1.1 : Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.

Nose and nasal cavity

The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract. Structurally, the nose is divided into two nostrils, or nares, by the nasal septum, facilitating airflow into the body. The nasal cavity behind the nose contains three bony projections called turbinates. These structures significantly increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa, enhancing its ability to warm and moisten the incoming air, preparing it for the lungs. The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity also traps dust, pathogens, and other particles, preventing them from entering the lower respiratory tract.

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity acts as an alternative entry point for air, especially during intense physical activity or when the nasal passage is obstructed. Although it does not filter, warm, or humidify air as effectively as the nasal cavity, it remains an important secondary pathway for respiration.

Paranasal sinuses

These are a group of four air-filled cavities surrounding the nasal cavity: the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses. They are named for their locations within the skull and face bones. are critical in respiratory health and other functions. The frontal sinuses, located above the eyebrows, help humidify air, lighten the skull, and protect against temperature fluctuations. The ethmoid sinuses, positioned between the eyes, filter and clean the air, moving mucus towards the throat. Sphenoid sinuses, deep in the skull, also filter and humidify the air, with issues potentially causing deep head pain. The largest maxillary sinuses, located under the eyes in the cheekbones, produce mucus for moisture and trap contaminants, influencing voice quality.

These sinuses are coated with a mucous membrane similar to the nasal cavity. They feature ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium that warms, moistens, and filters the air, removing dust, pollutants, and pathogens. They also contribute to skull lightness and voice resonance. Sinusitis, an inflammation or infection of these sinuses, can cause pain, congestion, and impaired breathing, highlighting their importance in respiratory health and facial structure integrity.

Pharynx

It is also known as the throat, a muscular tube extending from the nasal cavity to the larynx. It serves as a pathway for air to the lungs and food heading to the esophagus. The pharynx comprises three distinct regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx, located behind the nose and above the soft palate, contains the pharyngeal tonsils and the openings to the eustachian tubes, which help equalize pressure in the middle ear. The oropharynx, located behind the mouth, encompasses the soft palate, the tonsils, and the back third of the tongue, and plays an essential role in swallowing and in the initial immune response to inhaled or ingested pathogens. Lastly, the laryngopharynx, extending from the hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage, serves as a passage for food and air, directing air toward the larynx and food toward the esophagus.

The anatomy of the pharynx is intricately designed to fulfill its roles in breathing, swallowing, immune defense, and speech. It acts as a crossroads for the respiratory and digestive tracts, efficiently managing the passage of air and food to their respective destinations. Additionally, its involvement in the immune system, through the presence of lymphoid tissue such as the tonsils, helps protect the body from pathogens entering through the mouth and nose. The pharynx's role in speech is facilitated by its ability to resonate and modulate sounds produced by the larynx.

In summary, the pharynx's complex structure and strategic location underscore its essential functions in maintaining human health and facilitating vital processes such as respiration, digestion, immunity, and communication.