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Chapter 18
Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as ...
Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. ...
Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases ...
The definition of temperature in terms of molecular motion suggests that there should be a lowest possible temperature, where the average kinetic energy ...
The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a ...
If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is ...
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is ...
Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of ...
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the ...
When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A ...
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...
In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...
There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting ...
The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives ...
The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation: where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, a ...
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