19.7 : The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

The basilar membrane extends from the basal end of the cochlea near the oval window to the apical end at its tip. Although the cochlea itself narrows towards the apical end, the basilar membrane has the opposite geometry—becoming wider and more flexible towards the apical end.

Primarily because of these physical characteristics, the apical end of the basilar membrane maximally vibrates when exposed to low-frequency sounds, while the narrower, stiffer basal end maximally vibrates when exposed to high frequencies. This gradient of frequency response creates tonotopy—a topographic map of pitch—in the cochlea.

The hair cells are stimulated by the shearing force created by the vibration of the basilar membrane below them, relative to the stiffer tectorial membrane above them. Because of the tonotopy of the basilar membrane, hair cells are maximally stimulated by different frequencies depending on where they are in the cochlea. Those at the basal end respond best to high frequencies, and those at the apical end respond best to low frequencies. Consequently, their postsynaptic cells—the auditory nerve cells—have the same tonotopic pattern of responses.

This tonotopy is maintained throughout the auditory pathway, with information from different regions of the cochlea traveling in organized, parallel pathways through the brain. Ultimately, the primary auditory cortex contains a “map” of inputs from the basal to the apical end of the cochlea. The neurons that are stimulated within this map correlate with the frequencies that were heard, aiding in pitch discrimination.

Therefore, the cochlea plays a vital role both in the transduction of sound information into neural signals and the initial encoding of the pitch.