significant portion of common cold cases each year (HCoV-NL63, -229E, -OC43, and -HKU1), highlighting the importance of studying these viruses in physiologically relevant systems. HCoVs enter the respiratory tract and establish infection in the nasal epithelium, the primary site encountered by all respiratory pathogens. We use a primary nasal epithelial culture system in which patient-derived nasal samples are grown at an air-liquid interface (ALI) to study host-pathogen interactions at this important sentinel site. These cultures recapitulate many features of the in vivo airway, including&#160;the cell types present, ciliary function, and mucus production. We describe methods to characterize viral replication, host cell tropism, virus-induced cytotoxicity, and innate immune induction in nasal ALI cultures following HCoV infection, using recent work comparing lethal and seasonal HCoVs as an example1. An increased understanding of host-pathogen interactions in the nose has the potential to provide novel targets for antiviral therapeutics against HCoVs and other respiratory viruses that will likely emerge in the future.

The nasal epithelium is the primary barrier site encountered by all respiratory pathogens. Here, we outline methods to use primary nasal epithelial cells grown as air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures to characterize human coronavirus-host interactions in a physiologically relevant system.

Three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) - SARS-CoV (2002), MERS-CoV (2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (2019) - have emerged and caused significant public ...

Collection, Expansion, and Differentiation of Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Models for Quantification of Cilia Beat Frequency

Measurements of cilia function (beat frequency, pattern) have been established as diagnostic tools for respiratory diseases such as primary ciliary dyskinesia. However, the wider application of these techniques is limited by the extreme susceptibility of ciliary function to changes in environmental factors e.g., temperature, humidity, and pH. In the airway of patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF), mucus accumulation impedes cilia beating. Cilia function has been investigated in primary airway cell models as an indicator of CF Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) channel activity. However, considerable patient-to-patient variability in cilia beating frequency has been found in response to CFTR-modulating drugs, even for patients with the same CFTR mutations. Furthermore, the impact of dysfunctional CFTR-regulated chloride secretion on ciliary function is poorly understood. There is currently no comprehensive protocol demonstrating sample preparation of in vitro airway models, image acquisition, and analysis of Cilia Beat Frequency (CBF). Standardized culture conditions and image acquisition performed in an environmentally controlled condition would enable consistent, reproducible quantification of CBF between individuals and in response to CFTR-modulating drugs. This protocol describes the quantification of CBF in three different airway epithelial cell model systems: 1) native epithelial sheets, 2) air-liquid interface models imaged on permeable support inserts, and 3) extracellular matrix-embedded three-dimensional organoids. The latter two replicate in vivo lung physiology, with beating cilia and production of mucus. The ciliary function is captured using a high-speed video camera in an environment-controlled chamber. Custom-built scripts are used for the analysis of CBF. Translation of CBF measurements to the clinic is envisioned to be an important clinical tool for predicting response to CFTR-modulating drugs on a per-patient basis.

This protocol describes nasal epithelial cell collection, expansion, and differentiation to organotypic airway epithelial cell models and quantification of cilia beat frequency via live-cell imaging and custom-built scripts.

Measurements of cilia function (beat frequency, pattern) have been established as diagnostic tools for respiratory diseases such as primary ciliary ...

High-speed Video Microscopy Analysis for First-line Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a congenital disorder predominantly inherited in an autosomal recessive trait. The disorder causes disturbance in the motion of cilia, leading to severe impairment of mucociliary clearance (MCC). If undiagnosed or diagnosed too late, the condition leads to the development of bronchiectasis and serious damage to the lungs in later life. Most of the methods for diagnosing PCD are time-consuming and demand extensive economic resources to establish them. High-speed video microscopy analysis (HSVMA) is the only diagnostic tool to visualize and analyze living respiratory cells with beating cilia in vitro. It is fast, cost-effective, and, in experienced hands, very reliable as a diagnostic tool for PCD. In addition, classical diagnostic measures such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are not applicable for some mutations as morphological changes are absent. 
This paper describes the process of collecting respiratory epithelial cells, the further preparation of the specimen, and the process of HSVMA. We also describe how brushed cells can be successfully kept unharmed and beating by keeping them in a nourishing medium for storage and transport to the investigation site in cases where a clinic does not possess the equipment to perform HSVMA. Also shown are videos with pathologic beating patterns from patients with a mutation in the dynein arm heavy chain 11 gene (DNAH11), which cannot be diagnosed with TEM; the result of an inconclusive HSVMA due to infection of the upper airways, as well as an unsuccessful brushing with superimposition of red blood cells. With this article, we would like to encourage every unit dealing with pulmonology patients and rare lung diseases to perform HSVMA as part of their daily routine diagnostics for PCD or send the specimens over to a center specializing in performing HSVMA.

High-speed video microscopy analysis is a relatively easy-to-perform, fast, cost-effective, and, in experienced hands, a considerably reliable tool for first-line diagnostics of primary ciliary dyskinesia, which should be available in every center involved in diagnostics and the treatment of severe lung diseases.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a congenital disorder predominantly inherited in an autosomal recessive trait. The disorder causes disturbance in the ...

Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cells: Biobanking in the Context of Precision Medicine

Human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells are easy to collect by simple, non-invasive nasal brushing. Patient-derived primary HNE cells can be amplified and differentiated into a pseudo-stratified epithelium in air-liquid interface conditions to quantify cyclic AMP-mediated Chloride (Cl-) transport as an index of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) function. If critical steps such as quality of nasal brushing and cell density upon cryopreservation are performed efficiently, HNE cells can be successfully biobanked. Moreover, short-circuit current studies demonstrate that freeze-thawing does not significantly modify HNE cells&#39; electrophysiological properties and response to CFTR modulators. In the culture conditions used in this study, when less than 2 x 106 cells are frozen per cryovial, the failure rate is very high. We recommend freezing at least 3 x 106 cells per cryovial. We show that dual therapies combining a CFTR corrector with a CFTR potentiator have a comparable correction efficacy for CFTR activity in F508del-homozygous HNE cells. Triple therapy VX-445 + VX-661 + VX-770 significantly increased correction of CFTR activity compared to dual therapy VX-809 + VX-770. The measure of CFTR activity in HNE cells is a promising pre-clinical biomarker useful to guide CFTR modulator therapy.

Here we describe the isolation, amplification, and differentiation of primary human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells at the air-liquid interface and a biobanking protocol allowing to successfully freeze and then thaw amplified HNE. The protocol analyzes electrophysiological properties of differentiated HNE cells and CFTR-related chloride secretion correction upon different modulator treatments.

Human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells are easy to collect by simple, non-invasive nasal brushing. Patient-derived primary HNE cells can be amplified and ...

Saline Lavage for Sampling of the Canine Nasal Immune Microenvironment

Evaluating the local immune microenvironment of the canine nasal cavity can be important for investigating normal tissue health and disease conditions, particularly those associated with local inflammation. We have optimized a technique to evaluate the local nasal immune microenvironment of dogs via serial nasal lavage. Briefly, with dogs under anesthesia and positioned in sternal recumbency, prewarmed sterile saline is flushed into the affected nostril using a flexible soft rubber catheter. The fluid backflow is collected into conical tubes, and this process is repeated. The fluids containing dislodged cells and proteins are pooled, and the pooled nasal lavage samples are filtered through a cell strainer to remove large debris and mucus. Samples are centrifuged and the cell pellets are isolated for analysis. Once the samples have been processed, analyses that may follow nasal lavage include flow cytometry, transcriptomic analysis of cells via bulk or single-cell RNA seq, and/or quantification of cytokines present in the lavage fluid.

Saline nasal lavage can be used to sample the canine nasal immune microenvironment. Because the approach is relatively non-invasive and does not disrupt the nasal tissues, it can be performed serially. Cells and proteins collected from the nasal lavage technique can be processed for various laboratory analyses.

Evaluating the local immune microenvironment of the canine nasal cavity can be important for investigating normal tissue health and disease conditions, ...

COVID-19 / Coronavirus Outbreak: Performing a Nasal Swab Test on Patients inside a Rapidly Deployable Facility Optimized for Epidemics

While different types of diagnostic tests may be used to detect coronavirus disease, a nasopharyngeal swab test is the most common. The test must be performed by a trained healthcare provider. If cell culture is collected in a wrong manner, the diagnosis obtained may be incorrect.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that providers use a sterile dacron or rayon swab with a flexible, plastic shaft for deep nasal sampling. Cotton, calcium alginate swabs, or swabs with wooden sticks may contain such compounds that can inactivate some viruses and inhibit the diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The following protocol describes the proper procedure for collecting a nasopharyngeal swab sample.

COVID-19 / Coronavirus Outbreak: Performing a Nasal Swab Test on Patients Inside a Rapidly Deployable Facility Optimized for Epidemics

While different types of diagnostic tests may be used to detect coronavirus disease, a nasopharyngeal swab test is the most common. The test must be ...

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Samenvatting

Meer video's verkennen