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Chapter 20

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Układy termodynamiczne
Układy termodynamiczne
A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or ...
Praca wykonana podczas zmiany głośności
Praca wykonana podczas zmiany głośności
In mechanics, work is done on an object when the force acting on it displaces the object. In thermodynamics, work done on a system can be estimated when ...
Ścieżka między stanami termodynamiki
Ścieżka między stanami termodynamiki
Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1: In the first process for path A to ...
Ciepło i swobodna ekspansja
Ciepło i swobodna ekspansja
The work done by a thermodynamic system depends not only on the initial and final states but also on the intermediate states—that is, on the path. ...
Energia wewnętrzna
Energia wewnętrzna
The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic ...
Pierwsza zasada termodynamiki
Pierwsza zasada termodynamiki
A change in the internal energy of a system depends on the the net heat transfer into the system and the net work done by the system. The first law of ...
Pierwsza zasada termodynamiki: rozwiązywanie problemów
Pierwsza zasada termodynamiki: rozwiązywanie problemów
The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of the system is equal to the net heat transfer into the system minus the net ...
Procesy cykliczne i systemy izolowane
Procesy cykliczne i systemy izolowane
A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant. In the case of a ...
Procesy izotermiczne
Procesy izotermiczne
A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to ...
Procesy izochoryczne i izobaryczne
Procesy izochoryczne i izobaryczne
A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or ...
Pojemności cieplne gazu doskonałego I
Pojemności cieplne gazu doskonałego I
Heat capacity is the ratio of heat absorbed by the substance corresponding to its temperature change. It is also called thermal capacity and the SI unit ...
Pojemności cieplne gazu doskonałego II
Pojemności cieplne gazu doskonałego II
For a system that undergoes a thermodynamic process at a constant volume condition, the heat absorbed is used only to increase the system's internal ...
Pojemności cieplne gazu doskonałego III
Pojemności cieplne gazu doskonałego III
The number of independent ways a gas molecule can move along straight line, rotate, and vibrate is called its degrees of freedom. Supposing d represents ...
Procesy adiabatyczne dla gazu doskonałego
Procesy adiabatyczne dla gazu doskonałego
When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, that is, without adding heat, work is done on it, and its temperature increases. In an adiabatic expansion, ...
Ciśnienie i objętość w procesie adiabatycznym
Ciśnienie i objętość w procesie adiabatycznym
Free expansion of a gas is an adiabatic process. However, there are few differences between free expansion and adiabatic expansion. During free expansion, ...
Praca wykonana w procesie adiabatycznym
Praca wykonana w procesie adiabatycznym
Consider the adiabatic compression of an ideal gas in the cylinder of an automobile diesel engine. The gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder of an ...
Potencjały termodynamiczne
Potencjały termodynamiczne
Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four ...
Relacje termodynamiczne Maxwella
Relacje termodynamiczne Maxwella
Maxwell's thermodynamic relations are very useful in solving problems in thermodynamics. Each of Maxwell's relations relates a partial ...
Efekt Joule'a-Thomsona
Efekt Joule'a-Thomsona
The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous ...
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