manufacture-concentrated-lipid-based-oxygen-microbubble-emulsions

Manufacture of Concentrated, Lipid-based Oxygen Microbubble Emulsions by High Shear Homogenization and Serial Concentration

Gas-filled microbubbles have been developed as ultrasound contrast and drug delivery agents. Microbubbles can be produced by processing surfactants using ...

rodent-working-heart-model-for-study-myocardial-performance-oxygen

Rodent Working Heart Model for the Study of Myocardial Performance and Oxygen Consumption

Isolated working heart models have been used to understand the effects of loading conditions, heart rate and medications on myocardial performance in ways ...

Harvard Medical School

Boston Children’s Hospital

&#x540E;&#x53EF;&#x9006;&#x8111;&#x75C5;&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81; (PRES) &#x75C5;&#x7406;&#x5B66;&#x662F;&#x672A;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x7684;&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x5B83;&#x662F;&#x5F88;&#x5C11;&#x81F4;&#x547D;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x6709;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x4E0B;&#x6D3B;&#x68C0;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#x6025;&#x8FDB;&#x6027; PRES &#x540E;&#x6025;&#x6027;&#x6DCB;&#x5DF4;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x6027;&#x767D;&#x8840;&#x75C5;&#x7684;&#x5E72;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x79FB;&#x690D;&#x3002;&#x540E;&#x6539;&#x53D8;&#x5FC3;&#x7406;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#x7684;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A; 8 &#x5C81;&#x7684;&#x5973;&#x5B69;&#x5728; T2 &#x5EF6;&#x957F;&#x7684;&#x767D;&#x8272;&#x7269;&#x8D28;&#x540E;&#x4E3B;&#x5BFC;&#x5206;&#x5E03;&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x7EC8;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x5C0F;&#x8111;&#x6C34;&#x80BF;&#x3001; &#x51FA;&#x8840;&#x3001; &#x8111;&#x79EF;&#x6C34;&#x3001; &#x7A81;&#x51FA;&#x75C7;&#x3002;&#x5C3D;&#x7BA1;&#x624B;&#x672F;&#x548C;&#x533B;&#x7597;&#x7BA1;&#x7406;&#xFF0C;&#x5979;&#x6B7B;&#x4E8E; 36 &#x5C0F;&#x65F6;&#x540E;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x5C38;&#x4F53;&#x5256;&#x9A8C;&#x3001; &#x6795;&#x53F6;&#x548C;&#x5C0F;&#x8111;&#x767D;&#x8D28;&#x548C;&#x7126;&#x6795;&#x53F6;&#x76AE;&#x5C42;&#x7070;&#x8D28;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x8C31;&#x5FAE;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x7684;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#xFF0C;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x542B;&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x8D28;&#x5206;&#x6CCC;&#x7269;&#x548C;&#x5DE8;&#x566C;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x53CA;&#x7EA4;&#x7EF4;&#x7D20;&#x574F;&#x6B7B;&#x548C;&#x6025;&#x6027;&#x51FA;&#x8840;&#xFF0C;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x5F71;&#x50CF;&#x5B66;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x4EBA;&#x60F3;&#x8D77;&#x90A3;&#x4E9B;&#x770B;&#x5230;&#x6025;&#x6027;&#x9AD8;&#x8840;&#x538B;&#x8111;&#x75C5;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x7684;&#x6269;&#x5F20;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x5468;&#x56F4;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x3002;&#x503C;&#x5F97;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#xFF0C;&#x80BE;&#x6216;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x7AD9;&#x70B9;&#x4E2D;&#x672A;&#x770B;&#x5230;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x5FAE;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x7684;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x3002;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x7279;&#x5B9A;&#x5FAE;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x59A5;&#x534F;&#x886C;&#x5E95;&#x7684; PRES&#xFF0C;&#x81F3;&#x5C11;&#x5728;&#x7F55;&#x89C1;&#x7684;&#x75C5;&#x4F8B;&#x81F4;&#x547D;&#x7684;&#x540E;&#x679C;&#x3002;

&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x75C5;&#x7406;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x81F4;&#x547D;&#x75C5;&#x4F8B;&#x540E;&#x53EF;&#x9006;&#x8111;&#x75C5;&#x7EFC;&#x5408;&#x5F81;&#x3002;

The pathology of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is undefined, since it is rarely fatal and is biopsied in only exceptional circumstances. We describe rapidly progressive PRES following stem cell transplant for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. After development of altered mental status, this 8-year-old girl had T2 prolongation of the white matter in a posterior-dominant distribution, eventually developing cerebellar edema, hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and herniation. Despite surgical and medical management, she died 36 hours later. At autopsy, the occipital and cerebellar white matter and focal occipital cortical gray matter showed a spectrum of microvascular changes, including dilated perivascular spaces containing proteinaceous exudates and macrophages, as well as fibrinoid necrosis and acute hemorrhage, in a distribution corresponding to the neuroimaging abnormalities and reminiscent of those seen in patients with acute hypertensive encephalopathy. Of note, similar microvascular changes were not seen in the kidney or other systemic sites. Thus, the findings indicate a brain-specific microvascular compromise as the substrate of PRES, at least in the rare instance of cases progressing to fatal outcome.

Neuropathology of a fatal case of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

La pathologie du syndrome de l&#x26;#39;enc&#xE9;phalopathie post&#xE9;rieure r&#xE9;versible (PRES) est ind&#xE9;fini, car il est rarement fatale et est biopsi&#xE9;e dans des circonstances exceptionnelles. Nous d&#xE9;crivons rapidement PRES progressistes suite &#xE0; la greffe de cellules souches de la leuc&#xE9;mie lymphoblastique aigu&#xEB;. Apr&#xE8;s le d&#xE9;veloppement de l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;tat mental alt&#xE9;r&#xE9;, cette fille de 8 ans ont eu une prolongation T2 de la substance blanche dans la distribution a posteriori-dominante, &#xE9;ventuellement d&#xE9;veloppement de l&#x26;#39;oed&#xE8;me c&#xE9;r&#xE9;belleux, une h&#xE9;morragie, hydroc&#xE9;phalie, et de la hernie. Malgr&#xE9; un traitement chirurgical et m&#xE9;dical, elle est morte 36 heures plus tard. A l&#x26;#39;autopsie, la question occipital et cervelet blanc et focale occipitale mati&#xE8;re grise corticale a montr&#xE9; un large &#xE9;ventail de changements microvasculaires, y compris les espaces p&#xE9;rivasculaires dilat&#xE9;s contenant exsudats prot&#xE9;iques et les macrophages, ainsi que la n&#xE9;crose fibrino&#xEF;de et une h&#xE9;morragie aigu&#xEB;, dans une distribution correspondant &#xE0; des anomalies neuro-imagerie et de rappellent ceux observ&#xE9;s chez les patients atteints d&#x26;#39;enc&#xE9;phalopathie hypertensive aigu&#xEB;. Fait &#xE0; noter, des changements similaires ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; microvasculaires pas vu dans le rein ou d&#x26;#39;autres sites syst&#xE9;miques. Ainsi, les r&#xE9;sultats indiquent un compromis sp&#xE9;cifique du cerveau microvasculaire que le substrat du PRES, au moins dans les rares cas o&#xF9; des cas &#xE9;voluant vers une issue fatale.

Neuropathologie d&#x26;#39;un cas mortel d&#x26;#39;enc&#xE9;phalopathie post&#xE9;rieure r&#xE9;versible

Die Pathologie der posteriore reversible Enzephalopathie-Syndrom (PRES) nicht definiert, weil es selten t&ouml;dlich ist und bioptisch nur ausnahmsweise. Wir beschreiben die rasch fortschreitende PRES nach Stammzelltransplantation f&uuml;r akute lymphoblastische Leuk&auml;mie. Nach Entwicklung des ver&auml;nderten mentalen Status hatte dieses 8-j&auml;hrige M&auml;dchen T2 Verl&auml;ngerung der wei&szlig;en Substanz in einer Distribution Posterior-dominanten schlie&szlig;lich Entwicklung zerebell&auml;re &Ouml;dem, Blutung, Hydrozephalus und Herniation. Trotz chirurgische und medizinische Verwaltung starb sie 36 Stunden sp&auml;ter. Autopsie, okzipitale und zerebell&auml;re wei&szlig;en Substanz und den fokalen okzipitalen kortikalen grauen Substanz zeigte ein Spektrum mikrovaskul&auml;re &Auml;nderungen, einschlie&szlig;lich dilatative perivaskul&auml;ren R&auml;ume, in denen proteinogene Exsudate und Makrophagen, sowie fibrinoiden Nekrose und akute Blutung, in eine Verteilung entsprechend der Neuroimaging-Anomalien und erinnert an denen Patienten mit akute Hypertensive Enzephalopathie. Beachten ist wurden &auml;hnliche mikrovaskul&auml;re Ver&auml;nderungen in der Niere oder anderen systemischen Sites nicht gesehen. So zeigen die Ergebnisse einen Gehirn-spezifische mikrovaskul&auml;re Kompromiss als das Substrat des PRES, zumindest in den seltenen Fall der F&auml;lle zu t&ouml;dlichem Ausgang.

Neuropathologie der ein schwerwiegender Fall posteriore reversible Enzephalopathie-Syndrom.

La patologia della sindrome da encefalopatia posteriore reversibile (PRES) &egrave; definita, dal momento che &egrave; raramente fatale ed &egrave; sottoposto a biopsia solo circostanze eccezionali. Descriviamo PRES rapidamente progressiva dopo trapianto di cellule staminali per la leucemia linfoblastica acuta. Dopo lo sviluppo di alterazione dello stato mentale, questa 8-anno-vecchia ragazza aveva prolungamento T2 della sostanza bianca in una distribuzione posteriore-dominante, alla fine lo sviluppo di ernia, emorragia, idrocefalo ed edema cerebellare. Nonostante la gestione medica e chirurgica, &egrave; morta dopo 36 ore. All&#39;autopsia, occipitale e cerebellare materia bianca e materia grigia occipitale focali corticali ha mostrato uno spettro dei cambiamenti Microvascolari, inclusi gli spazi perivascolari dilatati contenente essudati proteici e macrofagi, cos&igrave; come necrosi fibrinoide ed emorragia acuta, in una distribuzione che ricorda quelli osservati nei pazienti con encefalopatia ipertensiva acuta e corrispondente per le anomalie di neuroimaging. Della nota, simili cambiamenti Microvascolari non sono state osservate nel rene o di altri siti sistemiche. I risultati indicano quindi un compromesso microvascolare specifici del cervello come il substrato di PRES, almeno nell&#39;istanza raro casi procedendo ad esito fatale.

Neuropatologia di un caso fatale di sindrome da encefalopatia posteriore reversibile.

&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x306F;&#x307B;&#x3068;&#x3093;&#x3069;&#x81F4;&#x547D;&#x7684;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308A;&#x3001;&#x552F;&#x4E00;&#x306E;&#x4F8B;&#x5916;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x72B6;&#x6CC1;&#x3067;&#x751F;&#x691C;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x306E;&#x3067;&#x5F8C;&#x90E8;&#x53EF;&#x9006;&#x8133;&#x75C7;&#x75C7;&#x5019;&#x7FA4;&#xFF08;PRES&#xFF09;&#x306E;&#x75C5;&#x614B;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x672A;&#x5B9A;&#x7FA9;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x79C1;&#x305F;&#x3061;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6025;&#x6027;&#x30EA;&#x30F3;&#x30D1;&#x82BD;&#x7403;&#x6027;&#x767D;&#x8840;&#x75C5;&#x306E;&#x5E79;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x79FB;&#x690D;&#x5F8C;&#x6025;&#x901F;&#x306B;&#x9032;&#x884C;PRES&#x306B;&#x3064;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x8AAC;&#x660E;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x72B6;&#x614B;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x5316;&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x5C55;&#x3092;&#x7D4C;&#x3066;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;8&#x6B73;&#x306E;&#x5C11;&#x5973;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6700;&#x7D42;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x5C0F;&#x8133;&#x6D6E;&#x816B;&#x3001;&#x51FA;&#x8840;&#x3001;&#x6C34;&#x982D;&#x75C7;&#x3068;&#x30D8;&#x30EB;&#x30CB;&#x30A2;&#x3092;&#x958B;&#x767A;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x4E8B;&#x5F8C;&#x512A;&#x6027;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30EA;&#x30D3;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x306B;&#x767D;&#x8CEA;&#x306E;T2&#x5EF6;&#x9577;&#x304C;&#x3042;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x5916;&#x79D1;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x533B;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x7BA1;&#x7406;&#x306B;&#x3082;&#x304B;&#x304B;&#x308F;&#x3089;&#x305A;&#x3001;&#x5F7C;&#x5973;&#x306F;36&#x6642;&#x9593;&#x5F8C;&#x306B;&#x6B7B;&#x4EA1;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x5256;&#x691C;&#x3067;&#x3001;&#x5F8C;&#x982D;&#x90E8;&#x3001;&#x5C0F;&#x8133;&#x767D;&#x8CEA;&#x3001;&#x7126;&#x70B9;&#x5F8C;&#x982D;&#x90E8;&#x76AE;&#x8CEA;&#x306E;&#x7070;&#x767D;&#x8CEA;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x753B;&#x50CF;&#x306E;&#x7570;&#x5E38;&#x306B;&#x5BFE;&#x5FDC;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30EA;&#x30D3;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30D1;&#x30AF;&#x6EF2;&#x51FA;&#x3068;&#x30DE;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30D5;&#x30A1;&#x30FC;&#x30B8;&#x3068;&#x540C;&#x69D8;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x30D5;&#x30A3;&#x30D6;&#x30EA;&#x30CE;&#x30A4;&#x30C9;&#x58CA;&#x6B7B;&#x3001;&#x6025;&#x6027;&#x51FA;&#x8840;&#x3092;&#x542B;&#x3080;&#x62E1;&#x5F35;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x5468;&#x56F2;&#x306E;&#x30B9;&#x30DA;&#x30FC;&#x30B9;&#x3092;&#x542B;&#x3080;&#x5FAE;&#x5C0F;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x5316;&#x306E;&#x30B9;&#x30DA;&#x30AF;&#x30C8;&#x30EB;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x6025;&#x6027;&#x9AD8;&#x8840;&#x5727;&#x6027;&#x8133;&#x75C7;&#x306E;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x306B;&#x898B;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x3082;&#x306E;&#x3092;&#x5F77;&#x5F7F;&#x3068;&#x3055;&#x305B;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x6CE8;&#x76EE;&#x3059;&#x3079;&#x304D;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x540C;&#x69D8;&#x306E;&#x5FAE;&#x5C0F;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x5316;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x814E;&#x81D3;&#x3084;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x4ED6;&#x306E;&#x5168;&#x8EAB;&#x306E;&#x30B5;&#x30A4;&#x30C8;&#x3067;&#x898B;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x306A;&#x304B;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x304C;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3001;&#x8ABF;&#x67FB;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x5C11;&#x306A;&#x304F;&#x3068;&#x3082;&#x81F4;&#x547D;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x306B;&#x9032;&#x884C;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x4F8B;&#x306F;&#x307E;&#x308C;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x3067;&#x3001;PRES&#x306E;&#x57FA;&#x8CEA;&#x3068;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x8133;&#x7279;&#x7570;&#x7684;&#x8840;&#x7BA1;&#x59A5;&#x5354;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x5F8C;&#x90E8;&#x53EF;&#x9006;&#x8133;&#x75C7;&#x75C7;&#x5019;&#x7FA4;&#x306E;&#x6B7B;&#x4EA1;&#x4F8B;&#x306E;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x75C5;&#x7406;&#x5B66;

&#xC774;&#xD6C4; &#xB4DC;&#xBB3C;&#xAC8C; &#xCE58;&#xBA85;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xC608;&#xC678;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC0C1;&#xD669; &#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xB9CC; biopsied &#xD6C4;&#xBD80; &#xAC00;&#xC5ED; &#xB1CC; &#xC99D;&#xD6C4;&#xAD70; (PRES)&#xC758; &#xBCD1; &#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xC815;&#xC758; &#xB418;&#xC9C0;. &#xAE09;&#xC131; &#xB9BC;&#xD504; &#xAD6C;&#xC131; &#xBC31;&#xD608;&#xBCD1;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC904;&#xAE30; &#xC138;&#xD3EC; &#xC774;&#xC2DD;&#xC5D0; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xAE09;&#xC18D; &#xD558; &#xAC8C; &#xC9C4;&#xBCF4; &#xB300;&#xAC00;&#xB85C; &#xC124;&#xBA85; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xBCC0;&#xACBD; &#xB41C; &#xC815;&#xC2E0; &#xC0C1;&#xD0DC;&#xB97C;&#xC758; &#xAC1C;&#xBC1C;, &#xD6C4; 8 &#xC138; &#xC18C;&#xB140;&#xAC00; &#xACB0;&#xAD6D; &#xAC1C;&#xBC1C; &#xC18C; &#xB1CC; &#xBD80; &#xC885;, &#xCD9C;&#xD608;, &#xC218; &#xB450; &#xC99D;, &#xBC0F; &#xD5E4; &#xB974; &#xB2C8; &#xC544; &#xD6C4;&#xBD80; &#xC9C0;&#xBC30;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xBD84;&#xD3EC;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBC31;&#xC0C9; &#xBB3C;&#xC9C8;&#xC758; T2 &#xC5F0;&#xC7A5;&#xC744; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC218;&#xC220; &#xBC0F; &#xC758;&#xB8CC; &#xAD00;&#xB9AC;&#xC5D0;&#xB3C4; &#xBD88;&#xAD6C; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xADF8;&#xB140;&#xB294; 36 &#xC2DC;&#xAC04; &#xD6C4; &#xC0AC;&#xB9DD; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xBD80;&#xAC80;, &#xC774;&#xC6C3;&#xC9D1;&#xACFC; &#xC18C; &#xB1CC; &#xBC31; &#xC9C8; &#xCD08;&#xC810; &#xC774;&#xC6C3;&#xC9D1; &#xB300;&#xB1CC; &#xBC31; &#xC9C8;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; proteinaceous exudates &#xBC0F; &#xB300; &#xC2DD; &#xC138;&#xD3EC;, fibrinoid &#xAD34; &#xC0AC; &#xBC0F; &#xAE09;&#xC131; &#xCD9C;&#xD608;, &#xAE09;&#xC131; &#xACE0;&#xD608;&#xC555; &#xC131; &#xB1CC; &#xC99D;&#xC744; &#xAC00;&#xC9C4; &#xD658;&#xC790;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBCF8; &#xADF8;&#xC758; &#xC5F0;&#xC0C1; neuroimaging &#xC774;&#xC0C1; &#xD574;&#xB2F9; &#xBC30;&#xD3EC;&#xC5D0; &#xD3EC;&#xD568; &#xB41C; &#xB3D9; &#xACF5;&#xC774; &#xD655;&#xC7A5; &#xB418;&#xC5B4; perivascular &#xACF5;&#xBC31;&#xC744; &#xD3EC;&#xD568; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; microvascular &#xBCC0;&#xD654;&#xC758; &#xC2A4;&#xD399;&#xD2B8;&#xB7FC;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xC600;&#xB2E4;. &#xBA54;&#xBAA8;&#xC758; &#xBE44;&#xC2B7;&#xD55C; microvascular &#xBCC0;&#xACBD; &#xC2E0;&#xC7A5; &#xB610;&#xB294; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xCCB4;&#xACC4;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xD2B8; &#xBCF4;&#xC9C0; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xB530;&#xB77C;&#xC11C;, &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xB098;&#xD0C0;&#xB0C5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xB1CC; &#xD2B9;&#xC815; microvascular &#xC190;&#xC0C1; &#xB300;&#xAC00;&#xB85C;, &#xAE30;&#xD310;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC801;&#xC5B4;&#xB3C4; &#xB4DC;&#xBB38; &#xC778;&#xC2A4;&#xD134;&#xC2A4;&#xC758; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0; &#xCE58;&#xBA85;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xACB0;&#xACFC;&#xB97C; &#xC9C4;&#xD589;.

&#xD6C4;&#xBD80; &#xAC00;&#xC5ED; &#xB1CC; &#xC99D;&#xD6C4;&#xAD70;&#xC758; &#xCE58;&#xBA85;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0; neuropathology.

La patolog&#xED;a de leucoencefalopat&#xED;a posterior reversible (PRES) no est&#xE1; definido, ya que rara vez es fatal y se hace una biopsia s&#xF3;lo en circunstancias excepcionales. Se describe con rapidez PRES progresistas despu&#xE9;s de un trasplante de c&#xE9;lulas madre de la leucemia linfobl&#xE1;stica aguda. Despu&#xE9;s del desarrollo de la alteraci&#xF3;n del estado mental, esta ni&#xF1;a de 8 a&#xF1;os de edad, tuvo una prolongaci&#xF3;n T2 de la sustancia blanca en una posterior distribuci&#xF3;n dominante, con el tiempo el desarrollo de edema cerebeloso, hemorragia, hidrocefalia, y la hernia. A pesar del manejo m&#xE9;dico y quir&#xFA;rgico, que muri&#xF3; 36 horas despu&#xE9;s. En la autopsia, la materia blanca occipital y cerebelo y focal occipital materia gris cortical mostr&#xF3; un espectro de cambios microvasculares, incluyendo los espacios perivasculares dilatados que contienen exudados protein&#xE1;ceos y macr&#xF3;fagos, as&#xED; como necrosis fibrinoide y hemorragia aguda, en una distribuci&#xF3;n que corresponde a las anomal&#xED;as de neuroimagen y recuerdan a las observadas en pacientes con encefalopat&#xED;a hipertensiva aguda. Es de destacar que los cambios microvasculares similares no fueron vistos en el ri&#xF1;&#xF3;n o en otros sitios sist&#xE9;micos. Por lo tanto, los resultados indican un compromiso microvascular espec&#xED;fica del cerebro como el sustrato de PRES, al menos en el caso raro de los casos que progresan a un desenlace mortal.

Neuropatolog&#xED;a de un caso fatal de leucoencefalopat&#xED;a posterior reversible

Neosaxitoxin (NeoSTX) is a potent site-1 sodium-channel blocker being developed as a local anesthetic. Doses of 100 μg have been used by local infiltration in anesthetized adult humans without adverse effect. We hypothesized that similar doses could cause significant respiratory, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular impairment and sought to test this hypothesis in sheep.

Respiratory, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular effects of neosaxitoxin in isoflurane-anesthetized sheep.

To describe the resolution of regional atelectasis and the development of regional lung overdistension during a lung-recruitment protocol in children with acute lung injury.

Reversal of dependent lung collapse predicts response to lung recruitment in children with early acute lung injury.

We have developed an injectable foam suspension containing self-assembling, lipid-based microparticles encapsulating a core of pure oxygen gas for intravenous injection. Prototype suspensions were manufactured to contain between 50 and 90 ml of oxygen gas per deciliter of suspension. Particle size was polydisperse, with a mean particle diameter between 2 and 4 Î¼m. When mixed with human blood ex vivo, oxygen transfer from 70 volume % microparticles was complete within 4 s. When the microparticles were infused by intravenous injection into hypoxemic rabbits, arterial saturations increased within seconds to near-normal levels; this was followed by a decrease in oxygen tensions after stopping the infusions. The particles were also infused into rabbits undergoing 15 min of complete tracheal occlusion. Oxygen microparticles significantly decreased the degree of hypoxemia in these rabbits, and the incidence of cardiac arrest and organ injury was reduced compared to controls. The ability to administer oxygen and other gases directly to the bloodstream may represent a technique for short-term rescue of profoundly hypoxemic patients, to selectively augment oxygen delivery to at-risk organs, or for novel diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, the ability to titrate gas infusions rapidly may minimize oxygen-related toxicity.

Oxygen gas-filled microparticles provide intravenous oxygen delivery.

Nous avons d&eacute;velopp&eacute; une suspension mousse injectable contenant des microparticules d&#39;auto-assemblage, ax&eacute;e sur les lipides encapsulant un noyau de l&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne pur pour injection intraveineuse. Des suspensions de prototypes ont &eacute;t&eacute; fabriqu&eacute;es pour contenir entre 50 et 90 ml de l&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne par d&eacute;cilitre de suspension. La taille des particules &eacute;tait polydispers&eacute;s, avec un diam&egrave;tre de particules moyenne entre 2 et 4 &mu;m. Lorsqu&#39;il est m&eacute;lang&eacute; avec du sang humain ex vivo, transfert d&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne de 70 volume % microparticules &eacute;tait compl&egrave;te au sein de 4 s. Lorsque les microparticules sont perfus&eacute;s par injection intraveineuse &agrave; des lapins hypox&eacute;miques, saturation art&eacute;rielle a augment&eacute; dans les secondes &agrave; un niveau proche de la normale ; Ceci a &eacute;t&eacute; suivi par une diminution des tensions d&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne apr&egrave;s l&#39;arr&ecirc;t des perfusions. Les particules ont &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;galement infus&eacute;s &agrave; des lapins en 15 min d&#39;occlusion trach&eacute;ale complete. Microparticules d&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne diminu&eacute; de fa&ccedil;on significative le degr&eacute; d&#39;hypox&eacute;mie dans ces lapins, et l&#39;incidence d&#39;un arr&ecirc;t cardiaque et de la blessure de l&#39;orgue a &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;duite par rapport aux contr&ocirc;les. La capacit&eacute; d&#39;administrer de l&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne et autres gaz directement dans la circulation sanguine peut repr&eacute;senter une technique de sauvetage &agrave; court terme de patients profond&eacute;ment hypox&eacute;miques, s&eacute;lectivement augmenter l&#39;apport d&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne aux organes &agrave; risque, ou pour les nouvelles techniques de diagnostic. En outre, la capacit&eacute; pour titrer les perfusions de gaz rapidement peut minimiser toxicit&eacute; li&eacute;e &agrave; l&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne.

Microparticules de remplissage de gaz oxyg&egrave;ne fournissent l&#39;apport d&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne par voie intraveineuse.

Abbiamo sviluppato una sospensione iniettabile schiuma contenente microparticelle autoassemblanti, lipido-based incapsulamento di un nucleo di gas ossigeno puro per iniezione endovenosa. Sospensioni prototipo sono stati costruiti per contenere tra 50 e 90 ml di gas ossigeno per decilitro di sospensione. Dimensione delle particelle &egrave; stata polidispersi, con un diametro medio delle particelle tra 2 e 4 &mu;m. Quando sono mescolati con sangue umano ex vivo, trasferimento di ossigeno dal volume 70% microparticelle fu completata entro 4 s. Quando le microparticelle sono stata iniettate mediante iniezione endovenosa hypoxemic conigli, saturazioni arteriosi aumentato in pochi secondi a livelli quasi normali; Questa fu seguita da una diminuzione nelle tensioni di ossigeno dopo l&#39;arresto gli infusi. Le particelle sono stati anche infuso in conigli sottoposti a 15 min di completa occlusione tracheale. Microparticelle di ossigeno &egrave; diminuito significativamente il grado di ipossiemia in questi conigli, e l&#39;incidenza di arresto cardiaco e lesioni organo &egrave; stato ridotto rispetto ai controlli. La capacit&agrave; di somministrare ossigeno e altri gas direttamente al flusso sanguigno pu&ograve; rappresentare una tecnica per il soccorso a breve termine dei pazienti profondamente hypoxemic, per aumentare in modo selettivo la consegna dell&#39;ossigeno agli organi a rischio, o per nuove tecniche diagnostiche. Inoltre, la possibilit&agrave; di titolo infusioni di gas rapidamente pu&ograve; ridurre al minimo la tossicit&agrave; legato all&#39;ossigeno.

Ossigeno gas-filled microparticelle forniscono ossigeno per via endovenosa.

Lung recruitment maneuvers are frequently used in the treatment of children with lung injury. Here we describe a pilot study to compare the acute effects of 2 commonly used lung recruitment maneuvers on lung volume, gas exchange, and hemodynamic profiles in children with acute lung injury.

Comparison of 2 lung recruitment strategies in children with acute lung injury.

Self-assembling, concentrated, lipid-based oxygen microparticles (LOMs) have been developed to administer oxygen gas when injected intravenously, preventing organ injury and death from systemic hypoxemia in animal models. Distinct from blood substitutes, LOMs are a one-way oxygen carrier designed to rescue patients who experience life-threatening hypoxemia, as caused by airway obstruction or severe lung injury. Here, we describe methods to manufacture large quantities of LOMs using an in-line, recycling, high-shear homogenizer, which can create up to 4 liters of microparticle emulsion in 10 minutes, with particles containing a median diameter of 0.93 microns and 60 volume% of gas phase. Using this process, we screen 30 combinations of commonly used excipients for their ability to form stable LOMs. LOMs composed of DSPC and cholesterol in a 1:1 molar ratio are stable for a 100 day observation period, and the number of particles exceeding 10 microns in diameter does not increase over time. When mixed with blood in vitro, LOMs fully oxygenate blood within 3.95 seconds of contact, and do not cause hemolysis or complement activation. LOMs can be manufactured in bulk by high shear homogenization, and appear to have a stability and size profile which merit further testing.

Bulk Manufacture of Concentrated Oxygen Gas-Filled Microparticles for Intravenous Oxygen Delivery.

Auto-assemblage, concentr&eacute;e, lipides &agrave; base d&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne microparticules (LOM) ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s pour administrer l&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne gazeux lorsqu&#39;elle est inject&eacute;e par voie intraveineuse, emp&ecirc;chant d&#39;orgue blessures et de d&eacute;c&egrave;s d&#39;hypox&eacute;mie syst&eacute;mique chez les mod&egrave;les animaux. Distincte de substituts sanguins, LOM est un vecteur d&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne sens unique con&ccedil;u pour sauver les patients qui &eacute;prouvent une hypox&eacute;mie mortelles, comme caus&eacute;e par l&#39;obstruction des voies respiratoires ou de l&eacute;sions pulmonaires graves. Nous d&eacute;crivons ici les m&eacute;thodes pour fabriquer de grandes quantit&eacute;s de LOM en utilisant un en ligne, le recyclage, l&#39;homog&eacute;n&eacute;isateur de cisaillement &eacute;lev&eacute;, ce qui peut cr&eacute;er jusqu&#39;&agrave; 4 litres d&#39;&eacute;mulsion de microparticules en 10 minutes, avec des particules contenant un diam&egrave;tre moyen de 0,93 microns et 60 % de volume de la phase gazeuse. Gr&acirc;ce &agrave; ce processus, nous l&#39;&eacute;cran 30 combinaisons des excipients couramment utilis&eacute;s pour leur capacit&eacute; &agrave; former des LOM stable. LOM compos&eacute; du CSCB et cholest&eacute;rol dans un rapport molaire de 1:1 sont stables pendant une p&eacute;riode de 100 jours d&#39;observation, et le nombre de particules de plus de 10 microns de diam&egrave;tre n&#39;augmente pas avec le temps. Lorsqu&#39;il est m&eacute;lang&eacute; avec du sang in vitro, LOM enti&egrave;rement oxyg&eacute;ner le sang dans les 3,95 secondes de contact et faire pas cause h&eacute;molyse ou compl&eacute;ment activation. LOM peut &ecirc;tre fabriqu&eacute;s en vrac par cisaillement &eacute;lev&eacute; homog&eacute;n&eacute;isation et semble avoir une stabilit&eacute; et une taille de profil qui m&eacute;ritent des essais suppl&eacute;mentaires.

Fabrication en vrac de microparticules de remplissage de gaz oxyg&egrave;ne concentr&eacute; pour l&#39;apport d&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne par voie intraveineuse.

Autoassemblanti, concentrato, ossigeno basati sui lipidi microparticelle (LOM) sono state sviluppate per amministrare gas ossigeno quando viene iniettato per via endovenosa, prevenire lesioni di organi e morte da ipossiemia sistemica in modelli animali. Lom distinti dai sostituti del sangue, sono un trasportatore di ossigeno unidirezionale progettato per salvare i pazienti che avvertono ipossiemia life-threatening, come causato da ostruzione delle vie respiratorie o polmonari gravi lesioni. Qui, descriviamo i metodi per produrre grandi quantit&agrave; di Lom utilizzando un in linea, riciclaggio, omogeneizzatore ad alta-taglio, che pu&ograve; creare fino a 4 litri di emulsione di microparticelle in 10 minuti, con particelle contenenti un diametro mediano di 0,93 micron e 60% di volume della fase gassosa. Utilizzando questo processo, abbiamo schermo 30 combinazioni di eccipienti comunemente utilizzati per la loro capacit&agrave; di formare Lom stabile. Lom &egrave; composto da Lotusflower e colesterolo in rapporto molare 1:1 sono stabili per un periodo di osservazione di 100 giorni, e il numero di particelle superiori a 10 micron di diametro non aumenta nel tempo. Quando sono mescolati con sangue in vitro, Lom completamente ossigenare il sangue in 3,95 secondi di contatto e fare non causa emolisi o complemento attivazione. Lom possono essere prodotte in massa da high shear omogeneizzazione e sembrano avere una stabilit&agrave; e dimensioni profilo che legittimano ulteriori test.

Fabbricazione di massa di microparticelle riempiti di Gas ossigeno concentrato per la fornitura di ossigeno per via endovenosa.

Tissue hypoxia is a final common pathway that leads to cellular injury and death in a number of critical illnesses. Intravenous injections of self-assembling, lipid-based oxygen microbubbles (LOMs) can be used to deliver oxygen gas, preventing organ injury and death from systemic hypoxemia. However, current formulations exhibit high polydispersity indices (which may lead to microvascular obstruction) and poor shelf-lives, limiting the translational capacity of LOMs. In this study, we report our efforts to optimize LOM formulations using a mixture response surface methodology (mRSM). We study the effect of changing excipient proportions (the independent variables) on microbubble diameter and product loss (the dependent variables). By using mRSM analysis, the experimental data were fit using a reduced Scheffé linear mixture model. We demonstrate that formulations manufactured from 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, corn syrup, and water produce micron-sized microbubbles with low polydispersity indices, and decreased product loss (relative to previously described formulations) when stored at room temperature over a 30-day period. Optimized LOMs were subsequently tested for their oxygen-releasing ability and found to have similar release kinetics as prior formulations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2014.

John N. Kheir

Department of Cardiology,
Boston Children's Hospital,
Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital

Harvard Medical School

Manufacture of Concentrated, Lipid-based Oxygen Microbubble Emulsions by High Shear Homogenization and Serial Concentration

Rodent Working Heart Model for the Study of Myocardial Performance and Oxygen Consumption

John N. Kheir

Department of Cardiology,Boston Children's Hospital,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital

Harvard Medical School

Manufacture of Concentrated, Lipid-based Oxygen Microbubble Emulsions by High Shear Homogenization and Serial Concentration

Rodent Working Heart Model for the Study of Myocardial Performance and Oxygen Consumption

Department of Cardiology,
Boston Children's Hospital,
Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital